Electric Circuits

Chapter 3
Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Course Learning Objective
CLO 3
• Solve DC circuits using Kirchhoff’s laws
(KVL & KCL) methods. [SO1]

2
 Circuit Definitions
• Node – any point where 2 or more circuit
elements are connected together
– Wires usually have negligible resistance
– Each node has one voltage (w.r.t. ground)
• Branch – a circuit element between two
nodes
• Loop – a collection of branches that form a
closed path returning to the same node
without going through any other nodes or
branches twice
 Example
• How many nodes, branches & loops?

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
 Example
• Three nodes

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
 Example
• 5 Branches

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
 Example
• Three Loops, if starting at node A

A B
R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
C
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
➢ KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents entering and
leaving any node is zero.

➢ In other words, the amount of currents

entering any node is equal to the
amount of currents leaving this node.

IInput = IOutput

8
 Example 3-1

i 1 = i2 + i3 i3 + i8 = i5
i2 + i5 = i4 + i7
i 4 = i1 + i6 i6 + i7 = i8
9
 Example 3-2 (I2.10)
Find the value of I1 in the circuit shown below.

10 mA

20 = I1 + 10

I1 = 20 − 10 = 10 mA
10
 Example 3-3 (I2.11)
Find the value of I1 in the circuit shown below.

I1 = 6 + 2 = 8 mA
11
 Example 3-4 (I2.12)
Find the values of I1 and I2 in the circuit shown below.

I1 = 8 + 4 = 12 mA 8 = I2 + 2

I2 = 8 − 2 = 6 mA

12
 Example 3-5 (I2.13)
Find the value of I1 in the circuit shown below.

8 mA

14 mA

8 + 2 = I1 I1 + 4 = 14
or
I1 = 8 + 2 = 10 mA I1 = 14 − 4 = 10 mA

13
 Example 3-6 (I2.16)
Find the values of Io and I1 in the circuit shown below.

1 mA Io = I1 + 5

I1 = 3 − 5 = −2 mA

6 mA or

I1 + 1 + 3 = 2

6 = 3 + Io
I1 = 2 − 1 − 3 = −2 mA

Io = 6 − 3 = 3 mA
14
 Example 3-7 (I2.18)
Find the values of Ix, Iy, and Iz in the circuit shown below.

Iz + 4 = 2

Iz = 2 − 4 = −2 mA

2 mA

2 = Iy + 12

12 = 3 + Ix
Iy = 2 − 12 = −10 mA

Ix = 12 − 3 = 9 mA
15
 Example 3-8 (I2.22)
Find the values of I1, I2, and I3 in the circuit shown below.

1 mA I2 + 4 = 2

I2 = 2 − 4 = −2 mA

I1 + 1 = I3 + 4

1 + 4 = I1
I3 = 5 + 1 − 4 = 2 mA

I1 = 1 + 4 = 5 mA
16
 Example 3-9 (I2.14)
Find the value of Ix in the circuit shown below.

2Ix + 12m = 4m + Ix + 3Ix

Ix + 3Ix − 2Ix = 12m − 4m

2Ix = 8m

Ix = 4 mA 17
 Example 3-10 (I2.17)
Find the value of I1 in the circuit shown below.

Ix = 4 + 2 = 6 mA

4 = 2Ix + I1

4 = (2  6) + I1
18
I1 = −8 mA
 Example 3-11 (I2.19)
Find the value of I1 in the circuit shown below.

Ix + 4 mA

12 = 4Ix + 4 + Ix Ix = 1.6 mA I1 = 10.4 mA

4Ix + Ix = 12 − 4 I1 + Ix = 12

5Ix = 8 I1 + 1.6 = 12 19
 Example 3-12 (I2.20)
Find the value of I1 in the circuit shown below.

12 mA

4 + 2Ix = 12 6 + I 1 + Ix = 0

2Ix = 8 6 + I1 + 4 = 0

Ix = 4 mA I1 = −10 mA 20
 Example 3-13 (I2.21)
Find the values of I1, I2, and I3 in the circuit shown below.

2Ix = 12 + I2 I1 = 4Ix

I2 = 2Ix − 12 Ix + I2 = 4 + I1

I1 = 2Ix + 2Ix Ix + 2Ix − 12 = 4 + 4Ix 21

 Example 3-13 (I2.21)
Find the values of I1, I2, and I3 in the circuit shown below.

Ix + 2Ix − 4Ix = 4 + 12 I1 = 4Ix = 4  −16

−Ix = 16 I1 = −64 mA

Ix = −16 mA I2 = 2Ix − 12 = (2  −16) − 12 22

 Example 3-13 (I2.21)
Find the values of I1, I2, and I3 in the circuit shown below.

I2 = −44 mA I3 = 28 mA

12 = Ix + I3

12 = −16 + I3 23
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
➢ A loop consists of two or more components connected in such a way
that a current starts at a node passing through a set of nodes and
returning to the starting node without passing through any node more
than once.

➢ KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop is zero.

➢ In other words, the summation of voltages produced by the different

sources in a loop is equal to the summation of voltages received by the
different components in the loop.

VSources = VComponents
24
 Example 3-14 (I2.23)
Find the value of Vbd in the circuit shown below.

Vbd = Vba + Vad Vbd = Vbc + Vcd

or
Vbd = −4 + 12 = 8 V Vbd = 6 + 2 = 8 V
25
 Example 3-15 (I2.24)
Find the value of Vad in the circuit shown below.

Vad = Vab + Vbc + Vcd Vad = Vae + Ved

or
Vad = −3 − 2 + 12 = 7 V Vad = 4 + 3 = 7 V
26
 Example 3-16 (I2.25)
Find the values of Vfb and Vec in the circuit shown below.

Vfb = Vfg + Vga + Vab Vec = Ved + Vdc

Vfb = 2 + 2 − 12 = −8 V Vec = −3 − 3 = −6 V
27
 Example 3-17 (I2.26)
Find the values of Vcf and Vae in the circuit shown below.

Vcf = Vcb + Vba + Vaf Vae = Vaf + Vfe

Vcf = −9 + 4 + 6 = 1 V Vae = 6 − 12 = −6 V
28
 Example 3-18 (I2.27)
Find the voltages’ values of the missing components in the circuit
shown below.

+ +
6 18
− −
20 10
+ − − +

29
 Example 3-19 (I2.28)
Find the values of Vx and Vy in the circuit shown below.

18 V

12 V

Vx = 18 − (−4) = 22 V Vy = 18 − 12 = 6 V
30
 Example 3-20 (I2.29)
Find the values of Vx and Vy in the circuit shown below.

−2 V

Vx = −2 − 12 = −14 V Vy = −2 − 0 = −2 V
31
 Example 3-21 (I2.35)
Find the value of R when the 10V source is supplying 50W in the
circuit shown below.

5A

4A

𝑃𝑆 50 𝑉 10
IS = = = 5A R = = = 2.5 
𝑉𝑆 10 𝐼𝑅 4

4𝑅
IR = IS = 5  0.8 = 4 A
4𝑅 + 𝑅 32
 Example 3-22 (I2.36)
Find the value of V2 in the circuit shown below.

+ 10 V −

= 20 V

− 10 V +

V1 = 2  10 = 20 V

10 + 20 + 10 + V2 = 0

 V2 = −40 V 33
 Example 3-23 (I2.37)
Find the value of Vbd in the circuit shown below.

+ 6V − + 2V −

−12 + 3000 I + 1000 I + 4 = 0  I = 2 mA

Vbd = Vba + Vad = −6 + 12 = 6 V

or

Vbd = Vbc + Vcd = 2 + 4 = 6 V 34

 Example 3-24 (I2.38)
Find the value of Vx in the circuit shown below.

−24 + 4000 I + 6 + 8 + 6000 I = 0

 I = 1 mA
I

Vx = 0.001  4000 = 4 V

35
 Example 3-25 (I2.39)
Find the value of Vab in the circuit shown below.

6 + 2I + 4I + 9 + 6I + 3I = 0

 I = −1 A

Vab = −1  4 = −4 V 36
 Example 3-26 (I2.40)
Find the value of Vx in the circuit shown below.

+ 4V − I + 1.6 V −
−
4.8 V
+
− 3.2 V + − 6.4 V +

5000 I − 10 + 2000 I + 15 + 8000 I − 25 + 4000 I + 6000 I = 0

 I = 0.8 mA

Vx = −25 + 3.2 + 4.8 + 4 = −13 V 37

 Example 3-27 (I2.45)
Find the value of V2 when the 100V source is supplying 200W.

𝑃 200
I = = = 2A
𝐸 100

30 I + 5 I + 5 I + V2 + 40 I + 20 I − 100 = 0

60 + 10 + 10 + V2 + 80 + 40 − 100 = 0

 V2 = −100 V 38
 Determine the voltage Vo in the following circuit

Applying KVL, we obtain

39
 Determine the voltage Vo in the following circuit

Applying KCL at the top node, we obtain

40
 Example 3-28 (I2.49)
Find the power supplied by each source in the circuit shown below.

+
E
−

10 20
E = 2  = V 41
17 17
 Example 3-28 (I2.49)
Find the power supplied by each source in the circuit shown below.

+
20
V
17
−

20 8
P4mA = I E = 0.004  = W ≈ 4.7 mW
17 1700

−20 −4
P2mA = I E = 0.002  = W ≈ −2.35 mW
17 1700

42
 Example 3-29 (I2.51)
Find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.

43
 Example 3-29 (I2.51)
Find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.

6 mA 6 mA

12
Io = 6  = 4.5 mA
4 + 12
44
 Example 3-30 (I2.68)
Find the values of I1 and Vo in the circuit shown below.

Io

6
I1 = = 0.5 mA
12000
6
Io = = 1 mA Vo = 0.001  4000 = 4 V
6000
or, using voltage divider
4000
Vo = 6  = 4V 45
2000 +4000
 Example 3-31 (I2.67)
Find the values of I1 and Vo in the circuit shown below.

+
V1
−

4000
V1 = 12  = 8V 46
2000 +4000
 Example 3-31 (I2.67)
Find the values of I1 and Vo in the circuit shown below.
Io

+
8V
−

8 4
I1 = = mA
6000 3
8 2 2 8
Io = = mA Vo =  4 = V
12000 3 3 3
or, using voltage divider
4000 8
Vo = 8  = V 47
8000 +4000 3
 Example 3-32 (I2.70)
Find the values of IA and V1 in the circuit shown below.

I1

15
IA = − = −1.5 mA
10000
15
I1 = = 0.625 mA V1 = 0.625  8 = 5 V
24000
or, using voltage divider
8000
V1 = 15  = 5V 48
16000 + 8000
 Example 3-33 (I2.71)
Find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.

0.012
Io = = 6 mA 49
2
 Example 3-34 (I2.72)
Find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.

50
 Example 3-34 (I2.72)
Find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.

51
 Example 3-34 (I2.72)
Find the value of Io in the circuit shown below.

I
12
I =− = −2 mA
6000

−2 mA

12000 4
Io = −0.002  = − mA 52
12000 + 6000 3
 Example 3-35 (I2.73)
Find the value of Vo in the circuit shown below.

Io

3000
Io = 0.012  = 4 mA Vo = −0.004  1000 = −4 V
3000 + 6000
53
 Example 3-36 (I2.80)
Find the value of Vab in the circuit shown below.

50
V+ = 100  = 62.5 V
30 + 50
Vab = V+ − V− = −20.8333 V
100 1
V− = 100  = 83 V 54
20 +100 3
 Example 3-37 (I2.81)
Find the value of VS in the circuit shown below.

IS

4
IS = = 1 mA
4000

VS = Vo + (IS  8000) = 4 + (0.001  8000) = 4 + 8 = 12 V

55
 Example 3-38 (I2.82)
Find the value of IS in the circuit shown below.

+
2.5 mA 10
VoV
−

Vo = 0.005  2000 = 10 V

10
I4k = = 2.5 mA
4000

IS = Io + I4k = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 mA 56

 Example 3-39 (I2.83)
Find the value of VS when Io = 2mA in the circuit shown below.

IS

+
Vo
−

Vo = 0.002  3000 = 6 V IS = I6k + I3k + I12k

6 6
IS = + 0.002 + = 0.001 + 0.002 + 0.0005 = 3.5 mA
6000 12000
V1k = 0.0035  1000 = 3.5 V

VS = V1k + Vo = 3.5 + 6 = 9.5 V 57

 Example 3-40 (I2.85)
Find the value of IS when Vo = 6 V in the circuit shown below.
I3k I1k

+ + V3k −
V7k I7k
−
I2k

6 V7k = V3k + Vo = 15 + 6 = 21 V
I2k = = 3 mA
2000
6 21
I1k = = 2 mA I7k = = 3 mA
3000 7000

I3k = I1k + I2k = 3 + 2 = 5 mA IS = I3k + I7k

V3k = 0.005  3000 = 15 V IS = 5 + 3 = 8 mA 58

 Example 3-41 (I2.93)
Find the value of IA in the circuit shown below.

I4 I6

12 12 − (−4)
I6 = = 2A I4 = = 4A
6 4

IA = I4 + I6 = 4 + 2 = 6 A 59
 Example 3-42 (I2.103)
Find the value of R when the power supplied by the 50V source is 100 W
in the circuit shown below.

E
+ 10 V − + 8V −
+
2A 32 V 4A
−

𝑃 100 V2 = 4  2 = 8 V
I50V = = = 2A
𝐸 50
VR = E − V2 = 40 − 8 = 32V
IR = 2 + 2 = 4 A
𝑉𝑅 32
V5 = 2  5 = 10 V R = = = 8
𝐼𝑅 4

E = −10 + 50 = 40 V 60