GT-Basics
GT-Basics
T-Temperature
operating process using air as the on Expansion
sti
working fluid, moving through State 2 m
bu
Points: 4 2 Co
1
Air Intake (State 1): ambient air enters the unit 2' 4
P-Pressure
Compression
Expansion
Ideal
Actual
4
P1
1 4'
V-Volume
Firing Temperature
Firing Temperatures (T3): over time, have
climbed from 1400 deg F to 2000~2200 and now
2600 F and beyond with better turbine section
materials, coatings and cooling methods
High T3 = improves power output & efficiency.
Pressure Ratio
Pressure Ratio (P2/P1); high ratio = high efficiency & specific
output (hp/lb/sec).
Gas turbine design pressure ratios vary:
7.5:1 – smaller & older technology GT’s,
35:1 ~ 40:1 – recent, most advanced GT’s.
Fuel Comb 2
Comb 1
Fuel 3a
3
Compressor
2 Load
Turbine 4
1
Turbine Section
Blades & Discs:
Creep-resistant directionally-
solidified (DS) & single-crystal
(SC) blade production technology
– introduced from the aircraft /
jet gas turbine world.
Turbine Section
Stationary Sections:
Turbine row assembly, showing
blade attachments to the rotating
disk, and blade cooling air exit
holes
THE GAS TURBINE ASSEMBLY (i.e. let’s put the sections together)
The Basic Gas Turbine Machine
Individual Compressor,
Combustor & Turbine sections
and their casings are bolted
together.
Supported via struts & baseplates
- to make a complete machine.
Rotating compressor & turbine
sections mechanically
interconnected.
Compression power is provided by
turbine section’s power output.
Excess turbine shaft power drives
pump, compressor or generator
via output shaft:
Cold-end drive
Hot-end drive
The 2/3 to 1/3 “Rule of Thumb”
60~70% of the Turbine Section’s power output
is used by the Compressor Section to drive it
Top-Half removed –
multi-stage compressor with
IGVs, multi-can combustor
with baskets, multi-stage
turbine section and exhaust
diffuser
Longitudinal Assembly
Drawing
Cold-End drive
HPT LPT Basic compressor & turbine sections divided into HP and LP units. HP and
LPC HPC
LP each operates at different speed – depends upon load & ambient
conditions. The LP compressor (LPC) is coupled to and is driven by LP
turbine (LPT). The HP compressor (HPC) is coupled to and is driven by the
turbine (HPT).
In some three-shaft machines, an intermediate compressor (IPC) & turbine
(IPT) also used, in between LP & HP sections (configuration not shown).
Fixed or variable-speed loads are
driven off LP shaft.
Fuel
Load Some units can drive off cold-end
or hot-end of LP shaft.
LPC HPC HPT LPT PT
In some cases, multi-shaft units
act as a “gas generator”, and a PT
is required to drive the load.
Fuel Systems
Aero-derivative & heavy duty gas turbines – use light-liquid or gaseous fuels
Only the frame units – operate on heavy fuel oils & crude oils.
Fuel control systems for gaseous and liquid fuels include:
filters, strainers and separators;
block & bleed valves;
flow control/throttle and sequencing valves, manifolds and hoses.
For natural gas duty – sometimes reciprocating or centrifugal gas compression
equipment required, plus pulsation dampening equipment.
Complex dry low-NOx (DLE) units – some units require several throttle valves,
staged and sequenced to fire:
pilot / ignition,
primary,
secondary and/or tertiary nozzle and basket sections (as applicable) of
the DLE combustion system;
All as required for startup/shutdown, speed ramps, and load changes. Several
fuel manifolds usually required.
GAS TURBINE PRICING - from the 2018 Gas Turbine Handbook ($USD)
Simple-Cycle GTG Prices – not total “project cost”
GAS TURBINE PRICING - from the 2018 Gas Turbine Handbook ($USD)
Combined-Cycle (CCGT) Prices – approximately the project cost for a “reference
plant” without typical options and site specific factors.
GAS TURBINE PRICING - from the 2018 Gas Turbine Handbook ($USD)
Mechanical Drive Gas Turbine Prices – gas turbine only and does not include driven
equipment nor, the total “project cost”.