SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, BALAGHAT

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

RESEARCH

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAM

AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

SOIL IMPROVEMENT INTERVENTION

(SOIL SAMPLING AND TESTING) (SIT411P)

GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AYUSH GOSWAMI
Mrs. VANDANA BAGDE 01AG21BAS1043
(Department of Soil Science) B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture
4th year 1st sem
 CONTENT

S.No. Object Date Page No.

INTRODUCTION

1. Demonstration of soil sampling 05/06/2024

and soil processing.
2.
Awareness campaign on
Integraeted Nutrient Management
3. Demonstration of Azolla 30/08/2024
cultivation.
4. Demonstration of Vermicompost. 10/09/2024
5. Awareness campaign on Soil
Health Card scheme.
6 Introduction of soil testing and
determination of soil testing
INTRODUCTION :-

Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
including soil formation, classification and mapping, physical, chemical, biological,
and fertility properties of soils, and these properties in relation to the use and
management of soils. Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as
pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology andclassification of soil) and edaphology
(influence of soil on organisms, especially plants), are used as if synonymous with
soil science? The diversity of names associated with this disciplineis related to the
various associations concerned. Indeed, engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists,
physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, microbiologists, silvi culturists,
sanitarians, archaeologists, and specialists in regional planning, all contribute to further
knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences. Soil scientists have raised
concerns about how to preserve.
Soil and arable land in a world with a growing population, possible future water
crisis, increasing per capita food consumption, and land degradation soil occupies the
pedosphere, one of earth's spheres that the geosciences use to organize the earth
conceptually. This is the conceptual perspective of pedology and edaphology, the two
main branches of soil science.

Pedology is the study of soil in its natural setting. Edaphology is the study of
soil in relation to soil-dependent uses. Both branches apply a combination of soil
physics, soil chemistry, and soil biology. Due to the numerous interactions between the
biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere that are hosted within the pedosphere, more
integrated, less soil-centric concepts are also valuable.Many concepts essential to
understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists. This
highlights the interdisciplinary nature of soil concept.

Meaning of soil science

• Latin word “solum” meaning floor. (soil )
• For a layman ,soil is the dirt or debrise on the surface of the earth
• For geologists, soil is a superficial unconsolidate material of earth crust that
they mustquarry before reaching the material of there.
• For engineers, soil is regolith or any unconsolidated material removal in
excavation and usedfor filling or providing foundation for structure.
• Pedologists considers soil as a nature entity, a biochemically weathered and
synthesizedproduct of nature.
• Edaphologists look upon soil as a nature habits for plant and justify soil studies
on that basis.
• Farmer looks upon soil as habits for plant.
• From the point of view of agriculture use, soil is the loose earth surface that
supports vegetation: its quality determines the type and density of vegetation.
Definition of Soil Science

‟The soil is a dynamic nature body having three dimensional structure which are
composed of mineral and organic materials as well as living forms in which plant grow”

“The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth has been
subject to and shows effect of genetic and environmental factor of: climate and micro
& macro organismconditioned by reify ,acting on parent material over a period of time
.a soil differs from the material from which it is derived in many physical ,chemical
,biological ,and morphological properties and characteristics”
 EXERCISE NO. 01

Object:-Demonstration of soil sampling and soil processing.

Date:-08/06/2023
Place: -Murjhad (Waraseoni).
Name of the Farmer:-Mr. Yashwant Adakane
Introduction:-
During the Rural Agriculture Work Experience Programme our interested farmers wanted to
know how to take Soil sampling for sampling and the method of taking soil sampling was
demonstrated on the field of our different farmers.

Material Required:- Soil Sampling tools (Tube Auger / Screw auger/Post–hole auger / Dutch
auger / spade and khurpi), Polythene sheet,12 Inch scale, Ball point pen, pencil, A sheet of
thick paper.
Method for soil sampling:-

Fig :- Soil Sampling Process

First of all, we selected 10-15 places of particular fields. (Zig-zag pattern) Then we dig
about15-20 cm in V / Soil Auger
• In each individual Sampling Site, move in a Zig- zag manner and collect small portions
of Soil up to the desired depth ( 0- 15 cm. or more ), from 15-20 well distribution spots
after scrapping of the Surface litter.
• Draw samples in between the rows from field having standing crops in row.
• Make a V Knotch by spade and take Sample from both Sides of the Knotch at uniform
thickness (2 cm) with the help of khurpi.
• Processing for Sample includes drying, sieving, grinding, mixing, Partitioning and
storing.
• Following the quartering process, reduce the bulk to about 500gm. By spreading the
collected soil, and dividing into four quarters, Thereafter discard two opposite ones and
remix the remaining two. This process should be repeated until 500gm.Soil is left.

Fig :- Soil Sampling

Collection of soil samples from a profile
After the profile has been exposed, clean one face of the pit carefully with a spade and note the
succession and depth of each horizon. Prick the surface with a knife or edge of the spade to
show up structure, colour and compactness. Collect samples starting from the bottom most
horizon first by holding a large basin at the bottom limit of the horizon while the soil above is
loosened by a khurpi. Mix the sample and transfer to a polythene or cloth bag and label it.
Processing and storage
• Assign the sample number and enter it in the laboratory soil sample register.
• Dry the sample collected from the field in shade by spreading on a clean sheet of paper
after breaking the large lumps, if present.
• Spread the soil on a paper or polythene sheet on a hard surface and powder the sample by
breaking the clods to its ultimate soil particle using a wooden mallet.
• Sieve the soil material through 2 mm sieve.
• Repeat powdering and sieving until only materials of >2 mm (no soil or clod) are left on
the sieve.
• Collect the material passing through the sieve and store in a clean glass or plastic container
or polythene bag with proper labeling for laboratory analysis.
• For the determination of organic matter it is desirable to grind a representative sub sample
and sieve it through 0.2 mm sieve.
• If the samples are meant for the analysis of micronutrients at-most care is needed in
handling the sample to avoid contamination of iron, zinc and copper. Brass sieves should
be avoided and it is better to use stainless steel or polythene materials for collection,
processing and storage of samples.
• Air-drying of soils must be avoided if the samples are to be analyzed for NO3-N and NH4-
N as well as for bacterial count.
• Field moisture content must be estimated in un-dried sample or to be preserved in a sealed
polythene bag immediately after collection.
• Estimate the moisture content of sample before every analysis to express the results on dry
weight basis.

Fig . Soil processing.

 EXERCISE NO.-02

Object:-Demonstration of Integrated Nutrient Management ( INM )

Date:-04/11/2024
Place:- Murjhad (Waraseoni)
Nameof the Farmer:-Narayan Chachane
Introduction:-
Integrated nutrient management is the combined application of chemical fertilizer along with
organic resource materials like organic manures, green manures, bi-fertilizers and other organic
decomposable materials for crop production. IPNS is ecologically, socially and economically
viable and environment friendly which can be practiced by farmers to derive higher
productivity with simultaneously maintaining soil fertility. Integrated nutrient management
encourages the use of on-farm organics, thus it saves on the cost of fertilizers for crop
production. It involves proper combination of chemical fertilizers, organic manure, crop,
residues, N2fixing crops (like pulses such as rice bean, Black gram, other pulses and oilseeds
such as soybean and bio-fertilizers suitable to the system of land use and ecological, social and
economic conditions. The cropping system rather than an individual crop, and farming system
rather than an individual field, is the focus of attention in this approach for development INM
practices for various categories. The basic concept of INM is the maintenance of soil fertility,
sustainable agricultural productivity and improving profitability through judicious.

Principles Underlying INM System:-

Six basic principles of sustainable INM system laid out by Dennis Greenland
(quoted by Meelu, 1996) include :-

1. Nutrients removed by crops must be returned to the soil.

2. Soil physical conditions should be maintained and upgraded.
3. Organic carbon levels of soils should be maintained and enhanced.
4. Build-up of abiotic stress should beminimal.
5. Degradation of land occurring due to soil erosion must be controlled.
6. Soil quality with respect to soil acidity, salinity and sodicity or toxic elements.

Components of the INM:-Fertilizers, organic manures, legumes, crop residues and bio
fertilizers are the main ingredients of INM:-

1. Fertilizers:
Fertilizers continued to be the most important ingredient of INM. The dependence on fertilizers
has been increasing constantly because of the need to supply large amounts of nutrients in
intensive cropping with high productivity. Utilization of fertilizer nutrients by the crops vary
from 30-50% in case of N, 15- 20% in case of P and less than 5% in case of micronutrients.
Thus, a substantial amount of applied nutrients is lost through various pathways. Enhancing
NUE therefore, be a prioritized area of research for restoration and improvement of soil health
and minimizing the cost of crop production.

2. Organic Manures:
Organic manures like urban compost, FYM, crop residues, human excreta, city refuse, rural
compost, sewage-sludge, press mud and other agro-industrial wastes have large nutrient
potential. Compost and FYM have traditionally been the most important manures for
maintaining soil fertility and ensuring yield stability. Other potential organic sources of
nutrients such as non-edible oil cakes and wastes from food processing industry are also
there. Moreover, there are several industrial byproducts and municipal wastes with fair
nutrient potential.

3. Legumes :
Legumes have a long-standing history of being soil fertility restorers due to their ability to
obtain N from the atmosphere in symbiosis with Rhizobia. Legumes could provide an
important ingredient of INM when grown for grain or fodder in a cropping system, or when
introduced for green manuring. Legumes grown as green manure, forage or grain crops
improved the productivity of rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) and rejuvenated soil
fertility.

4.Crop Residues :
Crop residues have several competitive uses and may not be always available as an ingredient
of INM, yet in the regions like North-West India where mechanical harvesting is practiced,
a sizeable quantity of residues is left in the field, which can form a part of nutrient supply.
There are large amounts of residues of other crops like potato, sugarcane, vegetables, etc.,
which are practically wasted in most cases. Although cereal crop residues are valuable cattle
feed, these could be used to supplement the fertilizers wherever available in excess of local
needs. 0.45 to 1.5t/ha in case of different crops. When mechanical harvesting is done, this
amount is much greater. Stubbles of coarse cereals like sorghum, maize, pearl millet etc.

5.Biofertilizers :
Biofertilizers are the materials containing living or latent cells of agriculturally beneficial
microorganisms that play an important role in improving soil fertility and crop productivity
due to their capacity to fix atmospheric N, solubilize/mobilize P and decompose farm waste
resulting in the release of plant nutrients. The extent of benefits from these microorganisms
depends on their number and efficiency which, however, is governed by a large of soil and
environmental factors.
 +
Inorganic Fertilizers Organic Manures
+ +

+
Green manures Biofertilizers
Fig.4.3:- Components of (INM)

Advantages of Integrated Nutrient Management :-

• Enhance the availability of applied as well as native nutrient.
• Provides balanced nutrition to the crops.
• Enhances the availability of applied as well as native nutrients.
• Provides balanced nutrition to the crops.
• Minimizes the antagonistic effects resulting from hidden deficiencies and nutrient
imbalance.
• Improves and sustains and the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.
• Minimizes the deterioration of soil, water and ecosystem by promoting carbon
sequestration.
• Improves abd sustains the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.
• Minimizes the deterioration of soil, water and ecosystem by ptomoting carbon
sequestration.

Limitation of Integrated Nutrient Management :-

• Non availability of FYM, biofertilizers, soil testing facilities and water.
• High cost of chemical fertilizers.
• Difficulties in growing green manure crops.
• Lack of knowledge and poor advisory services.
• Non availability of improved seeds and credit facilities.
• High cost of chemical fertilizers.
• Difficulties in growing green manure crops.
• Lack of knowledge and poor advisory services.
• Non availability of improved seeds and credit facilities.
Fig.4.4:- Integrated Nutrient Management ( INM )
 EXERCISE NO.-03

Object:-Demonstration of Azolla Cultivation

Date:-06/11/2024
Place:-Murjhad (Waraseoni)
Name of the Farmer :-Mr.Khemraj Bhangre

What is azolla?
Azolla is a floating fern that appears as a green mat on water. It is found
in tropical and subtropical ponds, lakes, swamps, and streams.
*In agriculture, Azolla is a small aquatic fern that is used as a biofertilizer and green
manure:

Fig;-Azolla
• Azolla spp. are free – floating fresh water ferns.
• Live symbiotically with Anabaena azollae, a nitrogen-fixation blue-green algae.
• A main sten growing at the surface of the water, with alternate leaves and adventitious
roots at regular intervals along the stem.
• Azolla fronds are triangular or polygonal.
• Float on the water surface individually or in mats.
• Also known as duckweed ferns.

Fig.4.5:- Azolla Bed Prepration

Characteristics of azolla :-
• Rich in curde protien (19-30%).
• Rich in essential amino acid.
• High ash content (14-20%).
• Contain several vitamins (Vit. A,B-12 & Beta-carotene).
• Rich in minerals (Ca, Zn,Cu,Mg,K,P etc.).
• Nitrogen fixation.
• Maintain soil health when applied in field.
• Bioremediation.
• Provide different nutrients
• Rapid multiplication rate.
• Weed control.
• As green manure, azolla is grown alone for two to three weeks in flooded fields.
• Fresh azolla is applied in standing water one week after planting of paddy.
• Dry Azolla flakes can be used as poultry feed.
• Green Azolla is also a good feed for fish.
• It can be used as a bio-fertilizer, as a mosquito repellent.

Requirements of azolla :-
• Azolla prefers shade and requires light (30-50% light required for its growth) for
photosynthesis.
• Azolla is a water based crop; one should ensure at least 5 inches of water in pond for
proper growth.
• Azolla grows well where the ideal temperature range is 20-35°C.
• It requires a water pH value of 5 to 7 and relative humidity of 80-90%.

Material required for azolla cultivation:-

1. Size of the bed :- 3 fit width and 10 fit length
2. Soil :- 2 kg
3. Cow dung :- 2 kg
4. Water :- 200 lit
5. Azolla :- 1 kg per tank

Steps of azolla cultivation :-

1. Size of the bed depends quantity of feed to be harvested.
2. Firstly, about 2 kg of clean and fertile soil is spread uniformly across the bed.
3. Then, a mixture of 2 kg cow dung is appied uniformly in bed.
4. Water is maintained at a depth of 15cm in the bed.
5. 1 kg azolla culture is required for the per bed.
6. Azolla will covered the bed by 1-2 weeks.
7. Azolla will be ready for harvest by 2-3 weeks.
Harvesting of azolla :-
• Azolla will be ready for harvest by 2-3 weeks.
• The biomass is collected into plastic sieves.
• The average yield of azolla 1 kg per day per bed.
• Harvested azolla can be fed directly or mixed with nutrients and fed to livestock like
cattle, sheep, goat, poultry etc.
• Azolla can also be fed in dry forms.
• After harvesting the leaves has to be washed thoroughly with water to remove the smell
of cow dung.
Advantages of azolla:-
• It easily grows in wild and can grow under controlled condition also.
• It can easily be produced in large quantity required as green manure in both the seasons
– Kharif and Rabi.
• It can fix atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen to form carbohydrates and ammonia
respectively and after decomposition it adds available nitrogen for crop uptake and
organic carbon content to the soil.

• The oxygen released due to oxygenic photosynthesis, helps the respiration of root
system of the crops as well as other soil microorganisms.
• It solubulises Zn, Fe and Mn and make them available to the rice.
• Azolla suppresses tender weeds such as Chara and Nitella in a paddy field.
• Azolla releases plant growth regulators and vitamins which enhance the growth of the
rice plant.
• Azolla can be a substitute for chemical nitrogenous fertilizers to a certain extent (20
kg/ha) and it increases the crop yield and quality.
• It increases the utilisation efficiency of chemical fertilizers.
• It reduces evaporation rate from the irrigated rice field.

Fig.4.6:- Demonstration of Azolla Cultivation

Yield :- 1 kg per day per bed.

Maintance of azolla :-
• Apply 1kg cowdung once in 2 week.
• Remove one fourth of water from the bed and refill it with fresh water once in
2 weeks.
• The bed should be emptied once in 6 months and cultivation of azolla is
restarted with fresh culture and soil.
Care to be taken :-
• Maintenance of pure culture free from contamination is essential for good yield.
• Azolla should be harvested regularly to avoid overcrowding.
• Temperature is an important factor for good growth. It should be around 35 degree
Celsius. The fodder plot is to be covered with a plastic sheet in cold regions so as to
reduce the impact of cold weather.
• Places with direct and adequate sunlight should be preferred. A shady place yields less.
• The pH of the medium should be between 5.5 to 7.
• Suitable nutrients such as cow dung slurry, micronutrients should be supplemented as
and when required.
 EXERCISE NO. -04

Object:- Demonstration of Vermicompost.

Date:-08/11/2024
Place:-Sonbatola ,Murjhad (Waraseoni).
Name of the Farmer:-Mr.Paraslal Choudhray

Definition:-
• “Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with the use of
earthworms. It is one of the easiest methods to recycle agricultural wastes and to
produce quality compost.”
• “Vermicompost is the end product of a process called vermicomposting, which uses
earth worms to increase the speed of the composting process and ensure higher quality.
Some basic information were provide to students about vermi-compost
• Vermi-composting: Vermicomposting is a method of using worms to transform organic
waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer.
• Vermiculture: The cultivation of earthworms, especially in order to use them to convert
organic waste into fertilizer.
• Vermi-compost:- Vermicompost (vermi-compost) is the product of the decomposition
process using various species of worm, usually redwiggles, whiteworms, and other
earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding
materials, and vermicast. This process is called vermicomposting, while the rearing of
worms for this purpose is called vermiculture.
Different spps.of worms
• Eisenia foetida
• Lumbricusrubellus

Materials requirement:-
Earthworm(Eisenia foetida), Agricultural residues, Vermi pit or plastic polythin , Cow dung,
chopped paddy straw, biogas sludge, Domestic wastage, Jaggery-1 kg and Jute bag.

Method:-
• Select a leveled are a with proper aeration and shade facilities.
• Fix the vermipit size(3m x1mx0.5m)on the ground.
• Second layer is made by placing partially decomposed all crop residue of farm chopped
paddy straw & kitchen garden. This layer is of 25 cm.
• Spread a layer of cow dung slurry mixed with Jaggery
• Again filling of decomposed all crop residue of farm chopped paddy straw & kitchen
garden.This layer is of 25 cm.
• Above procedure is repeated.
• It was covered with moisten jute bag properly because the earthworm remain active in
dark.
• Light irrigation is given every day.Maintain moisture content 35-40%.
• It takes 2 month for preparation of compost. The prepared vermicompost is found in
granular form and is brown color.
• Prepared vermi-compost is put on the polythene sheet in the form of heap from which
earthworm is collected and can beused again for the vermi-compost.
• Nutrient content: (N2-2.5-3%,P2O5-1-2 %,K2O– 1.5-2%).
Preventive measures:-
• The floor of the unit should be compact to prevent earthworm migration into the soil.
• 2-3days old cow dung should be used to avoid excess heat.
• The organic waste should be free from plastic, chemicals, pesticide and metals etc.
• Aeration should be maintained for proper growth and multiplication of earthworm.
Optimum moisture level (30-40%)should be maintained.
• 18–25oC tem. Should be maintained for proper decomposition.

Advantages:-
• It provides efficient conversion of organic wastes/crop/animal residues.
• It is stable and enriched soil condition.
• It helps in reducing population of pathogenic microbes.
• It helps in reducing the toxicity of heavy metals.
• It is economically viable and environmentally safe nutrient supplement for organic food
production.
• It is an easily adoptable low cost technology.

Fig 4.7:-Demonstration of Vermi-Compost.

 EXERCISE NO.-05

Object:-Demonstration of Soil Health Card

Date:-08/11/2023
Place:-Newargaon (Waraseoni)
Name of the Farmer:-Topsingh Bopche
Introduction:-
• On 19th February 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’
Welfare introduced the Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme.
• A soil health card provides information on the nutrient status of soil, along with
recommendations on the dosage of nutrients to be utilised for improving its fertility
and health.
• Soil Health Card Day: Soil Health Card Day commemorates the day when the SHC
scheme was launched by the Prime Minister on February 19, 2015. The Ministry of
Agriculture introduced the SHC scheme on December 5, 2015.
• SHC is a printed report which contains nutrient status of soil with respect to 12
nutrients:
• pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus
(P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn),
Copper (Cu) of farm holdings.
• SHC will be provided to all farmers in the country at an interval of 3 years to enable
the farmers to apply recommended doses of nutrients based on soil test values to
realize improved and sustainable soil health and fertility, low costs and higher profits.
• Farmers can take a printout of the card from the SHC portal, which has a database
of all harvesting seasons and is available in 21 languages.
Soil Health Card:-
A Soil Health Card is used to assess the current status of soil health and, when used
over time, to determine changes in soil health that are affected by land management. A Soil
Health Card displays soil health indicators and associated descriptive terms. The indicators are
typically based on farmers' practical experience and knowledge of local natural resources.

The card lists soil health indicators that can

be assessed without the aid of technical or
laboratory equipment.soil health card (SHC) is a
Government of India's scheme promoted by the
Department of Agriculture & Co-operation under
the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare .
It is being implemented through the Department of
Agriculture of all the State and Union Territory
Figure: Info about soil health card. Governments.
 Soil Health Card Scheme is a very beneficial scheme for farmers. There are many
farmers in India. And they do not know which types of crops they should grow to get maximum
yield. Basically, they do not know the quality and the type of their soil. They might know by
experience what crops grow and what crops fail. But they don't know what they can do to
improve the condition of the soil.
SHC is a printed report that a farmer will be handed over for each of his holdings. It
will contain the status of his soil with respect to 12 parameters, namely N,P,K (Macro-
nutrients), S (Secondary- nutrient), Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo (Micro - nutrients),and pH, EC, OC
(Physical parameters). Based on this, the SHC will also indicate fertilizer recommendations
and soil amendment required for the farm.
Objective of Soil Health Card
1. To improve soil quality and profitability of farmers
2. Employment generation for rural youth
3. To update information on soil analysis
4. To provide soil testing facilities to farmers at their doorstep
Benefits of soil health card:-
1. The scheme will monitor the soil of the farmers well and will give them a formatted report.
So, they can decide well which crops they should cultivate and which ones they should
skip.
2. The authorities will monitor the soil on a regular basis. One in every 3 years, they will
provide a report to farmers. So, farmers need not worry if the nature of the soil changes
due to certain factors. Also, they will always have updated data about their soil.
3. Farmers will get a proper soil health record, thanks to the Soli Health Card Scheme Also,
they can study the soil management practices. Accordingly, they can plan the future of
their crops and land
4. The main aim behind the scheme was to find out the type of particular soil. And then
provide ways in which we can improve it. Even if a soil has some limitations, we can do
something to get the most out of it. And that is what the government is trying to do with
the help of this scheme
5. It will be made available once in a cycle of 2 years, which will indicate the status of soil
health of a farmer’s holding for that particular period. The SHC given in the next cycle of
2 years will be able to record the changes in the soil health for that subsequent period.

Drawback associated with Soil Health Card

1. Many farmers are unable to understand the content, hence unable to follow the
recommended practices.
2. The Number of soil samples per unit area are not based on soil variability.
3. Lack of Coordination among agricultural extension officers and farmers
4. Soil health card does not include essential characteristics like moisture retention and
microbial activity.
5. The soil health card is more focused on chemical nutrient indicators; among physical and
biological properties only soil color is included.
6. Some important indicators are not included in this scheme such as:
• Cropping history
• Water resources (soil moisture)
• Slope of soil
• Depth of soil
• Color of soil
• Soil texture (bulk density)
• Micro-biological activity etc, are not included.
Inadequate soil testing infrastructure

Initiatives to Improve Soil Health

• Organic farming
• Param paragat krishi vikasyojna.
• Fertilizer self sufficiency
• Digital agriculture
• Carbon farming

Fig. 4.8 :- Soil Health Card