Module 2: Pollution Environment_Water

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson,

the learner will be able to:

1. Identify and recall concepts on hydrology

2. Explain the various effects of environmental
(water) pollution
3. Summarize the important and general rules
and guidelines of Philippine Clean Water Act
4. Identify, plan and select appropriate design
treatment schemes for water and
wastewater disposal
 TOPIC OUTLINE

Water Environment

Water Pollution

Water Quality Management

Water Treatment

RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

 TOPIC OUTLINE

Water Environment

Water Pollution

Water Quality Management

Water Treatment

RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Water Treatment
Hydrology Water Pollutants
Systems
 WATER ENVIRONMENT

• the study of water

Water Treatment
Hydrology Water Pollutants
Systems
• the science that encompasses the occurrence,
distribution, movement and properties of the waters of
the earth and their relationship with the environment
within each phase of the hydrologic cycle.

• It deals with the question of how much water can be

expected at any particular time and location
 Surface Water Hydrology

• focuses on the distribution

of water on or above the
earth’s surface.

• It encompasses all water in

lakes, rivers and streams, on
land and in air.

• It describes the movement

and conservation of water
on earth.
Surface Water Hydrology PROCESSES

• Evaporation – conversion of liquid water

from lakes, streams and other bodies of
water to water vapor.

• Transpiration – water is emitted from

plants

• Precipitation – water is released from the

atmosphere. E.g. rain, hail, snow, sleet,
freezing rain.

• Evapotranspiration – combined losses of

water due to transpiration and evaporation.
 Surface Water Hydrology PROCESSES

• Surface runoff

• Overland Flow

• Direct runoff

• Interflow – move laterally

just below the ground
surface

• Infiltration/Percolation –
move vertically through the
soils to form groundwater.
 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

• deals with the

distribution of
water in the earth’s
subsurface geological
materials, such as sand,
rock and gravel.
___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
AQUIFER
What is an Aquifer?

This video describes the basic characteristics of two types of aquifers and identifies four types of geological units that make up many of the aquifers in the US. We compare and contrast unconfined and confined aquifers and show the distribution of aquifer systems composed of sand and gravel, sandstone, carbonates (limestone), and fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks. On the basis of the maps we show you, what is the most likely composition of your local aquifer system?

Visit our blog (https://geosciencevideos.wordpress.com) for a free quiz about the content in this video.
AQUIFERS • a body of porous rock or
sediment saturated with
groundwater.

• Groundwater enters an
aquifer as precipitation seeps
through the soil.

• It can move through the

aquifer and resurface through
springs and wells.
TYPES OF AQUIFERS
 TYPES OF AQUIFERS

lie below a have a layer

permeable of
layer of impenetrable
rock or clay
soil.
above them

UNCONFINED CONFINED
OTHER GEOLOGIC FORMATION

Aquiclude
Can absorb
water but can
not transmit
significant
amounts
Examples:
• clays, shales, etc.
OTHER GEOLOGIC FORMATION

Aquifuge
no
interconnected
pores and
hence can
neither absorb
nor
transmit water
Examples:
basalts, granites, etc.
OTHER GEOLOGIC FORMATION

Aquitard
transmits water
at a slow rate
compared to
an aquifer
Examples:
clay lenses
interbedded with
sand
 TOPIC OUTLINE

Water Environment

Water Pollution

Water Quality Management

Water Treatment

RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Water Pollution Effects on the Environment
Water Pollution Effects on the Environment

Water pollution has reached frightening levels in recent years despite the considerable efforts to treat and clean up wastewater. In fact, Humans add 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated wastewater into water supply each year. In addition, 14 billion pounds of plastics are dumped into the ocean each year. If we continue polluting our planet with the same rhythm, 47% of people on earth will struggle to find drinking water by 2050. Water pollution effects on Human health and environment present serious threats on the future of Humanity in our planet. In this article, we will detail the principal effects of water pollution on the environment and we will present some examples of environmental disasters caused by water pollution incidents.

There are a variety of water pollution effects on the environment. However, these effects can be summarized in the following elements:

The algal bloom caused by water contamination with nutrients

The effects of Chemicals and heavy metals on the aquatic life
The threat of aquatic ecosystems by marine debris such as plastic
The effect of ocean acidification on many marine organisms

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBKGxuxFn1E
WATER POLLUTANTS
and its SOURCES
WATER POLLUTANTS and its SOURCES
1. POINT SOURCES

• Generally collected by a network of pipes or channels

and conveyed to a single point of discharge into the
receiving water.

• They can be reduced or eliminated through waste

minimization and proper wastewater treatment.
POINT SOURCES

a. Domestic Sewage

a. Industrial Waste
 2. NON POINT SOURCES
• They are characterized by multiple
discharge points.

• Polluted water flows over the surface

of the land or along natural drainage
channels to the nearest water body.

• They occur during rainstorms or

spring snowmelt, resulting in large
flow rates that make treatment even
more difficult.

• Example: Urban and agricultural

runoff
3. Oxygen-Demanding Material

When organic substances are broken down in water, oxygen

is consumed

Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving water

resulting in the consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen.

Usually biodegradable organic matter but also includes

certain inorganic compounds.
4. Nutrients

Nitrogen and phosphorus are considered pollutants when they

become too much of a good thing.

Major sources:
• Phosphorus-based detergents
• Fertilizers
• Food-processing wastes
• Animal and human excrement
5. Pathogenic Organisms

• Found in wastewater which

includes bacteria, viruses and
protozoa excreted by diseased
persons or animals.
6. Suspended Solids

• Organic and
inorganic particles
that are carried by
wastewater into a
receiving water.
Particles that settle
at the bottom as
sediment which
includes eroded soil
particles.
7. Salts

• All water contains some salt.

These salts are often
measured by evaporation on a
filtered water sample.

• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

are salts and other matter
that don’t evaporate.
8. Pesticides

• These are chemicals used by

farmers, households or
industry to regulate and
control various types of pests
and weeds.
• Major types of pesticides:
• • Herbicides
• • Insecticides
• • Fungicides
 9. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Products (PPCPs)

• These are a class of

compounds that are applied
externally or ingested by
humans, pets and other
domesticated animals.
• It is released to the
environment through the
disposal of expired, unwanted
or excess medications to the
sewage system.
10. Endocrine – Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)

• Endocrine disrupters, are a class of

chemicals that has received significant
interest from the scientific community,
regulatory agencies and the general
public.

• This includes polychlorinated biphenyls

and phthalates.

• Other examples of endocrine disruptors

include bisphenol A (BPA) from plastics,
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
from pesticides, vinclozolin from
fungizides, and diethylstilbestrol (DES)
from pharmaceutical agents.
11. Other Organic Chemicals

• These are hydrocarbons from combustion processes and

oil and gasoline spills. Examples are solvents used in dry
cleaning and metal washing
12. Arsenic

• A naturally occurring element

in the environment.

• Its occurrence in groundwater

is largely the result of
minerals dissolving naturally
from weathered rocks and
soils, mainly from iron oxides
or sulfide minerals.
Toxic Metals

• Heavy metals which enter through

discharge of industrial waste and
wastewater treatment plants,
storm-water runoff, mining
operations, smokestack emissions
and other diffuse sources such as
from vehicles.

• Examples: arsenic, cadmium,

chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and
mercury
14. Heat

• Although heat is not often

recognized as a pollutant,
those in the electric power
industry are well aware of
problems of disposing of
waste heat.

• Waters released by many

industrial processes are much
warmer than the receiving
waters.
15. Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles in a

nanorange structure with unique optical,
magnetic, electrical, and thermal properties. It
has a dimension less than 100 nm.
Examples:
•Humic material (plant and animal matter)
•Titania particles (painkilling creams)
•Fullerene nanotube composites (manufacture
of tires, tennis rackets and video screens)
•Fullerene cages (cosmetics)
•Protein-based nanomaterials (soaps,
shampoos and detergents.
 TOPIC OUTLINE

Water Environment

Water Pollution

Water Quality Management

Water Treatment

RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Water Quality Management
Water Quality Management

• science of knowing how much waste is

too much for a particular water body.

• To know how much waste can be

tolerated (technical term is assimilated)
by a water body, water quality managers
must know the type of pollutants
discharged and the manner in which they
affect water quality.

What is its intent?

• To protect the intended uses of a water
body while using water as an economic
means of waste disposal within the
constraints of its assimilative capacity.
Drinking Water Quality

• Water that does not impart a

taste or odor and is therefore
pleasant to drink is called
palatable.

• Water that is free of

chemicals, microorganisms
and other contaminants and is
safe to drink is called potable.
4 Categories to describe drinking-water quality:
1.Physical

2.Chemical

3.Microbiological

4.Radiological
 TOPIC OUTLINE

Water Environment

Water Pollution

Water Quality Management

Water Treatment

RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Drinking Water Treatment Process
Drinking Water Treatment Process
Water Treatment Terms

Coagulation
• used to remove turbidity, color and bacteria from drinking
waters.
• the goal is to change the surface charge on the particles so they
can stick together to form larger particles that will settle by
gravity.
• larger particles and dissolved ions are removed by gravity
settling or precipitation.
• removal of particulate matter
Water Treatment Terms

Coagulant
-a chemical that is added to the water to cause the particles to coagulate
-Three key properties of coagulant:
1.Trivalent cation – e.g. sodium and calcium
2.Nontoxic
3.Insoluble in the neutral pH range – to neutralize acid, use lime or sodium
carbonate
-Most commonly used coagulants
are aluminum and ferric ion.

-Two important factors in

coagulant addition is pH & dose
Water Treatment Terms
Water Treatment Terms

Mixing or Rapid Mixing

-the process whereby the
chemicals are quickly and
uniformly dispersed in the water.

Flocculation
- contacting process in which
precipitates must be brought into
contact with one another so they
can form flocs.
Water Treatment Terms

Hardness - used to characterize a

water that does not lather well,
causes a scum in the bath tub and
leaves hard, white, crusty deposits
(scale) on coffee pots, tea kettles
and hot water heaters.

The failure to lather well and the

formation of scum on bath tubs is
the result of the reactions of
calcium and magnesium with the
soap.
Water Treatment Terms

Ion Exchange Softening

-defined as the
reversible exchange of
an ion on a solid phase
with an ion of like charge
in an aqueous phase.
Water Treatment Terms

Sedimentation
- required process prior to subsequent
treatment when surface water
contains high turbidity.

Sedimentation basins
-also called clarifiers or settling tanks.
-usually rectangular or circular with
either a radial or upward water flow
pattern.
-sludge that is withdrawn from the
bottom of sedimentation basins may in
some cases be discharged back to the
river.
Water Treatment Terms
Water Treatment Terms

Filtration
-As the water flows over the weirs
and exits the sedimentation tank,
it still contains particles that were
too small to settle or somehow
escaped escape removal due to
fluid patterns.

-process by which water flows

slowly through a bed of granular
media, usually sand, anthracite
coal or garnet.
Water Treatment Terms

Disinfection
-used in water treatment to kill
pathogens present I water that
would cause mild to fatal illness if
ingested.
-not the same as sterilization as this
implies to destruction of all living
organisms.
-Four categories of human enteric
pathogens:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Protozoa
4. Amebic cysts
Water Treatment Terms

Sludge
-semi-solid slurry and can be
produced as sewage sludge from
wastewater treatment processes
or as a settled suspension
obtained from conventional
drinking water treatment and
other industrial processes.
-Generic term for solids separated
from suspension in a liquid.
 TOPIC OUTLINE

Water Environment

Water Pollution

Water Quality Management

Water Treatment

RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

 “An act providing for a
comprehensive water
quality management
and for other purposes”

• View this link for the full context

of the law:
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/r
epacts/ra2004/ra_9275_2004.html
RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
Technopreneurship Ecosystem
Activity No. 2

1. Research 1 actual event that clearly violates RA 9275 in

the Philippines

2. Give your insights about it

3. Prepare a comprehensive 3-5 slides presentation and be

ready to present it to class next meeting
NEXT TOPIC

MODULE 2: AIR POLLUTION