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structure of atom ncert solution

The document discusses various concepts related to atomic structure, including canal rays, the neutrality of atoms, and the models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It explains the distribution of electrons in different elements, the calculation of valency, and the properties of subatomic particles. Additionally, it highlights the limitations of each atomic model and provides a summary of the rules for writing electron distribution.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views

structure of atom ncert solution

The document discusses various concepts related to atomic structure, including canal rays, the neutrality of atoms, and the models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It explains the distribution of electrons in different elements, the calculation of valency, and the properties of subatomic particles. Additionally, it highlights the limitations of each atomic model and provides a summary of the rules for writing electron distribution.

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You are on page 1/ 29

By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

Exercise-4.1 Page: 47
1. What are the canal rays?
Solution:
The radiations that are positively charged are canal
rays. This discovery was crucial in the discovery of
another subatomic particle that was positively charged
– the proton.
2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton,
will it carry any charge or not?
Solution:
Since a proton is a positively charged particle and an
electron is a negatively charged particle, the net charge
becomes neutral as both particles neutralise each
other.
Exercise-4.2 Page: 49
1. On the basis of Thompson’s model of an atom,
explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.
Solution:
As per Thompson’s model of an atom,
(i) An atom contains a positively charged sphere in
which the negatively charged electrons are implanted.

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

(ii) Electrons and protons are equal in magnitude;


hence, an atom, on the whole, is electrically neutral.
2. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom,
which subatomic particle is present in the nucleus of
an atom?
Solution:
As per Rutherford’s model of an atom, the positively
charged protons are the ones that are present in the
atom.
3. Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with
three shells.
Solution:

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

4. What do you think would be the observation if the


∝– particle scattering experiment is carried out using
a foil of a metal other than gold?
Solution:
In the ∝ – particle scattering experiment, when any
other metal foil is used instead of gold, the observation
would remain the same. This is because the structure
of an atom, when considered individually, remains the
same.
Exercise-4.2.4 Page: 49
1. Name the three subatomic particles of an atom.
Solution:
An atom consists of three subatomic particles:
• Protons – Positively charged
• Electrons – Negatively charged
• Neutrons – Neutral in nature (no charge)
2. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two
protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it
have?
Solution:
Given: Atomic mass of helium atom = 4u, 2 protons in
helium nucleus

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Atomic mass = number of protons + number of


neutrons
4 = 2 + number of neutrons
Number of neutrons = 4 – 2 = 2
Hence, Helium has 2 neutrons.

Exercise-4.3 Page: 50
1. Write the distribution of electrons in Carbon and
Sodium atoms.
Solution:
A carbon atom contains a total of 6 electrons. The
following equation describes the electron distribution
in a carbon atom: first orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons;
second orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; third orbit or K-
shell = 2 electrons; fourth orbit or K-shell
L-shell or second orbit = 4 electrons
We can also express the electron distribution in a
carbon atom as 2, 4.
In a sodium atom, there are 11 total electrons. The
electron distribution in the sodium atom is described
by: first orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; second orbit or K-
shell = 2 electrons; third orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons;
fourth orbit or K-shell = 2

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

L-shell or second orbit = 8 electrons


M-shell or third orbit = 1 electron
Alternatively, we can express the electron distribution
in a sodium atom as 2, 8, 1.

2. If the K and L shells of an atom are full, then what


would be the total number of electrons in the atom?
Solution:
K shell can hold 2 electrons.
L shell can hold 8 electrons.
Hence, when both the shells are full, the total number
of electrons present in the atom = 2+8 = 10 electrons.
Exercise-4.4 Page: 52
1. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur
and magnesium?
Solution:
We know that an element’s valency refers to its
proclivity for accepting or losing electrons in order to
complete its octet and achieve a stable electronic state.
It is the smallest number of electrons that must be
added or removed to entirely occupy an element’s
outermost shell.

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

Mathematically, if an atom’s outermost shell contains 4


or fewer electrons, the element’s valency is equal to
the number of electrons present in the outermost
shell; if it contains more than 4, the valency is
determined by subtracting the total number of
electrons present in the outermost shell from 8.
Calculation of valency:
Valency of chlorine:
The electronic configuration of chlorine = 2, 8, 7
Chlorine has 7 (more than 4) electrons in its outermost
shell.
Therefore, the valency of chlorine = 8 – the number of
electrons in the outermost shell
= 8−7
=1
Valency of Sulphur:
The electronic configuration of Sulphur = 2, 8,6
Sulphur has 6 (more than 4) electrons in its outermost
shell.
Therefore, the valency of chlorine = 8 – the number of
electrons in the outermost shell
= 8−6

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=2
Valency of magnesium:
The electronic configuration of Magnesium = 2, 8, 2
Magnesium has 2 (less than 4) electrons in its
outermost shell.
Therefore, the valency of magnesium= Number of
electrons in its outermost shell
=2
Exercise-4.5 Page: 52
1. If the number of electrons in an atom is 8 and the
number of protons is also 8, then
(i) What is the atomic number of the atom? and
(ii) What is the charge on the atom?
Solution:
Given: Number of electrons = 8
Number of protons = 8
(i) The atomic number of an atom is the same as the
number of protons in that atom; hence, its atomic
number is 8.
(ii) In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons. Hence, both the charges –

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

positive and negative – neutralise each other.


Therefore, the atom does not possess any charge.
2. With the help of the given table, find out the mass
number of oxygen and sulphur atom.
Table: Composition of Atoms of the First Eighteen
Elements with Electron Distribution in Various Shells.

Name of Symbol Atomic Number Number Number


Element number of of of
Protons Neutrons electrons

Hydrogen H 1 1 – 1
Helium He 2 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 3 4 3
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 4
Boron B 5 5 6 5
Carbon C 6 6 6 6
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 7
Oxygen O 8 8 8 8
Fluorine F 9 9 10 9
Neon Ne 10 10 10 10

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Sodium Na 11 11 12 11
Magnesium Mg 12 12 12 12

Aluminium Al 13 13 14 13
Silicon Si 14 14 14 14
Phosphorus P 15 15 16 15
Sulphur S 16 16 16 16
Chlorine Cl 17 17 18 17
Argon Ar 18 18 22 18

Solution:
(a) To find the mass number of Oxygen,
Number of protons = 8
Number of neutrons = 8
Atomic number = 8
Atomic mass number = Number of protons + number of
neutrons = 8 + 8 = 16
Therefore, the mass number of oxygen = 16
(b) To find the mass number of Sulphur,
Number of protons = 16
Number of neutrons = 16

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

Atomic number = 16
Atomic mass number = Number of protons + number of
neutrons = 16 + 16 = 32
Exercise-4.6 Page: 53
1. For the symbols H, D and T, tabulate three
subatomic particles found in each of them.
Solution:
The following table depicts the subatomic particles in
Hydrogen (H), Deuterium (D), and Tritium(T).

Isotope Symbol Mass Atomic No. of No. of No. of


no. no. electrons protons neutro

Hydrogen H 1 1 1 1 0

Deuterium D 2 1 1 1 1

Tritium T 3 1 1 1 2

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

2. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of


isotopes and isobar.
Solution:
(a) Isotopes: Isotopes are atoms which have the same
number of protons, but the number of neutrons differs.
This leads to the variation in mass number too.
Example: Carbon molecule exists as 6C12 and 6C14, but
when their electronic configuration is noticed, both
have K-2; L-4
(b) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same
mass number but differ in atomic number. The
electronic configuration of an isobar pair is as follows:
Example: Electronic configuration of 20Ca40 – K-2; L-8;
M-8; N- 2
Electronic configuration of 18Ar40 – K-2; L-8; M-8
Exercise Page: 54

"Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow."


By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and


neutrons.
Solution:

Property Electrons Protons Neutrons

Charge Negatively Positively No charge.


charged charged

Location Located Located within Located inside


outside the the nucleus the nucleus of
nucleus an atom

Weight Mass is 1 a.m.u 1 a.m.u


negligible

Affinity Attracted Attracted Do not get


towards towards attracted to
positively negatively any charged
charged charged particle

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

2. What are the limitations of J.J.Thomson’s model of


the atom?
Solution:
The following are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s
model of an atom:
• The model failed to explain the outcome of alpha
particle scattering, which was conducted by
Rutherford. The model failed to depict why the
majority of these alpha particles pass through the
gold foil, while some diverted through small and
big angles, while some others rebound completely,
returning on their path.
• It did not provide any experimental evidence and
was established on imagination.
3. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of
the atom?
Solution:
The following are the limitations of Rutherford’s model
of the atom:
• There is no expected stability in the revolution of
the electron in a circular orbit.

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• Charged particles radiate energy when


accelerated, thus causing the revolving electrons
to lose energy and would fall into the nucleus.
• Hence, atoms must be highly unstable. The matter
would not exist in its known form, which clearly is
an assumption as atoms are highly stable.
4. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.
Solution:
• An atom holds the nucleus at the centre.
• Negatively charged electrons revolve around the
nucleus.
• The atoms in it contain distinct orbits of electrons.
• Electrons do not radiate energy when they are in
their orbits.
• The distinct orbits are named K, L, M, and N orbits.
Numbers used to denote them are n=1, 2, 3, 4

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

"Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow."


By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given


in this chapter.
Solution:

Thomson Rutherford Bohr

● Sphere is ● The nucleus is at the ● Nucleus is


positively centre and is positively present at the
charged. charged, holding the centre and is
● Electrons are entire mass. positively
negatively ● Electrons are charged
charged and negatively charged, ● Electrons are
scattered all revolving in a well- negatively
through the defined path charged,
inside of the ● In comparison with revolving
sphere. the nucleus, the size of around but do
● Positively the atom is very large. not radiate
charged = energy.
● Force of attraction of
negatively the electrons towards ● The distinct
charged the nucleus is balanced orbits are
● The net by centrifugal force labelled as K, L,
charge in the acting away from it. As a M, and N
atom is zero. result, electrons are not

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drawn close to the


nucleus.

6. Thomson’s Model of Atom.

7. Rutherford’s Model of Atoms.

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

8. Bohr’s model of the atom.

Summarise the rules for the writing of the distribution


of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen
elements.
Solution:
• The maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated in a shell is given by the formula:
2n2, where n= 1, 2, 3…

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• The maximum number of electrons in different


shells are:
K shell – n=1 ; 2n2 = 2(1)2 = 2
L shell – n=2 ; 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8
M shell – n=3 ; 2n2 = 2(3)2 = 18
N shell- n=4 ; 2n2 = 2(4)2 = 32
• The outermost orbit can be accommodated with 8
electrons at the maximum.
• The electrons are not taken in unless the inner
shells are filled, which are filled step-wise; hence,
the highest element has K-2; L-8; M-8 distribution
of electrons.
9. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and
oxygen.
Solution:
The definite combining capacity of the atoms of each
element, wherein electrons are lost, gained or shared
to make the octet of electrons present in the
outermost shell, is defined as valency. To measure
valency, we can figure out the number of electrons that
are required to complete the shell in which it is
contained or losing excess electrons, if present, once
the filling is complete.

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

Example: To find the valency of silicon,


The atomic number of silicon is 14.
The number of electrons is equal to the number of
protons in silicon, i.e., 14.
The distribution of electrons in silicon atoms is K – 2, L
– 8, M – 4
Hence, from the distribution of silicon, it is clearly
evident that to fill the M shell, 4 electrons are required.
Therefore, its valency is 8-4=4
To find the valency of oxygen,
The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
The number of electrons is equal to the number of
protons in oxygen, i.e., 8.
The distribution of electrons in oxygen atom is K – 2, L
–6
Hence, from the distribution of oxygen, it is clearly
evident that to fill the M shell, 6 more electrons are
required. Therefore, its valency is 8-6=2
10. Explain with examples
(i) Atomic number,
(ii) Mass number,
(iii) Isotopes and

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

(iv) Isobars.
Give any two uses of isotopes.
Solution:
(i) The number of positively charged protons present in
the nucleus of an atom is defined as the atomic
number and is denoted by Z. Example: Hydrogen has
one proton in its nucleus; hence, its atomic number is
one.
(ii) The total number of protons and neutrons present
in the nucleus of an atom is known as the mass
number. It is denoted by A. 20Ca40 . The mass number is
40. The atomic number is 20.
(iii) The atoms which have the same number of protons
but a different number of neutrons are referred to as
isotopes. Hence, the mass number varies.
Example: The most simple example is the Carbon
molecule which exists as 6C12 and 6C14
(iv) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same
mass number but differ in atomic number.
40and 40
Examples are, 20Ca 18Ar

Uses of isotopes
• The isotope of the Iodine atom is used to treat
goitre, an iodine-deficient disease.

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• In the treatment of cancer, an isotope of cobalt is


used.
• Fuel for nuclear reactors is derived from the
isotopes of the Uranium atom.
11. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.
Solution:
The atomic number of sodium is 11. It has 11 electrons
in its orbitals, wherein the number of protons is equal
to the number of electrons. Hence, its electronic
configuration is K-2 ; L-8 ; M-1 ; The one electron in the
M shell is lost, and it obtains a positive charge since it
has one more proton than electrons and obtains a
positive charge, Na+ . The new electronic configuration
is K-1; L-8, which is the filled state. Hence, it is very
difficult to eliminate the electron from a filled state as
it is very stable.
12. If the bromine atom is available in the form of, say,
two isotopes 35Br79 (49.7%) and 35Br81 (50.3%),
calculate the average atomic mass of the Bromine
atom.
Solution:
The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one
atom of that element. Average atomic mass takes into
account the isotopic abundance.

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Isotope of bromine with atomic mass 79 u = 49.7%


Therefore, Contribution of 35Br79 to atomic mass = (79 ×
49.7)/100
⇒ 39.26 u
Isotope of bromine with atomic mass 81 u = 50.3%
Contribution of 35Br81 to the atomic mass of bromine =
(81 × 50.3)/100
⇒ 40.64u
Hence, the average atomic mass of the bromine atom =
39.26 + 40.64 u = 79.9u
13. The average atomic mass of a sample of element X
is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of
isotopes 8X16 and 8X18 in the sample?
Solution:
Let the percentage of 8X16 be ‘a’ and that of 8X18 be
‘100-a’.
As per the given data,
16.2u = 16 a / 100 + 18 (100-a) /100
1620 = 16a + 1800 – 18a
1620 = 1800 – 2a
a = 90%

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Hence, the percentage of the isotope in the


sample 8X16 is 90% and that of
18
8X = 100-a = 100- 90=10%
14. If Z=3, what would be the valency of the element?
Also, name the element.
Solution:
Given: Atomic number, Z = 3
The electronic configuration of the element = K-2; L-1,
hence its valency = 1
The element with atomic number 3 is Lithium.
15. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species, X
and Y, are given as under
XY
Protons = 6 6
Neutrons = 6 8
Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the
relation between the two species?
Solution:
Mass number of X: Protons + neutrons = 6+6 = 12
Mass number of Y: Protons + neutrons = 6+8 = 14
They are the same element, and their atomic numbers
are the same.

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They are isotopes, as they differ in the number of


neutrons and hence their mass numbers.
16. For the following statements, write T for true and
F for false.
(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom
contains only nucleons.
(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton
combining together. Therefore, it is neutral.
(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that
of a proton.
(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture
iodine, which is used as a medicine.
Solution:
(a) The statement is False.
(b) The statement is False.
(c) The statement is True.
(d) The statement is False.
17. Put a tick(✓) against the correct choice and
cross(x) against the wrong choice in questions 15, 16
and 17.
Rutherford’s alpha–particle scattering experiment was
responsible for the discovery of

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(a) Atomic nucleus


(b) Electron
(c) Proton
(d) Neutron
Solution:
(a) Atomic nucleus
Isotopes of an element have
(a) The same physical properties
(b) Different chemical properties
(c) Different number of neutrons
(d) Different atomic numbers
Solution:
(c) Different number of neutrons
18. Number of valence electrons in Cl– ion are
(a) 16
(b) 8
(c) 17
(d) 18
Solution:
(b) 8

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The electronic distribution of Cl is K-2, L-8, M-7.


Valence electrons are 7; hence, chlorine gains one
electron for the formation of Cl–. Therefore, its valency
is 8.
19. Which one of the following is a correct electronic
configuration of Sodium?
(a) 2, 8
(b) 8, 2, 1
(c) 2, 1, 8
(d) 2, 8, 1
Solution:
(d) 2, 8, 1
Complete the following table.

Atomic Mass Number Number Number Name


Number Number of of of of the
Neutrons Protons Electrons Atomic
Species

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9 – 10 – – –
16 32 – – – Sulphur
– 24 – 12 – –
– 2 – 1 – –
– 1 0 1 0 –

Solution:
The following table depicts the missing data:
Atomic number(Z) = Number of protons
Mass number = Number of neutrons + atomic number
(or)
Mass number(A) = Number of neutrons + number of
neutrons

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By : Akash Srivastava you tube : Infinite study

Atomic Mass Number Number Number Name of


Number Number of of of the Atomic
Neutrons Protons Electrons Species

9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine
16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur
12 24 12 12 12 Magnesium
1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium
1 1 0 1 0 Hydrogen

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