Salvacion National High

School Grade Level 12

School
Lesson Geraldine L. Dumaran- PRACTICAL
Teacher Learning Area
Exemplar Libarra RESEARCH 2
Teaching Dates and 09/09/11/2024
Quarter 1st
Time 7:15-9:15/9:30-11:30

I. OBJECTIVES
The learner demonstrates understanding of 1. the criteria in selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature 2. the ethical standards in writing related literature 3. the
A. Content Standards
formulation of conceptual framework 4. the research hypotheses (if appropriate) 5. the
definition of terms as used in the study.
The learner is able to 1. select, cite, and synthesize judiciously related literature and use
B. Performance sources according to ethical standards 2. formulate clearly conceptual framework,
Standards research hypotheses (if appropriate), and define terms used in study 3. present
objectively written review of related literature and conceptual framework.
C. Learning The learners,
Competencies 1. Illustrates and explain the conceptual framework.
II. CONTENT LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
Luzano (2020). Practical Research 2. Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de
Oro City
PRS (2021). Division Research Agenda and Research Manual. Department of
A. References
Education-Division of Palawan.
Curriculum Guide

B. Other Learning
Leaning Modules, Activity Sheets, Laptop, and TV
Resources
IV. PROCEDURES
After you have selected your research topic, you have to spend more time for your
review of related literature. As a researcher, you are promoting knowledge. The
A. Reviewing the knowledge created by other previous studies is essential because it can be a baseline or
previous reference for your research study as the related literature.
lesson/Presenting
the new lesson Where can you find literatures?

As a researcher, you can find information about the research studies in numerous
B. Establishing a formats such as books, scholarly journal articles, dissertations, government documents,
purpose for the policy reports, and periodicals. Most researchers are also presenting their findings during
lesson meetings, congress, and conventions of professional societies and organizations.

C. Presenting Review of related literature is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of

examples/instances research (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2020). It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the
of the new lesson relevant previous studies conducted on a specified topic. It is also designed to justify
your research by exposing the gaps of the previous studies. It is vital that your literature
review is centralized. Thus, you should choose studies that are focused to your topic
rather than collecting a broader scope of studies which are already not relevant to your
research.

Moreover, literature review is an essential component of research. It forms a "picture" for

the reader, providing a support and full comprehension of the developments in the field.
This picture tells the reader that you have acknowledged, considered and adapted
previous related significant works in the field into your research.

Literature review plays a significant impact in the discussion of the results and findings.
The discussion of results and findings should focus on your research rather than those of
the other previous research. Hence, the literature review should be used only in the
discussion as support, evidence, and further explanation for your study. These are the
three (3) ways of using literature review in the discussion of your study: a) providing
context as a foundation to develop your ideas, b) comparing your findings from other
previous related studies, and c) stating what contribution your study has made in the
field.

However, there are also three (3) common errors that are usually made when including
literature reviews in the discussion of the study. First, there are wide range of studies
being included in which most of them are not anymore relevant to your specific topic
under investigation. Second, Related article mentioning the original article is cited rather
than citing the original article itself. Lastly, previous work has been cited by the
 researcher based only on the abstracts and without even reading the entire research.

D. Discussing new Purpose of a Literature Review

concepts and 1. To discover the connection of your research to the existing body of knowledge
practicing new and to the real-life situations.
skills #1 2. To identify more theories or concepts as the foundation of your research study
and to learn from them.
3. To determine the relationship of your research with previous research studies to
prevent duplication and to acknowledge other researchers.
4. To acquire knowledge on the accuracy and significance of your research
questions.
5. To acquaint yourself with the technical terminologies relevant to your study.
6. To determine possible gaps, conflicts, and open questions left from other
researches which might help you in formulating and justifying your research
ideas.
7. To clarify misconceptions on previous researches and help refocus, polish, and
contribute to the development of the body of knowledge.
Structure of Literature Review
This is how you are going to structure your review of related literature. The main
goal for doing this is to make the reader understand easily the different studies and how
they are relevant to your study.
1. Introduction
The introduction somehow presents the fundamental idea of the
particular study of the literature review.
2. Main Body
The main body consists of the organized discussion of sources. This is
where you summarize and synthesize your literature review and reflect how they
related to your study.
3. Conclusions/Recommendations
Conclusion and recommendation emphasize what you have learned
from reviewing the literature and where your study leads to.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
In doing a literature review, researchers must be acquainted with the three (3)
basic types of sources which are the general references, primary and secondary
sources. General references are sources in which a researcher refers to tract down other
sources. Primary sources are publications in which a researcher accounts the findings of
his or her investigations. Most primary sources are found in journal articles. Secondary
sources are publications in which a researcher considers the work of others (Fraenkel &
Wallen, 2020).
Where can you find the review of related literature?
As a researcher, you can find information about the research studies in
numerous formats such as books, scholarly journal articles, dissertations, government
documents, policy reports, and periodicals. Most researchers are also presenting their
findings during meetings, congress, and conventions of professional societies and
organizations. According to Nueman (2011), you can find related literature in:
1. Books
Books convey many forms of information. The needed information here
is from the books containing a collection of research materials and articles. You
can find citation information on them such as the title, author, date, and publisher
in the catalog system.
2. Scholarly Journals
Scholarly journals may also be referred to as academic journals or peer-
reviewed journals. They are filled with peer-reviewed information of research.
Articles are written by a scholar in the field and the researcher is always
identified. List of the sources of the information like footnotes, endnotes, and
bibliography is always included. Typically, they contain an advanced
terminologies since the researcher uses technical language in their field of study.
The researcher assumes that the reader has a background and basic
understanding in the field of research.
3. Dissertations
Dissertation is a final requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy
(Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a work of original
research. Some dissertations are eventually published as books or articles which
take into account their findings and contribution to the academic discipline. Since
dissertations are original researches, they can be a source of valuable
information.
4. Government Documents
Most of the government agencies around the world support research
undertakings and publish the findings of the study. Government documents are
usually kept at the government and some school libraries. These documents are
rarely found in the catalog system. Assistance from the librarian is needed for
 you to be able to locate these documents since it is considered as specialized
publications.
5. Policy Reports and Presented Papers
Policy reports are also a source of information in literature review. Policy
papers are not like the typical research papers. Usually, they are discussed to
non-academic readers. They may initiate by identifying an issue or phenomenon
that usually claim an answer and they are focused on being persuasive.
Moreover, policy papers are written proficiently and most of the readers do not
want to read a book due to limited time. Generally, they are supplemented by
policy briefs which summarize the papers.
6. Periodicals
Periodicals are findings of the study which can be seen in newspapers,
in popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news
summaries. They are the chosen edited summaries done by journalists for the
general readers. They are deficient in numerous vital details that are require to
critically evaluate the study. Therefore, it is essential to supplement this
information with other sources.

Steps in Writing Literature Review

1. Find/Search for the Relevant Literature
There are many ways on how to find relevant research studies. You may use
the following:
a. Search engines to facilitate your information inquiry. Make sure that
they are reliable.
b. University online library
c. Snowballing
d. Related dissertations
2. Log, Catalogue and Synthesize
After searching and gathering the different relevant studies, you need to
arrange them in order for you to organize them easily.
a. Log the reference information. You may use reference management
software.
b. Catalogue all relevant articles. You may use excel so that it will be
organize and systematic. You can make your own template so that you
will be efficient.
c. Digest and synthesize. Organize the different ideas from different
E. Discussing new sources. Arrange them according to the criteria that you made in your
concepts and excel template. This would make the connections of the different studies
practicing new easier to identify.
skills #2 3. Outlining and Writing Up
In-depth planning and enough time should be given importance during this
period since you will need to concentrate and have focus in writing up your
paper.
a. Draw up your outline. You need to make an outline first for the
structuring of your literature review. Thorough reading and
understanding should be done for you to be able to plan and structure
the ideas from your different sources. You can use the different
approaches like chronological, thematic, theoretical, etc.
b. Write it up. After formulating the outline, you can now begin writing your
first draft. It is expected that your first draft is still rough. Your second
draft involves tightening up and improving the flow. There would be
several drafts needed for your paper to be polished.
c. Recap. When you are finish with your paper, have it read by others who
are qualified (expert in the field) for further improvements. Comprehend
and incorporate their corrections and suggestions for the betterment of
your study. It is so much better if there will be more qualified people that
can proof-read your paper.

F. Developing In-text Citation and Referencing Styles

mastery Citation is a reference to a literature being used in your study. It is a way of
giving acknowledgement to the authors whom you have referred their intellectual works
and creativity as a support or foundation of your research. Typically, citations include
author’s name, date, publisher information, journal information and/or DOI (Digital
Objective Identifier) if present (Literature Review: Citation Styles, nd).
From the name itself, an in-text citation is a reference made within the body of
text in the paper. It leads the reader to a source where a particular information has been
taken of. An in-text citation should be reflected when you refer, paraphrase, summarize,
or quote from another author. A corresponding reference list must be provided at the end
of the study as references or bibliography.
A reference typically includes only the sources that you have mentioned or cited in-
 text in your paper, while a bibliography is generally a list of all the sources you use to
generate your ideas about your research even if you have not mentioned or cited them in
your paper.

G. Finding practical
Based on the things that are discussed in the lesson,
applications of
 Draft the Review of Related Literature and Relevant Studies of your research.
concepts and skills
in daily living
Let us see how much you have learned from the lesson by answering the following
questions.
 What is a review of related literature?
H. Making  What are the purposes of review of related literature?
generalization  What is the struct of review of related literature?
about the lesson  What are the sources of literature?
 What are the steps of writing a systematic review of related literature?
 Differentiate the types of citation.

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. This is a part of literature review which summarizes and synthesizes the different
ideas from the different sources.
A. Conclusion C. Main body
B. Introduction D. Recommendation

2. It is a reference done within the text/paragraph in the paper.

A. Bibliography C. List of references
B. In-text citation D. Source

3. Which of the following represents the steps in writing literature review?

A. Search for the relevant literature, log, catalogue and synthesize, and write up.
I. Evaluating learning B. Look for relevant literature then write up.
C. Search for relevant literature then synthesize.
D. All of these

4. Which of the following is/are considered to be the types of source/s of literature?

A. Books C. Journals
B. Dissertations D. All of these

5. Which of the following is/are the purpose/s of literature review?

A. To discover the connection of your research to the existing body of
knowledge and to the real-life situations.
B. To acquire knowledge on the accuracy and significance of your research
questions.
C. To acquaint yourself with the technical terminologies relevant to your study.
D. All of these

J. Additional activities Read in advance about conceptual paradigm.

V. REMARKS
VI. REFLECTION
A. Attendance
B. Index of Proficiency
C. Index of Mastery
D. Most mastered item
E. Least mastered
item
F. Observer Name
and Signature
G. Date of
Observation

Prepared by: Checked by:

GERALDINE D. LIBARRA PERPETUA L. BACUEL

T-II, PR2 Subject Teacher HT-III, MATH Department
 Salvacion National High
School Grade Level 12
School
Lesson Geraldine L. Dumaran- PRACTICAL
Teacher Learning Area
Exemplar Libarra RESEARCH 2
Teaching Dates and 09/10/12/2024
Quarter 1st
Time 7:15-9:15/9:30-11:30

I. OBJECTIVES
The learner demonstrates understanding of 1. the criteria in selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature 2. the ethical standards in writing related literature 3. the
A. Content Standards
formulation of conceptual framework 4. the research hypotheses (if appropriate) 5. the
definition of terms as used in the study.
The learner is able to 1. select, cite, and synthesize judiciously related literature and use
B. Performance sources according to ethical standards 2. formulate clearly conceptual framework,
Standards research hypotheses (if appropriate), and define terms used in study 3. present
objectively written review of related literature and conceptual framework.
C. Learning The learners,
Competencies 1. Illustrates and explain the conceptual framework.
II. CONTENT LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
Luzano (2020). Practical Research 2. Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de
Oro City
A. References PRS (2021). Division Research Agenda and Research Manual. Department of
Education-Division of Palawan.
Curriculum Guide
B. Other Learning
Leaning Modules, Activity Sheets, Laptop, and TV
Resources
IV. PROCEDURES
As you begin writing your research project, you must consider the framework
A. Reviewing the that is suitable for your study. What is a research framework? A research
previous framework illustrates the structure or blueprint of the research plan and helps the
lesson/Presenting
the new lesson researcher formulate relevant research questions.

The framework consists of the key concepts and assumes relationships of the
B. Establishing a research project. It is normally used as a guide for researchers so that they are more
purpose for the focused on the scope of their studies. It can be presented using visual (diagrams, chart,
lesson etc.) and narrative (paragraph stating the concepts and relationships of the study) forms.

The types of research frameworks are classified as the theoretical and

conceptual frameworks. A theoretical framework is commonly used for studies that
anchor on time-tested theories that relate the findings of the investigation to the
C. Presenting underpinning relevant theory of knowledge. At the same time, a conceptual framework
examples/instance
s of the new lesson refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically support the
study. It is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that the researcher plans
to study.

D. Discussing new Similarities of the Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

concepts and The following are the similar characteristics of Theoretical and Conceptual
practicing new Framework:
skills #1
1. Provide an overall view of the research study.
2. Anchor a theory that supports the study.
3. Guide in developing relevant research questions/objectives.
4. Help justify assumptions/hypothesis.
5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology.
6. Help in gathering and interpreting data and
7. Guide in identifying possible threats to validity.

Differences between the Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theoretical framework Conceptual framework
Scope  Broader  Narrower/focused
 Can be used in different  Directly related to a specific
studies study
Focus of  The theory used already in the  Set of related concepts to a
Content field specific study
Number of  Presents one theory at a time  May synthesize one or more
Theories theories
 Time of  Already existing before the  Is developed while planning
Development conduct of the study and writing specific research
These are the following guidelines and strategies of choosing and developing a
Research Framework according to Barrot (2017).

Theoretical framework Conceptual framework

 Understand the  Identify the key concepts in your study by referring to
variables included in your research questions or objectives.
your study as well as  Search for existing theories that incorporate the
their relationship with same concept and look into their relationships with
one another. one another.
 Review the existing  Using the existing theories as a guide, plot your
literature related to conceptual framework using a concept map.
your research topic.  In case that there are concepts not covered by the
 Using the information selected theories, incorporate them into your
that you have framework. However, make sure that you are
gathered from the incorporating this concept into your framework
literature, look for because it is necessary for your paper.
possible theories that  After completing the initial draft of your conceptual
may potentially framework, write a narrative explanation of each
account for the concept and how each of them relates to one
expected results of another. Again, there should be a basis for the
your research topic. relationship between the concepts being
 From these theories, incorporated.
select the one that is  Refer once again to your research questions. Check
most relevant to your if the conceptual framework is aligned with them.
study and can provide  Note that the process of creating a conceptual
a blueprint for your framework is developmental. This means that it may
research. still be refined or changed as you read more
literature and look into more theories.
 In some cases, the research hypothesis is presented
at the end of the conceptual framework.
E. Discussing new Concept Map
concepts and
practicing new A concept map is a visual representation of information that helps show the
skills #2
relationship between ideas. Concept maps begin with the main topic and then branch out
into sub-topics, reflecting the connection of all the elements in the study. It can also
provide and organize new ideas.

It is composed of different figures such as lines, circles, boxes, and other marks
or symbols which represent the elements of your research. It can take the form of charts,
graphic organizers, tables, flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, timelines, or T-charts. Concept
map arranges related ideas in a hierarchy. You start broad, and the sub-topics will get
more and more specific. It also helps you in formulating a specific topic from the general
or the main idea with significant connections of information. In other words,
understanding the big picture makes the details more significant and easier to
comprehend.

Concept maps are very useful for researchers and readers who understand
better visually. With the proper connection of lines and linking arrows to shapes and
other symbols representing your concepts about the research, the readers can visualize
a comprehensive picture of your study.

However, in the concept map, you are not yet actually researching your study. It
is developing or creating your plan or blueprint so that you will be guided on the flow and
direction of your research study. And that includes your research questions, variables,
and methodology. It means that you are just gathering and soliciting ideas on what you
could learn about your chosen topic.

Before creating your conceptual framework, you have to understand first the
different variables of your study. Although these were already discussed in the previous
module for the purpose of utilizing it in your framework, an in-depth concept is a need.

The independent variable is the “presumed cause” of the research problem. It

is the reason for any “change” or difference in a dependent variable. It can be purposely
 manipulated by the researcher, depending on the focus of the study. It maybe can cause,
influence, or affect the result or outcome of the study. It is also called as the
experimental, treatment, antecedent, or predictor variable. Moreover, it refers to the
variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure.

The dependent variable is the “presumed effect” of the research problem. It is

usually the problem itself or the element that is being questioned. This variable is altered
as a result of experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is
also called as the criterion, effect, response, or outcome variable which captures the
interest of the researcher and requires analysis, interpretation, and implication of the
findings of the study. The variable that depends on other factors that are measured and
are affected or influenced by the independent variable.

The moderating variable is an independent variable which influences the

direction and the strength of the connection between independent and dependent
variables. The independent variable interacts with the moderator variable, which makes
the relationship of the independent and dependent variable stronger or weaker. It alters
the effect that an independent variable has on a dependent variable base on its value.
The moderator thus influences the effective component of the cause-effect relationship
between the two variables. This is also called as the interaction effect.

Mediating variable or Intervening variable is an element that exists between

the independent to the dependent variable. A mediator (or mediating) variable is an
integral part of the cause-effect relationship and helps us to understand the effects of the
independent variable on the dependent variable. It is a variable that describes the effect
and influence of the relationship between the variables and what is controlling that
relationship. This is also called as correlated or mediator variables

The control variable is a special type of independent variable that can influence
the dependent variable. It takes an active role in quantitative studies. Statistical
procedures are used to control this variable. It is useful to integrate the control variables
into your research study, but it is not the focus.
It has somehow an effect on the dependent variable and an extension of the
independent variable. However, if you omit the control variable from your study, the
findings would be less accurate. It is mostly relevant if your study is about to prove a
cause-effect relationship by undertaking statistical analysis.

F. Developing The Input-Process-Output Model

mastery
The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a conceptual paradigm which indicates the
inputs, required process, and the output. This approach is seated on the premise of
acquiring essential information by converting inputs into outputs through the required
processing steps in obtaining the result. The IPO Model is also referred to as a functional
model that is usually used in action research where an intervention or solution is
necessary to solve the identified problem.
The Input is usually the independent variable of the study. Meanwhile,
the Process is the intervention or solution consist of the instruments and analyses used
to acquire the result. Lastly, the Output is the findings or outcome of the interventions
being made to solve the identified problem.

Common Example of Conceptual Framework

As you read on different research studies, the common conceptual frameworks

used of most studies are the independent and dependent variable model and the input,
process, and output model.

A. Independent Variable - Dependent Variable Model (IV-DV)

For example:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Hours of Study Academic

Performance
 Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the Independent and Dependent Variables of the
Study.
This conceptual framework shows the independent and dependent variables of
the study. It is presumed that the greater number of hours a student prepares for the
exam, the higher would be the expected academic performance.

B. The Input – Process - Output Model (IPO)

For example:

Figure 2. The schematic diagram of the Input, Process, and Output Approach of the
Study.

This conceptual framework shows the input, process, and output approach of the
study. The input is the independent variable, which includes the socio-demographic and
food safety profile of the respondents. The process includes the tools and analyses in
gathering the data, while the output is the outcome based on the results of the study.

G. Finding practical
Based on the things that are discussed in the lesson,
applications of
 Create a concept map that illustrates the variables of your study.
concepts and skills
in daily living
H. Making Let us see how much you understand the lesson by doing this activity.
generalization
about the lesson Who is YTC?
Identify the following statements whether it is true to both theoretical and
conceptual framework or not. Write (Y) for “yes” on the space at the left side of the
statement if it is true to both while (T) for “theoretical” and “C” if it is conceptual.

Answer Statement
1 Directly related to a specific study.
2 Overall view of the research study.
3 Considered as the blueprint of the research.
4 General frame of reference used in conducting the research.
5 Researcher’s idea of how the study will be explored.
6 Anchor in a particular theory existing already in the field.
7 Generalized in scope.
8 Guide in choosing an appropriate methodology.
9 Can be presented using both visual and narrative form.
10 Enable the readers to obtain a general understanding of the
research study.
11 Considers the relevant theory underpinning the knowledge
base of the phenomenon.
12 It may synthesize one more theory.
13 Can monitor possible threats to the validity of the study.
14 It is more focused and narrower in scope.
15 Develop only during the planning stage of the study.
 Research Title: Medical Intervention and the Number of Patients Recovering
from Pneumonia

Conceptual Paradigm:
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

I. Evaluating learning

Moderating Variable
Elements/Factors

1. Health Care Facilities 2. Work Experience of the Medical Team

3. Medical intervention 4. Social Status of the Patient

5. Number of Patients Recovered from Pneumonia 6. Immune System of the Patient

In this conceptual framework, there are assumed moderating variables that are
taken into consideration that somehow influence the relationship between the
independent and the dependent variable. They can affect the strength of the connection
of the variables.

J. Additional activities Read in advance about research hypothesis.

V. REMARKS
VI. REFLECTION
A. Attendance
B. Index of Proficiency
C. Index of Mastery
D. Most mastered
item
E. Least mastered
item
F. Observer Name
and Signature
G. Date of
Observation

Prepared by: Checked by:

GERALDINE D. LIBARRA PERPETUA L. BACUEL

T-II, PR2 Subject Teacher HT-III, MATH Department