D A V Public School

Chennai
Chemistry
Carbon Compounds
Class: X

 Carbon
 Symbol -C
 Atomic Number – 6
 Electronic Configuration – 2, 4
 Valence electrons-- 4

 All living and non living components in the environment are carbon based
 18% of human body has carbon.
 0.02% of carbon is present in earth crust in the form of carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, coal, petroleum and other minerals
 0.03% of carbon is present in the atmosphere
Covalent bond – Bonding in Carbon
 Bond formed by sharing of electrons is called covalent bond
 Compounds which are formed because of covalent bond are called covalent
compounds.
 Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. It needs to gain or lose 4 electrons to
attain noble gas configuration
 Carbon cannot gain 4 electrons to form C4- because it would be difficult for the
nucleus with 6 protons to hold 10 electrons
 Carbon cannot lose 4 electrons to form C4+ because it would require more energy to
remove 4 electrons.
 Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms of
carbon or with atoms of other elements.
Properties of covalent bond:-
to read from book:
 Intermolecular force is smaller Hydrogen atoms
 Weaker than Ionic bond helium
 Covalent compounds have low melting point and boiling point oxygen
 Poor conductor of electricity electrons are shares and no charged partical formed.ammonia
ions nitrogen
 No charged particles formed in covalent bond methane
Versatile Nature of Carbon: bonds in general
since they are largely non conductors do not give rise
to ions.
Carbon

Catenation
Tetra-
valency
Catenation:-
 Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon giving rise to
large molecules. This property is called catenation.
 These compounds may have long chain or branched chain of carbon or even form
rings.
 Silicon forms compounds with hydrogen which have up to seven or eight atoms and
are very reactive
 Carbon - carbon bond is very strong and stable due to small size of an atom
 Carbon atoms may be linked by single, double or triple bonds.
Tetra-valency:-
 Carbon has a valency of four, so it is capable of bonding with other four atoms of
carbon or atoms of some other monovalent element.
 Compounds of carbon are formed with Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Chlorine etc.
giving rise to compounds with specific properties.
 Reason for the formation of strong bonds: Due to small size of carbon, Nucleus hold
the share pairs of electrons strongly.

Hydro Carbons
 Compounds made up of Hydrogen and Carbon are called hydrocarbons.
Alkane
Saturated (Single bond)
Hydrocarbons
CnH2n+2

Hydrocarbons Alkene
(Double bond)

Unsaturated CnH2n
hydrocarbons Alkyne
(Triple bond)

Alkyl- CnH2n+1 CnH2n-2

Alcohol- CnH2n+1OH – ol (Suffix)
Acid- CnH2n+1COOH – oic acid (Suffix)
Chloro- CnH2n+1 Cl – Chloro (Prefix)
Bromo- CnH2n+1 Br- Bromo (Prefix)

Nomenclature:-
1. Identify the number of carbon atoms in the compound and name the compound
according to the number of carbon atoms.
2. If the structure has branched chain, Identify the longest chain and then identify the
number of carbon atoms.
3. Write the root word
4. In case of functional group present write the prefix or suffix.
Homologous Series:
 A series of compound in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in
a carbon chain is called a homologous series.
Eg. CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH ..
 Compounds of homologous series differ by – CH2 from their consecutive members.
 Each subsequent compound in their series differs by 14 u.
 Compounds of same homologous series have same chemical properties but regular
gradation in physical properties due to increase in molecular mass.
 Melting point & boiling point increases with increasing molecular mass.
 Solubility in particular solvent also shows a similar gradation.
Isomers of Hexane C6H14

Functional group:
Single Hetero atom or group of atoms which determines the characteristics of whole
compound regardless the length and nature of carbon chain are called functional group.

Nomenclature:-
5. Identify the number of carbon atoms in the compound and name the compound
according to the number of carbon atoms.
6. If the structure has branched chain, Identify the longest chain and then identify the
number of carbon atoms.
7. Write the root word
8. In case of functional group present write the prefix or suffix.
Chemical properties of Carbon compounds:-
1. Combustion
Carbon and its compounds burns in oxygen to give CO2 with large amount of heat
and light
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O + heat and light
C + O2  CO2 + heat and light
CH3CH2OH + O2  CO2 + H2O + heat and light
 Saturated hydrocarbon burnt with clean blue flame due to sufficient supply of
air and complete combustion
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon burnt with yellow sooty flame due to insufficient
supply of air and incomplete combustion
 Bottom of cooking vessels getting blackened because air holes are blocked
and fuel is getting wasted
 Coal and petroleum contains nitrogen and sulphur on combustion forms oxides
of sulphur and nitrogen which are major pollutants in the environment.
 2. Oxidation:
Alcohols are converted to carboxylic acid.
CH3CH2OH Alk.KMnO4/ AciK2Cr2O7 CH3COOH
 Substances which are capable of adding oxygen to others are known as
Oxidising agent.
 Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate oxidizes
alcohols to acids.
3. Addition Reaction:
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such
as palladium or Nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons.
 This reaction is commonly in hydrogenation of vegetable oil.

4. Substitution Reaction:

 Replacement of a functional group or any atom by another atom or

functional group is known as substitution reaction.

 Substitution reactions are single displacement reactions.

 When methane reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of sunlight, it

gives chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.

CH4 + Cl2 + Sunlight ⇨ CH3Cl + HCl

Ethanol: (CH3CH2OH) ( Ethyl alcohol) (C2H6O)

 Commonly called as alcohol active ingredient in all alcholic drinks

 Good solvent ( used in medicines like tincture iodine, cough syrups and many
tonics)

 Soluble inwater

 Pure ethanol is absolute alcohol

Reactions of Ethanol:

a) Reaction with sodium:

Alcohol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and Hydrogen.

2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → CH3CH2ONa + H2

b) Dehydration of alochol

CH3CH2OH Conc.H2SO4 CH2=CH2 + H2O excess sulphuric acid

433 k scale.
 Conc. Sulpuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol to
form Ethene.

Ethanoic acid: (CH3COOH) Acetic acid (C2H4O2)

it is a carboxylic acid so it is a weak acid . unlike ionised acids such mineral acids as hcl
 5%-8% solution of acetic acid in water is vinegar.(used as preservatives in pickles)

 Melting point- 290K, freezes during winter so it is named as glacial acetic acid.

Reactions of acetic acid: esterification, saponification, carbonates(2) , base

Estericifcation reaction: Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in the presence of acid
catalyst to give ester. reaction with base study from book
ester= acid +alchol
CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH H+ acid CH3COOCH2CH3

 Ester sweet smelling used in making perfumes and flavouring agent

 Ester in the presence of base give back alcohol and carboxylic acid, this reaction is
called as saponification reaction. because it is used in making of soaps.

CH3COOCH2CH3 NaOH alkali CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH

Reaction with Sodium carbonates and Sodium hydrogen carbonates:

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

the salt produced is commonly called sodium acetate (sodium ethanoate )
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
acetic acid
ch3cooh+naoh-- ch3coona+h20
Soaps and Detergents:

Soap-

 Soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a carboxylic acid having a long aliphatic chain
attached to it.
 Soaps are generally prepared via the saponification of fats and oils.
 The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is hydrophilic whereas the hydrocarbon tail
is hydrophobic.

Cleansing Action of Soap

 Most dirt is oily in nature which does not dissolve in water.

 The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long chain of carboxylic
acids.

 Soaps are molecules have two ends having different properties one end is hydro
phobic (carbon chain) while the other end is hydrophilic (Ionic end)

 The ionic end of the soap interacts with water.

 The carbon chain interacts with oil

  The soap molecules thus form structures called micelles where one end end of the
molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.

 This forms an emulsion in water.

 The soap micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in water and wash the cloth clean.

 The soap reacts with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water to form insoluble
substance called scum.

 This problem is overcome by using detergents.

Detergents:

 Detergents are generally sodium salt of sulphonic acid or ammonium salts with chlorides
or bromides ions etc.
 They are soluble in hard water.
 The charged ends of these compounds do not form insoluble precipitates with the
calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.