structure of atom ncert solution
structure of atom ncert solution
Exercise-4.1 Page: 47
1. What are the canal rays?
Solution:
The radiations that are positively charged are canal
rays. This discovery was crucial in the discovery of
another subatomic particle that was positively charged
– the proton.
2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton,
will it carry any charge or not?
Solution:
Since a proton is a positively charged particle and an
electron is a negatively charged particle, the net charge
becomes neutral as both particles neutralise each
other.
Exercise-4.2 Page: 49
1. On the basis of Thompson’s model of an atom,
explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.
Solution:
As per Thompson’s model of an atom,
(i) An atom contains a positively charged sphere in
which the negatively charged electrons are implanted.
Exercise-4.3 Page: 50
1. Write the distribution of electrons in Carbon and
Sodium atoms.
Solution:
A carbon atom contains a total of 6 electrons. The
following equation describes the electron distribution
in a carbon atom: first orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons;
second orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; third orbit or K-
shell = 2 electrons; fourth orbit or K-shell
L-shell or second orbit = 4 electrons
We can also express the electron distribution in a
carbon atom as 2, 4.
In a sodium atom, there are 11 total electrons. The
electron distribution in the sodium atom is described
by: first orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; second orbit or K-
shell = 2 electrons; third orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons;
fourth orbit or K-shell = 2
=2
Valency of magnesium:
The electronic configuration of Magnesium = 2, 8, 2
Magnesium has 2 (less than 4) electrons in its
outermost shell.
Therefore, the valency of magnesium= Number of
electrons in its outermost shell
=2
Exercise-4.5 Page: 52
1. If the number of electrons in an atom is 8 and the
number of protons is also 8, then
(i) What is the atomic number of the atom? and
(ii) What is the charge on the atom?
Solution:
Given: Number of electrons = 8
Number of protons = 8
(i) The atomic number of an atom is the same as the
number of protons in that atom; hence, its atomic
number is 8.
(ii) In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons. Hence, both the charges –
Hydrogen H 1 1 – 1
Helium He 2 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 3 4 3
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 4
Boron B 5 5 6 5
Carbon C 6 6 6 6
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 7
Oxygen O 8 8 8 8
Fluorine F 9 9 10 9
Neon Ne 10 10 10 10
Sodium Na 11 11 12 11
Magnesium Mg 12 12 12 12
Aluminium Al 13 13 14 13
Silicon Si 14 14 14 14
Phosphorus P 15 15 16 15
Sulphur S 16 16 16 16
Chlorine Cl 17 17 18 17
Argon Ar 18 18 22 18
Solution:
(a) To find the mass number of Oxygen,
Number of protons = 8
Number of neutrons = 8
Atomic number = 8
Atomic mass number = Number of protons + number of
neutrons = 8 + 8 = 16
Therefore, the mass number of oxygen = 16
(b) To find the mass number of Sulphur,
Number of protons = 16
Number of neutrons = 16
Atomic number = 16
Atomic mass number = Number of protons + number of
neutrons = 16 + 16 = 32
Exercise-4.6 Page: 53
1. For the symbols H, D and T, tabulate three
subatomic particles found in each of them.
Solution:
The following table depicts the subatomic particles in
Hydrogen (H), Deuterium (D), and Tritium(T).
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 1 0
Deuterium D 2 1 1 1 1
Tritium T 3 1 1 1 2
(iv) Isobars.
Give any two uses of isotopes.
Solution:
(i) The number of positively charged protons present in
the nucleus of an atom is defined as the atomic
number and is denoted by Z. Example: Hydrogen has
one proton in its nucleus; hence, its atomic number is
one.
(ii) The total number of protons and neutrons present
in the nucleus of an atom is known as the mass
number. It is denoted by A. 20Ca40 . The mass number is
40. The atomic number is 20.
(iii) The atoms which have the same number of protons
but a different number of neutrons are referred to as
isotopes. Hence, the mass number varies.
Example: The most simple example is the Carbon
molecule which exists as 6C12 and 6C14
(iv) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same
mass number but differ in atomic number.
40and 40
Examples are, 20Ca 18Ar
Uses of isotopes
• The isotope of the Iodine atom is used to treat
goitre, an iodine-deficient disease.
9 – 10 – – –
16 32 – – – Sulphur
– 24 – 12 – –
– 2 – 1 – –
– 1 0 1 0 –
Solution:
The following table depicts the missing data:
Atomic number(Z) = Number of protons
Mass number = Number of neutrons + atomic number
(or)
Mass number(A) = Number of neutrons + number of
neutrons
9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine
16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur
12 24 12 12 12 Magnesium
1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium
1 1 0 1 0 Hydrogen