ALTERNATING CURRENT REVISION NOTES 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 , where im is the peak current

Average value of AC: Root Mean Square (RMS)/Effective value of AC: The
𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒗
For half cycle (0 to T/2 or 0 to π): 𝒊𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝝅𝒎, 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝝅𝒎 rms value is calculated over full cycle and it’s the
For full cycle (0 to T or 0 to 2π): 𝒊𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎 effective value of AC. If we are measuring 220V then
𝒊𝒎 𝒗𝒎
that’s the rms value. 𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒔 = , 𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
Note: When nothing is given take current to be rms current √𝟐 √𝟐

and power to be average power.

Phase Power
Difference factor Impedance Who
Circuit Eqn of current & Voltage Power loss
𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 𝑹 𝒁 = √𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 leads
𝝓 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 =
𝑹 𝒁

Same
Pure 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑃
Zero 1 R phase
Resistive 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋 Zero
Pure 𝜋 Zero 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 Voltage (Wattless
Inductive 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 − ) 2
2 Current)
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋 1 Zero
Pure 𝜋 Zero 𝑋𝑐 = Current (Wattless
Capacitive 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) 2 𝜔𝐶
2 Current)
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑅 = (𝑣𝑅 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋 Betn 0 & 𝑃 = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ×
Series LR 𝜋 0<𝜙< 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 Voltage
2 1 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 × cos 𝜙
𝑣𝐿 = (𝑣𝐿 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + )
2
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑅 = (𝑣𝑅 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋 Betn 0 &
Series RC 𝜋 0<𝜙< 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2 Current
2 1
𝑣𝐶 = (𝑣𝐶 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 − )
2
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 + = 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 2
𝜋 𝑃 = 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
𝑣𝑅 = (𝑣𝑅 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 1 or betn 0 2
Series LCR 0≤𝜙< 𝒁= √𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 Depends 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝜋 2 and 1 =
𝑣𝐿 = (𝑣𝐿 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + ) 𝑅
2
𝜋
𝑣𝐶 = (𝑣𝐶 )𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 − )
2
Note: Capacitor allows AC and blocks DC and Inductor allows DC and blocks AC
• Resonance: the current will be maximum, and the Transformer: Voltage Regulator (regulates AC Voltage),
circuit will behave as a pure resistive circuit. based on the principle of mutual inductance, has two coils
• Resonance Condition: i.e. primary and secondary coils
1 1 1
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ⇒ 𝜔𝐿 = ⇒𝜔= ⇒𝑓= Power (P) =VI =constant, i.e. Input power= Output Power
𝜔𝐶 √𝐿𝐶 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
• More the Resistance, less is the sharpness of Then
𝑵𝑷
=
𝑽𝑷
=
𝑰𝑷
resonance curve and vice-versa. 𝑵𝑺 𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑺 Step-Up: Step-Down:
• Resonance only occurs in series LC circuit. 𝑷 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑝 > 𝑉𝑆
Efficiency (𝜼)= 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑁𝑠 > 𝑁𝑃 𝑁𝑃 > 𝑁𝑆
𝒊𝒏
𝐼𝑃 > 𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑆 > 𝐼𝑃
𝑽𝒔 𝑰𝒔
Transformer Losses: Flux leakage, Resistance of = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒑 𝑰𝒑
windings, Eddy Current loss, Hysteresis loss

(Pure resistive circuit) (Pure inductive circuit) (Pure capacitive circuit)

Ashrumochan Panda, PGT Physics, OAVS