Group 4

Water Pollution
Management
GET TO KNOW OUR TEAM
CRISTLYN DAÑO

LAVENCE MAE JULAO

ALBAIZHER IBRAHIM

VIA JOY SARUCAM

ANDREW DUCOT
Introduction
Water is one of the most vital natural resources on earth and has been
around for a long time. In fact, the same water which we drink has been
around in one form or the other since the time of the dinosaurs.
The earth has more than two-thirds of its surface covered with water. This
translates to just over 1 octillion litres (1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000
litres) of water distributed in the oceans, rivers, lakes and streams.
That is a lot of water, however, less than 0.3% is accessible for human
consumption. As commercialization and industrialization have
progressed, that number continues to dwindle down. Furthermore,
inefficient and outdated practices, lack of awareness and a plethora of
other circumstances have led to water pollution.
WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
WATER POLLUTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE
CONTAMINATION OF WATER BODIES. WATER
POLLUTION IS CAUSED WHEN WATER
BODIES SUCH AS RIVERS, LAKES, OCEANS,
GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFERS GET
CONTAMINATED WITH INDUSTRIAL AND
AGRICULTURAL EFFLUENTS.
WHEN WATER GETS POLLUTED, IT
ADVERSELY AFFECTS ALL LIFEFORMS THAT
DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY DEPEND ON THIS
SOURCE. THE EFFECTS OF WATER
CONTAMINATION CAN BE FELT FOR YEARS
TO COME.
 WATER POLLUTANTS
Water pollutants can be classified as organic pollutants, inorganic
pollutants, pathogens, suspended solids, nutrients and agriculture
pollutants, thermal, radioactive, and other pollutants. Organic and
inorganic pollutants are mainly discharged from industrial effluents
and sewage into the water bodies

Petroleum Hydrocarbons Chloroform

Plastics Food processing waste (fats & grease)
Paints and Arsenics Insecticides and herbicides
Heavy metals Petroleum Hydrocarbons (gasoline,
Sewage diesel fuel, jet fuel, and fuel oil)
Radioactive Waste Lubricants (motor oil)
Thermal effluents detergents From storm water runoff
Categories of WHERE IS THE POLLUTION
COMING FROM?
Water P OINT SOURCE

Pollution When contamination originates from a single

source, it’s called point source pollution.
Examples include wastewater (also called
effluent) discharged legally or illegally by a
manufacturer, oil refinery, or wastewater
To address pollution and protect treatment facility, as well as contamination from
leaking septic systems, chemical and oil spills,
water we need to understand and illegal dumping.
where the pollution is coming While point source pollution originates from a
specific place, it can affect miles of waterways
from (point source or nonpoint and ocean .
source) and the type of water
body its impacting (groundwater,
surface water, or ocean water).
 N ON POINT SOURCE

Nonpoint source pollution is contamination

derived from diffuse sources. These may include
agricultural or stormwater runoff or debris blown
into waterways from land.

TRANSBOUNDARY

It goes without saying that water pollution can’t

be contained by a line on a map. Transboundary
pollution is the result of contaminated water from
one country spilling into the waters of another.
Contamination can result from a disaster—like an
oil spill—or the slow, downriver creep of
industrial, agricultural, or municipal discharge.
 Types of
Water Pollution
1 . Ground Water Pollution
When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling the cracks, crevices,
and porous spaces of an aquifer (basically an underground storehouse of
water), it becomes groundwater—one of our least visible but most
important natural resources.
Groundwater gets polluted when contaminants—from pesticides and
fertilizers to waste leached from landfills and septic systems—make their
way into an aquifer, rendering it unsafe for human use.
Ridding groundwater of contaminants can be difficult to impossible, as
well as costly. Once polluted, an aquifer may be unusable for decades, or
even thousands of years.
Groundwater can also spread contamination far from the original
polluting source as it seeps into streams, lakes, and oceans.
2.S URFACE WATER POLLUTION
Covering about 70 percent of the earth, surface water is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and
all those other blue bits on the world map.
Nearly half of our rivers and streams and more than one-third of our lakes are polluted and unfit
for swimming, fishing, and drinking. Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and phosphates,
is the leading type of contamination in these freshwater sources. While plants and animals need
these nutrients to grow, they have become a major pollutant due to farm waste and fertilizer
runoff. Municipal and industrial waste discharges contribute their fair share of toxins as well.
There’s also all the random junk that industry and individuals dump directly into waterways.
 3. OCEAN WATER POLLUTION
Eighty percent of ocean pollution (also called marine pollution) originates on land—whether
along the coast or far inland. Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy metals are
carried from farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our bays and estuaries; from
there they travel out to sea. Meanwhile, marine debris—particularly plastic—is blown in by the
wind or washed in via storm drains and sewers. Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by oil spills
and leaks—big and small—and are consistently soaking up carbon pollution from the air. The
ocean absorbs as much as a quarter of man-made carbon emission
4. Microbiological Water Pollution
IS USUALLY A NATURAL FORM OF WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS. DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS LIVE IN WATER AND CAUSE FISH, LAND ANIMALS AND HUMANS TO
BECOME ILL. MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS BACTERIA ,VIRUSES AND PROTOZOA SERIOUS DISEASES
SUCH AS CHOLERA CAUSE FROM MICROORGANISMS THAT LIVES IN WATER. THESE DISEASES
USUALLY AFFECTS HEALTH OF PEOPLE IN POORER COUNTRIES AS THEY DO NOT HAVE THE
FACILITIES TO TREAT POLLUTED WATER. GENERALLY SPEAKING CONTAMINATION OCCURS IF ANY
PART OF A SYSTEM, PRODUCT OR MEDICINE GETS IN TOUCH WITH THE MICROBIOLOGICAL
PATHOGENS WHERE IT SHOULD BE STERILE. FOR EXAMPLE IF A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT IS
CONTAMINATED WITH PATHOGENS THEN THE RESULT MIGHT BE A SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION.
CONTAMINATION IN INFUSION SETTINGS MAY OCCUR WHEN PATHOGENS ARE CARRIED INSIDE OF
THE INFUSION SYSTEM, MOSTLY HAPPENING DURING MANIPULATION.
5. OXYGEN DEPLETION POLLUTION
A type of water pollution, oxygen depletion destroys the natural balance of
water and makes bacteria thrive and in the process kill fish and other
wildlife. Oxygen depletion is caused by the release of biodegradable
matter into the water, such as sewage. The natural process of breaking
down sewage uses up oxygen in the water. Once all the oxygen has been
depleted, bacteria are able to take over and killing it’s natural inhabitants.
6. WATER STAGNATION
The phenomenon of water stagnation happens
when the water can't reach the surface of the soil
because its empty spaces are already occupied.
Stagnant water may include wastewater,
rainwater, natural water bodies and standing
water that remains after flooding. The presence of
substantial quantities of standing water in and
around a site, particularly near living areas and
drinking water sources creates a risk to public
health through faecal contamination (wastewater
and run-off may often be faecal contaminated),
the creation of vector breeding sites (for
mosquitoes, flies etc.), drowning hazard etc
WHAT ARE THE
CAUSES OF WATER
POLLUTION?

Water is uniquely vulnerable to

pollution. Known as a “universal
solvent,” water is able to dissolve
more substances than any other
liquid on earth. It’s the reason we
have Kool-Aid and brilliaQnt blue
waterfalls. It’s also why water is so
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. INDUSTRIAL
WASTE
Industries and industrial sites across the world are a major
contributor to water pollution. Many industrial sites produce
waste in the form of toxic chemicals and pollutants, and
though regulated, some still do not have proper waste
management systems in place. In those rare cases, industrial
waste is dumped into nearby freshwater systems. When
industrial waste is not treated properly (or worse, not treated
at all), it can very easily pollute the freshwater systems that it
comes into contact with.
2. Marine Dumping 3. SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER
The process of marine dumping is exactly what it Harmful chemicals, bacteria and pathogens
sounds like, dumping garbage into the waters of can be found in sewage and wastewater even
the ocean. It might seem crazy, but household when it’s been treated. Sewage and
garbage is still collected and dumped into oceans wastewater from each household is released
by many countries across the world. Most of these into the sea with fresh water. The pathogens
items can take anywhere from two to 200 years to and bacteria found in that wastewater breed
decompose completely. disease, and therefore are a cause of health-
related issues in humans and animals alike.
 5. AGRICULTURE
 . OIL LEAKS AND PILLS
4
The age-old phrase “like water and oil” is used In order to protect their crops from bacteria and
when describing two things that do not mix easily insects, farmers often use chemicals and pesticides.
or at all. Just as the saying states, water and oil When these substances seep into the groundwater,
do not mix, and oil does not dissolve in water. they can harm animals, plants and humans.
Large oil spills and oil leaks, while often Additionally, when it rains, the chemicals mix with
accidental, are a major cause of water pollution. rainwater, which then flows into rivers and streams
Leaks and spills often are caused by oil drilling that filter into the ocean, causing further water
operations in the ocean or ships that transport oil. pollution.
wildlife.
6. GLOBAL WARMING 7. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Rising temperatures due to global warming Radioactive waste from facilities that create
are a major concern in terms of water nuclear energy can be extremely hazardous
pollution. Global warming causes water to the environment and must be disposed of
temperatures to rise, which can kill water- properly. This is because uranium, the
dwelling animals. When large die-offs occur, element used in the creation of nuclear
it further pollutes the water supply, energy, is a highly toxic chemical.
exacerbating the issue.
OIL POLLUTION
Refers to the negative polluting effects that oil spills have on the
environments and living organisms, including humans, due to the
environmental discharge of various organic compounds that make up
crude oil and oil distillate products, the majority of which include various
individual hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are made exclusively from carbon
and hydrogen atoms which bind together in various ways, resulting in
paraffins (or normal alkanes), isoparaffins (isoalkanes), aromatics (such as
benzene or various PAHs), cycloalkanes and unsaturated alkanes (alkenes
and alkynes). Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and
oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen
and/or oxygen atoms.
 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
Deteriorating water quality is damaging the environment, health conditions and the global
economy. The president of the World Bank, David Malpass, warns of the economic impact:
"Deteriorating water quality is stalling economic growth and exacerbating poverty in many
countries". The explanation is that, when biological oxygen demand — the indicator that
measures the organic pollution found in water — exceeds a certain threshold, the growth in
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the regions within the associated water basins falls by a
third. In addition, here are some of the other consequences:

Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution

depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers
unbridled proliferation of phytoplankton in
lakes — eutrophication —.
 CONTAMINATION OF LACK OF POTABLE DISEASE
THE FOOD CHAIN WATER The WHO estimates that about
Fishing in polluted waters and the The UN says that billions of 2 billion people have no option
use of waste water for livestock people around the world have but to drink water
farming and agriculture can no access to clean water to contaminated by excrement,
introduce toxins into foods which drink or sanitation, particularly exposing them to diseases
are harmful to our health when in rural areas. such as cholera, hepatitis A and
eaten. dysentery.
 INFANT MORTALITY
Infant mortality refers to the death of an infant between 1 day and 1 year of age. (Deaths before age 28
days can also be classified as neonatal mortality.) There are many causes of infant mortality, ranging
from infections to accidents. According to the UN, diarrhoeal diseases linked to lack of hygiene cause
the death of about 1,000 children a day worldwide.
HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS?
Primary Stage of Wastewater Treatment
Primary wastewater treatment is the process of removing solid matter from wastewater. The
wastewater flows into tanks and the solids settle on the bottom and require retention time. The
grease and scum then rise to the top. This is a very slow process. The primary process is also called
the ‘primary phase’ or the ‘septic process’. The lighter wastewater and matter then leave and go
to the secondary pre-treatment chamber. The anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that does not need
oxygen to live) uses the nasties in the water as food and they begin to break them down.

Secondary Stage of Wastewater Treatment

The secondary wastewater treatment process uses anaerobic microorganisms and retention time
to breakdown and remove the remaining waste and other small particles. The waste and the
microorganisms are both found in the sludge, and remove both the remaining solids and
nutrients through bacterial composition. Secondary treatment utilises naturally occurring
biological processes. This means the wastewater oxygen level vary throughout and do not stay at
one constant quantity. This results in microorganisms being either aerobic (require oxygen) or
anaerobic (does not require oxygen), depending on the stage. These systems require air blowers
running for a long time to reinvigorate and aerate the liquids
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