CHEM 111- Review Topics for Exam 4 Chapters 6 & Chapter 7

Definitions/Concepts: Be able to define/explain/use

Calorimeter Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
Internal Energy State Function Endothermic
Exothermic Calorie Enthalpy
Extensive Property Intensive Property Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Molar Heat Capacity Enthalpy
Standard enthalpy of formation Allotrope

Know how to draw an enthalpy energy diagram. Show if a reaction is

exothermic or endothermic by the location of the Products and the
Reactants. In exothermic reactions products are lower than reactants, in
endothermic reactions products are higher than reactants.

Heat (q)
a. the energy flowing into or out of a system from high temp to low
temp
b. depends on particle speed, number, and type

vs Temperature- the measure of heat, which depends on the speed of the

particles, but does not depend on the amount of substance

Write/manipulate thermochemical equations.

a. If the direction of the reaction reverses, so does the sign of H
b. If the reactant coefficients are changed (multiplied/divided), the
same change occurs to H
c. H represents the heat absorbed (+) or released (-) per mole of
reactant (look at coefficients to determine heat/#moles)
Ex: Determine the H of the following equation.
4 N2(g) + 12 H2O(g) → 8 NH3(g) + 6 O2(g); H= ?

Reference thermochemical equation;

4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 N2(g) + 6 H2O(g); H= -1267 kJ

Begin by comparing the unknown to a known reference equation. How are

they different? Are there similarities?
 a. The product and reactants are the same compounds but are
reversed in the reactions. Rewrite the reference equation
flipping the reactants and products. Reversing the reaction will
also reverse the enthalpy sign.
2 N2(g) + 6 H2O(g) → 4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g); H= + 1267 kJ

b. Compare the unknown equation to the new reference equation.

Notice that the order is now correct, but the coefficients are not
the same. The ratios of the coefficients are the same, but the
unknown enthalpy equation has coefficients that are twice as
large. Therefore, multiply the equation in section “a” by 2.
When the coefficients are multiplied, the H term must also be
multiplied by the same factor. (Remember enthalpy is an
extensive property.)
2x (2 N2(g) + 6 H2O(g) → 4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g); H= + 1267 kJ)

= 4 N2(g) + 12 H2O(g) → 8 NH3(g) + 6 O2(g); H= + 2534 kJ

c. Compare the two equations again. The two equations now

match and the H for the unknown equation has been
determined.

Using a thermochemical equation to determine how much heat is

absorbed/released per species in the equation.

(Remember when using the enthalpy of reaction, it is the kJ (or J) of heat per
mole of the substance you are referring to, where the moles of that substance
is the coefficient from the balanced equation.)

Example 2: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) +H2O(g); H= -802 kJ

a. This indicates that 802 kJ is released (or evolved) per 1 mole of

CH4. This can also be written as -802 kJ/1mole CH4.
(The sign indicates the direction of the heat flow. The
sign may be explicitly shown, or it may be indicated by
the associated action words.)
b. It is also true to say that 802 kJ is released per 2 moles of O 2, or
-802 KJ/2 moles O2 = -401 kJ/mole O2, or 401 KJ is released
per mole of O2. (If the coefficient is other than 1, whatever
action needed to make it 1 should be done to the H value.)

c. In the above reaction the amount of heat released per gram may
be calculated using the Molar Mass of the species.

a. Heat released per gram O2 is (using the word instead of

the sign, but conveying the same information):

802 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂2 12.5 𝑘𝐽

=
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂2 32.0 𝑔 𝑂2 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑂2

d. Starting from a known amount of reagent species the heat

evolved or released may be determined.

a. Ex: For the above reaction, how much heat is released if

5.0 grams of CH4 is burned in the presence of an excess
amount of oxygen?
i. Refer to the scheme below.

ii.

Write out the calculation.

5.0 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐻4 802 𝑘𝐽

= 250 𝑘𝐽 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑
16.0 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐻4

iii. Note, when the enthalpy term is inserted into the

equation the coefficient of that species must be
used.

iv. Ex. How much heat is evolved when 15.0 grams of

oxygen is burned in the example 2 reaction?
 15.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂2 802 𝑘𝐽
= 188 𝑘𝐽 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑
32.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂2

v. Notice how the heat is per 2 moles O2 due to the

coefficient from the reaction.

Using Hess’ Law of Summation

a. Your goal is to determine H of an equation without performing
an experiment.
b. Arrange given equations with known H values, so that they will
form the reference equation when added together.
c. If you alter the equation (by multiplication/division, direction of
the reaction) then perform the same action on the enthalpy term.

Ex: What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g); H= ?

Given that: N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g); H= -185 kJ

and
N2(g) + 2 O2(g) → 2 NO2(g); H= -76 kJ

a. Look at the given equations and orient them so their reactants and/or
products line up with the goal equation. If a species in the given
equation is not present in the goal equation it will cancel out when the
two equations are added.
a. The first equation enthalpy term must be reversed.
2 NO(g) → N2 (g) + O2(g); H= + 185 kJ

b. The second equation remains unchanged.

N2(g) + 2 O2(g) → 2 NO2(g); H= -76 kJ

c. Add the two equations together as well as the enthalpy term.

i. H= (+185 kJ + (-76 kJ)) = +109 kJ

ii. 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g); H= +109 kJ

iii. Note that the N2 will cancel out as it is in equal amounts

on both sides of the reaction. The O2 is also on both
 sides, however not in equal amounts, therefore some O2
remains.

Calorimetry:
The key to these problems is to remember that the heat (q) is calculated for
the calorimeter as this is where your thermometer is.
Use the equation q=C(T).

When applying the value of q to the reaction you must take the opposite
value.
qrxn= opposite qcal

Now you have the heat released or absorbed by the reaction. The last step is
to relate this heat to the amount of reactant placed in the calorimeter.

Take the qrxn and divide by the amount of reactant. If this was given in
grams, convert it to moles using the molar mass.

Before you place this enthalpy term (H) back into the equation, check the
coefficient of the reactant. If the coefficients agree (they are both 1) you may
place the H value at the end of the equation, but only attach the kJ or J unit,
as the per mole is assumed as the coefficient. If the coefficient is different
than 1 mole, adjust the value to make it the same.

For example if the reaction H= -500 kJ/1mol of O2 and there are really 2
moles of O2 in your balanced equation, then you need to multiply the -500
by 2. At the end of the equation you would write H= -1000 kJ, as this is the
heat that is evolved when 2 moles of the oxygen is present as a reactant.
1. Understand the experiments/contributions by the following:
a. Bohr/energy level diagram
b. deBroglie- waves of particles
c. Einstein/Photoelectric effect
d. Heisenberg/uncertainty principle
e. Schrödinger’s equations (provide information on a particle’s energy
level () and probability of finding the particle in a region of
space(2))

2. Explain wavelength () vs frequency ().

3. Know how energy relates to  and 

4. Explain the transitions between energy levels.

a. Moving up requires energy/Moving down releases energy
b. The steps are not of equal size. The levels become closer the
higher up they are. If an electron does not have enough energy
to reach the next level it will stay on its current level.

5. Explain the four quantum numbers and know if a given set are valid.
a. n= indicates the shell/energy level and must be a positive whole
number
b. l= the subshell/indicates the shape of the orbital. The total
number of subshells possible will be equal to the value of n. To
determine the subshells, go from 0→ (n-1).
a. l=0 ➔ s (sphere shape)
b. l=1 ➔ p (dumbbell shape)
c. l=2 ➔ d (mostly cloverleaf shape)
d. l=3 ➔ f (no dominant shape)
c. ml= provides the different orientations of the orbitals, how they
are positioned in 3D. This is directly dependent on the value of
l. Calculate the number of orientations either from (2l+1) or by
taking the number of values from the negative value of l up
through the positive value of l. The number of values going
from the negative value to positive value will give you the
number of orbitals.
d. ms= the spin axis of an electron. This is either +1/2 or -1/2
e. The first three quantum numbers provide the location of the
electron.
 f. If any one piece of the electron “address” is incorrect, the entire
set of quantum numbers is incorrect.

Equations:
All equations and constants as well as a periodic table will be provided.

Remember to bring your calculator and pencil. Also, please remember

to set your phones to SILENT .