ALTER NATING CURRENT

the diretiou of uent claug poodial,

aud tb wagittde Clavges couttvousl
wt vetuctUto +me
Curet. TH
Matuse altonaisq
Hu umet wtose waqvihd,
dskired
diredou claugs itt tina aud
and
Qthis the amoO magiude amd diat
aar aa dalauite tie Gltaval.
The iutantanaaus valua
I-Josinot w 21

Io IIosuwt T-CuYeut
Io - maxinmpeok

-Iot -equeuy
Advoutage aud ceevonical

3. In At, eegy lass s mininun, So it cau

oug
te es De.
diatankes
Doahuateqes
I. ACgot attatie
xepuliweAc is
&odoV More oampercs Hhau 22ov DC,
becase 220V Ac hos
haa apeak value
 De has a foned valus 9< 9oV.
g. AC Comot be

ALTE=N4TING VoLAGE

Mag vituds and diue tiou chethqs uoibl,

aud diectiouatans
alte
tthe Kamo wtaqitud
a detiito teme
iutesval.
E-Eosit
E-voag at Ffme t ) Eo- woriunm poal
voltnge
Meas orAveage value e tc.
Tue meau oawsage valuu Ue ay hall
tle value Ceustaut
ureut
AC
Jew
lot, tautoneous uhret
T=Josot
Ac chaugs otinoy wot ime.Suprae

lo cal Culate D
 To Suotdt

COSot
Jo
V=-To cosott72

CoswT
-Io
-Io CoswT-I

9/=-Iew (-2) - Too

by conatt

value
) T m )In4 To

Im 4 Io

LmO.b37 I,)
 Tu te same

Root Mean quare (RMS) Valuu Ac.

4C
Root mO quare (m) vae

time
estatnce 'nsanee thedrmng coplstr
ycle. 8 also alled viotualvalui( )

Suppoe
thougla sesiatoY
Produees eak (H).
Instatanos Nalw o Ae,
dHs Smal aeut eat pdu«
dH=I?k t.
Tn cempbte cyclu (oT), tue total loat
produced is H
T

T
|-cos2ust
2
 Ot Sino

T- sn2X2

IRT Ims Huvale Ac

H-Ios RT
From C
I I,

Lms lo
=)Iyms =0.767,

Yms
Eo

I
PHASOR DIPQRAMs
we vopYeaet alteuatwg cuYaut ; altrynatrig
as otatug octo Ouqle btwoan
belueeu the cueut aud eml
Cwsret and
Yotating vechors
altos nbtug
tacs
attuating
alteuatinq ey
aule etweo Hhe is callad puaior
diagaw. vocts
pak vaue ie
Io

ot Jot
TTrERENT TDES of Ac CIRCUIT
THROUGH Rts IsTORS
1 Ac
SucraL a esistoa esotauce RKis cowettad
AC Souce witlh istautanenuw
vau (E), otiih
R
E- EsinotD
Let E be Hee fetcutia
across Yestotana
E tn E -IR
Tnstautaeous ent - Instutaeous val
poketha top
IR = E - Ensinwt
 IE
R
Esùnot
R
T Iosivwt Jo- to

15 z030 lce diulnce oet'eeu iutautaue

altinting cunet aud anstautuneos anf
(ie, ode au in Cne phane )
1
EoI
wt, Twt

Dhasor daram 8 E-E,sõnut

awt

8Ac tgla Tnducha,

Suproe an wcucter ilh sell-indutauce l)
gieny
E -to'sünot
L
O
Suh a ircét i kuoum as
Ply tudutie cirait. wteu
beyins oAow ecause naqnohc u
a
Accoding to leng
 Yate
TutautancOUs emy E-Ldi

dt
dI- Edt
L

Eosinwt dt = Coswt

I--Eo su(W2-ot)
I- Eo giu(cot-T
wl
14 sulwt -/) = NaKimum=1, theu I-I,
paak vau a< cumeut I =Eo
coL
I- Ioswn (wt-2)|
In a puuey anduchor eireu t , uuoeut
lags oid"te votng bya plass age
nadiaus (ac)(o) voltaae
I

7211
 the émf Eo
makis au augle wt u atti Clockuie

clockuae dith dhecho Eo.

Eoiwt
Io sin(wt-)

Iuductile Reactauce (X,

The epooig natane iuductos to tte
iow altinatiq cuteut i called
eduto Yea ttaue
I Eo sünlot-72)
Io= ,
o

ACcording to ehs laus, o - E

from R

X, - udu hve yeo tauce

ST wit od Xicahu
3 AC Thaouçlh tapailor :
Let s coustder atapacilos ott
ustatavoous Valu

change capacka
atwe chasges. G
otntial aildeeuce
Hiou

ustautouneous value a CuYeut &u the irt

I Cev)
I- d(e)
dt

dt
d(stnwt)
CEo dt CE, cosuot xw
I= Eo
to costot Eo siulot +2)
Voc
Ju aaperjoct capaila,
He cueht eads
wth TI = Eo tu valtage
Youdians qo°) ovttu voltage (ag: beliid'tae
CUYent
EI

211 ot

The phasc sinst0ntg uak ny o naku

epaleuiino Io humd anticlockwe

I,sinlt
ot |sthot,

Tha iestaut aneous vau ,

altmnatiq TIeut
Io = to
wtare X, -L]
ustose Xe is capattve veacauce
The rang Matue o capate b ewo
altesvatiq cumeutEis balled taacte
X
 L-C-k Circut s
that au wductr (L, a tapaîtoy (c) aud
Supose o u
'souor CR) ase counettord series
a
Sousto . I te cureut mua thaouqu
At
et a itat, AC has tte Sama aptitd
and plhae
I Iosinot
aross Qach olmeut is
Voltag
V wrim
Ve ToRvee mocinuin voltrigo
4
Ve
R

Ve

LeR circuit as
The haoY dic cu
is
Stnee voltag
dtrou aud Ve

So net Voltge i V-Ve

To (assumuna
to Vsv) ond
not mainuw voltas
Ve Fronu pehoser diagYan
Ve'
 2

(I,R) +(Io-IoX)
ToR+ X-X)

Lo

a ciuit aplid âu tu patt sf altnatzid

RXL-Ke)
Volkag Auads thu Cunent oy
uugle The peapeudiclaa Be=Xu-Xe
Tnpodave
by X.
X
X= XL- Xc.

A0CB, tano= CB - V- Ve
|1
Ve
ToHL- IoXc
tau = L-X

Cases
 Valtng audud cuunut a u saue phase.
posttive
) wte X SXe, theu tant in
tle cummeut
Hence, voltage koadsto by a
phaar ttheu tu co is nogatwe
(1) wtaen XL<Xe,
tue umeut by a
Hence1 voltage lags
phoe aug

oot ciruit

REsONJAN E
Tu aseas LOR eruit when phaselo)
botooeu CUSAt ud voltage îs zeAO, the
iruit b sctd to le seOnut irat
moraaves,tuu
As aplitd frauency X decveau
XL= WL ,X áucreases, od Xe =
At Soe

Xe=

The eno calod yeDnaut

Le
 (QTY, LO

7-R= Miuinm aud ttao cieuit

behavos as eaiytive civcüt
Io = E morimum

Maxium

Io R, >RRz
R2 Resouncut circuit hae
a vasiky applicahoui,
w tuuig nuchouuien
a radio 03 TU ot.
Asociatd éu A Cucét
’Averag powe
PouweR delind s the rate
woik P-dw
also ude uent
dkinnd a the produot
voltot,
Voee. ath omfud cuneut
chang coutruously tuith' neapoct h tie
Cbblte cycle (o ’T)
TutautaMeow powea, P=ET.
E-Eo sinuot, T-I,Sinotf)
Fand I aat tnstantneows emf and
CuTYut.
Prom Ca
dt
dw= EIdt
bolh si ds.
Tutqratig T

Matutaiaiag cueut ouei bue full yce.

Eo Sin wt. I, Sin(wt+)dt

W EoI, inuot(Sinwt osj+ tosot sin) dt

EoIo Cost sin'wt dt t sino Sinwtoswt dE

FoIol c-toszut)dtt sint cinzuot dt

toIo sin2tot7T -sin CES2ut
2w 2w
 toso T- o]sind
2w
+
EoloT

W= EI cosh
T

= Eo
to olo cos
V2

aw- Ems Tros (OS

we kuouy that Erms Trms Z

Pov Im)(Tms) Zco

(Is) potwexlackoa
Cos a calledthe
e!
foe acher e deliucd as dthe coaius
sectoou (umut a
s
Pav
trmsIrns Appaueut poLR
 Spocial (ases
i Ac cotaii ng R.
o-o° tuu fav= E,I cos 0°
Wheu

Ro wowtmun.
AC coutaing L
whan o-,tn aucEv Iycos T
av = O o (
() At coutaluing C.
Ev Ii cos!T
when t-T ten Pav - Ey 2
M C U200
So, auecge polu
(1V) AC Coutainq L oud R.
R
hen Pay = EvIy os¢

() AC rut wntainina C aud K

when tand Yoc R
K

tn Pav =EyIy cost

fav = EvIy R
VRYuc
i)A cirtuit loutatuvie L CR ciycit
when tan -
 R

R+(wL- Yoc)
Pav - Ey I, cos
-E,I, RR

Nattles Cueneut:
Cowme
S The CUwent widh doeuot
aled wattls uut (o tdle cumut,
AC Cirut zero,
altiough useut
Hu auutt , such a
wwattle cirait aud Hu uyet ú calld
oottes wiut.
cos
etweu cureut
The phase dillnce
Pav= Ing Vms Cosao
Pav = O
’TRA NSFORMER :
i a duwte , ufih i uad to incraase
or duceaue ttu atinainq voltage.

(0) stop up trwale

(b Slep douon trainstowA.
AC
Ac
To
load

Lauerated Tmu Cove

Stepup traaanuta Szp doun trouf

Custuchi:
It consit oo coils pimay coil (
and secenday eil (s), ansulalcd fom acl
en fo be wouud ou a set wen core.

Set Irou core are lauinatad to prereut

edaiy i n t ogs

seeud any cail -clue tb eltnatng voltage

coil deped
ore at tme t de to cuent iu He
primamy wthu a veltaqe Vp io apnlad to ît
Seuaudany
dt
Alteuatig un udules a emt, atles
 Ep -Np d
Ep- Ve lplad voltaqe)
cuut kaken )
Heou to

V
Ve=
socauday
Ng do
alty
dt

Vs Ng
Ve Np
Vs Ng
Vp Np

(i) Th same lum inki oth te

prmay and the deceuday

iueut, tte Klaual to

autput
Cawbstwnp Vg Ns
Np

Np Ns
 R wtre poduud
au heat todue
lost is
has wire The
Reststauce
biuding
tu by
taducad
porr, to de Beouday.
iTh¥o
t he trrou panses primamy to
due
leaka o awot alioou
eas
t ode ocuA do losses
peue Input
X\00 powes Dutput
Thawalatuea
on stpcalled
atanguntTramfema.
Amt B
psV) dabu stpned vctge
io u
) ttu'soda
coil taau hums
ber uat has loil
ue amranenent
stp Cscallud
Np
gnealer crl
has Sereday tu
and nduces eday WReuts
caLsas heatila. te
kaving a laniclad coe w gilicon chot
The
wnanehisalo
y wmaget

TransoWes

setdhyerataa
(Tv) Loug distauce aowision sL
Lovug
&o liatt
The vetag ia Cut doOu
at
ect eoek due to 'Ik
I E stppad dowm at ditibutg
sation 'dmd utib poeo belo a

Romes.