A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
A STUDY ON RATE OF COVID-19 VACCINATION IN INDIA
A project report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELORS OF COMMERCE

Submitted By:
MISALA PAVAN KALYAN [117620405107]
MOHAMMED MOULANA [117620405108]
MOAHAMMED MUSTAFA KHAN [117620405109]
N NIKHIL [117620405118]

Under the guidance of

Mr. J Pradeep Kumar
[principal]

SAI SUDHIR DEGREE & P.G. COLLEGE

(Affiliated to OSMANIA UNIVERSITY)
B-6/12 E.E. Complex, ECIL, ‘X’ Roads, Hyderabad-500062
(2022-2023)
 DECLARATION
We, hereby declare that this project report entitled, “A STUDY ON RATE OF COVID-19
VACCINATION IN INDIA”, submitted by us to the department of commerce Sai Sudhir Degree & PG
College, is a bonafide work taken by us and it is not submitted to any other university or institution for the
award of any degree diploma / certificate or published any time before.

DATE: ( MISALA PAVAN KALYAN )

PLACE: ( MOHAMMED MOULANA )

( MOHAMMED MUSTAFA
KHAN )

( N NIKHIL )
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
we take this opportunity to extend our profound thanks and deep some of gratitude to Sai Sudhir Degree
and PG College, for giving us the opportunity to undertake this project as part of the requirement of the
award of the degree of Bachelors of Commerce.

Our sincere thanks to principal Mr. J Pradeep Kumar and my project guide N. Tirumala Kumari. I would
also like to acknowledge Sai-Sudhir Degree & PG College and the faculty members who have extended their
support at all the stages of the project.

We are also thankful to all those who have incidentally helped us, through there valued guidance, co-
operation, and unstinted support during our project.

[MISALA PAVAN KALYAN]

[117620405107]

[MOHAMMED MOULANA] [117620405108]

[MOHAMMED MUSTAFA KHAN

[117620405109]

[N NIKHIL]
[117620405118]
 ABSTRACT

The study deals with the results of the primary research which propose was to examine the effect of branding
on consumer buying behaviour. The goal of the study is to stress the fact that the brand has an impact on
costumer decision making process. Original primary data within the primary research were collected by
using a quantitative method of questionnaires, into the quantitative research was involved 100 respondents.
The study used two statical methods for analysis. They are simple percentage method and chi-square test.
Based on above started subject area of research have been formulated three hypotheses focused on
relationship between the gender of respondents and influenced of brand and between brand preference and
brand loyalty. I have found that brand influence in buying decision.
 INDEX

CHAPTERS CONTENT PAGE NO;

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

 Introduction

 Need of study

 Scope of the study

 Objective of the study

 Research methodology

 Limitation of the study

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW AND LITERATURE 7-18

CHAPTER 3 DATA ANLYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 19-42

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 43-45

BIBLOGRAPHY 46-47

ANNXURE 48-51
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Introduction:

India was one of the world’s worst-affected countries due to the COVID19 pandemic. By August 2021, more
than 30 million Indians were infected and almost half a million died of COVID-19 infections. Similar to
many other countries, COVID-19 vaccines were granted emergency use authorization in India in early 2021.
However, vaccine rollout in India faced a complicated path with political polarization, vaccine shortage,
misinformation and rumours, challenges with registration and appointments, just to name a few. By July
2021, nearly 75 million individuals were fully vaccinated translating to only 5% of the Indian population
being vaccinated. Amidst the raging wave of infections and the suboptimal pace of vaccinations, little was
known about COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in India. Regional assessments of people’s

preference for the COVID-19 vaccine remain a key in designing strategies to counter vaccine refusal.
However, there is a dearth of nationwide studies and reports in India on the public’s perceptions of COVID-
19 vaccination preferences, willingness, and concerns. Thus, the purpose of this analysis is to share results
from one of the earliest and largest nationwide assessments on COVID-19 vaccination willingness and
perspectives of the general public in India. The introduction of COVID-19 vaccine is a major step towards
reducing the spread of the pandemic and further reducing the associated disease and deaths. The COVID-19
vaccine introduction is the world’s largest vaccination drive and roll out requires planning at various levels.

1
Need of the study:

In this project “A study on rate of Covid-19 vaccination in India” tell us about the role of the vaccination
in India, how it has helped the people, this project tells us that the vaccination should be taken by each and
every one and should refer and suggest the people who have not taken the vaccine.

In this project we have showed how many people of the country have taken the vaccine, by conducting a
survey. We are doing this project to show the people that how many of them are vaccinated in the country
and how many people have chosen different brands of Covid vaccines.

Scope of the study:

In this project “A study on rate of Covid-19 vaccination in India” we covered the rate of vaccinations and
various vaccines which are available in the country, and how many people have chosen the different vaccine.

The vaccine role around the world, its effectiveness, and its adverse effects. We have covered the rate and its
importance among the people.

2
Objectives:

 To know the rate of Covid-19 vaccination in India.

 To Find out the various Covid-19 vaccination given to the people
 To find out the exact numbers of doses given to the people.
 To analyse the effect and adverse effects of vaccination

3
Nature of the study: Nature of the study is Descriptive cum Analytical in nature

Data Collected:

Sources of Data: Primary data and secondary data are being used for study. Primary data are those which
are collected for the first time and thus happened to be original in character. This data is collected through
questionnaires. Secondary data is which have already been collected by someone else and which have been
passed through the statistical process. Secondary data are collected from the websites, books, and articles.

Sample Design: A Sample design: is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given Population. It refers to
the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for sample. It is an important part of
Research design.

Sample Technique: Random sampling technique is used for this study.

4
Research Methodology

Size of Sample:

The sample size that is taken for the study is 100 respondents.

Tools for analysis:

Percentage analysis and average are used for analysing the data that were collected. Tools like column
charts, tables, bar diagram and funnel charts are used for presenting the data.

5
Limitations:

● Sample size was not large enough which effects the reliability of surveys results and may leads to bias.

● It is difficult to know whether the respondent’s response was genuine as they invested the minimum time
in filling questionnaire

6
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Theoretical framework

Meaning of vaccine

A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several
diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act
as an antigen without inducing the disease. ‘Every year the Flu vaccine is modified to deal with new strains
of the virus’’

Definition

In Late 18th century: from Latin vaccines, from Vacca ‘cow’ (because of the early use of the cowpox virus
against smallpox).

Types of Vaccine

There are various types of vaccinations used against covid. Below the types of

vaccines are used in India and all around the world.

Vaccination used around the world

Nine vaccines have been approved for emergency or full use by at least one

stringent regulatory authority recognized by the World Health Organization

(WHO): Pfizer–BioNTech, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sinopharm BIBP, Moderna,

Janssen, CoronaVac, Covaxin, Novavax and Convidecia,

Vaccination used in India

India is currently using four vaccines - Covishield, Covaxin, Sputnik V

and Corbevax - for its drive. Of these Covishield accounts for over 81% of

the doses given so far.

7
INTRODUCTION:

The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research
(including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and
distribution of vaccines. They receive their revenue chiefly from sales of vaccine products or expectations
thereof. The vaccine industry is relatively small, compared to the pharmaceutical industry, but growing. We
estimate that total infectious disease vaccine sales in 2013 were more than $25 billion worldwide and
expected to grow to about $35 billion by 2020. Although components of the vaccine industry are found in 50
countries worldwide, the large vaccine companies are primarily U.S. - or European-based and have the
dominant share of vaccine business on a revenue basis; but regional companies are gradually growing their
market share on a dose basis. The availability of a safe and effective vaccine for COVID-19 is well-
recognized as an additional tool to contribute to the control of the pandemic. At the same time, the
challenges and efforts needed to rapidly develop, evaluate, and produce this at scale are enormous. It is vital
that we evaluate as many vaccines as possible as we cannot predict how many will turn out to be viable.

To increase the chances of success (given the high level of attrition during vaccine development), we must
test all candidate vaccines until they fail. WHO is working to ensure that all of them have the chance of
being tested at the initial stage of development.

This is a major and extraordinary global research undertaking: WHO is facilitating collaboration and
accelerated efforts on a scale not seen before; it is convening vital communications across the research
community and beyond

8
COVAXIN –

Covaxin (development name, BBV152) is a whole inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by
Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Virology

As an inactivated vaccine, Covaxin uses a more traditional technology that is like the inactivated polio
vaccine. Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 was isolated by India's National Institute of Virology and used to
grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells. From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-
propiolactone (BPL), which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles
intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with the aluminium-based adjuvant Alhydroxiquim.

The vaccine candidate is produced with Bharat Biotech's in-house vero cell manufacturing platform that has
the capacity to deliver about 300 million doses. The company is in the process of setting up a second plant at
its Genome Valley facility in Hyderabad to make Covaxin. The firm in collaboration with Government of
Odisha is establishing another facility at Odisha Biotech Park in Bhubaneswar to commence Covaxin
production by June 2022.

In December 2020, Ocugen entered into a partnership with Bharat Biotech to co-develop and exclusively
commercialise Covaxin in the US market; in June 2021, the partnership was extended to cover Canada. In
January 2021, Precisa Medicamentos entered into an agreement with Bharat Biotech to supply Covaxin to
Brazil. The contract was terminated in July 2021 after the Brazil government suspended procurement to
investigate allegations of irregularities in pricing.

In May 2021, Haffkine Bio-Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited of Haffkine Institute entered into a
memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Bharat Biotech and announced that the production of Covaxin
by them will commence after obtaining support from the Maharashtra state government and approval from
the Indian government whereas Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) has signed a commercial agreement
with Bharat Biotech for producing the drug substance, a critical component of the vaccine Bharat
Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation (BIBCOL) will also manufacture the vaccine.

On 1 April 2022, Bharat Biotech announced that it was cutting down production due to reduction in demand.
On 2 April, the WHO said that a March 2022 inspection of facilities used to manufacture Covaxin had
uncovered good manufacturing practice deficiencies. As of October 2021, 110.6 million people in India have
received Covaxin. On 3 November 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the vaccine for
emergency use.

9
 As of 31 January 2022, Covaxin has been granted emergency use approval in 13 countries India's
indigenous COVID-19 vaccine by Bharat Biotech is developed in collaboration with the Indian Council of
Medical Research (ICMR) -National Institute of Virology (NIV).

India

A vial of Covaxin used at a private hospital in Bengaluru, India

On 6 December 2020, Bharat Biotech applied to the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), seeking
emergency use authorization. It was the third firm after Serum Institute of India and Pfizer to apply under
such provision.

On 2 January 2021, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) recommended permission,
which was granted the next day. Covaxin was to be used in a "clinical trial mode" i.e., the public vaccination
drive was to be an open-label, single-arm clinical trial. This emergency approval, granted without
considering Phase III trial data concerning efficacy and safety, drew widespread criticism. On 12 October
2021, Bharat Biotech's Covaxin got approved for usage on children between 2 and 8 years of age.

Other nations

The vaccine was also approved for emergency use in Iran and Zimbabwe. Nepal granted EUA for Covaxin
on 19 March 2021. On 7 April, Mexico gave emergency authorization for Covaxin. On 19 April 2021,
Philippines granted EUA to Covaxin. Additionally, Covaxin was granted EUA in Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Guyana, Venezuela and Botswana.

On 31 March, the Brazilian health regulator Anvisa rejected Bharat Biotech's application for supplying
Covaxin in the country due to non-compliance with manufacturing norms. Bharat Biotech stated that they
would re-apply after meeting the requirements. On 4 June, Anvisa approved exceptional imports of Covaxin,
imposing conditions that restrict it mainly to healthy adults and limiting it to just 1% of the country's
population to manage the risks through control and supervision of side effects. Anvisa cited as main
concerns the incomplete phase III study, a short 45-day follow-up, which should be 60 days to meet the
international consensus, and a novel imidazoquinoline adjuvant that may increase the chance of developing
an autoimmune disease. On 30 June, Brazilian regulators suspended the deal and an investigation was
opened into it by federal prosecutors to probe accusations of irregularity. Anvisa cancelled an ongoing
clinical trial of the vaccine on 26 July and suspended the temporary authorization and the import and
distribution permit on 27 July.

Mauritius received its first commercial supply of Covaxin on 18 March 2021.On 29 March 2021, Paraguay
received 100,000 doses of Covaxin. In June 2021, Argentina agreed to buy 10 million doses of Covaxin and
administer them to its citizens.On 3 November 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the
vaccine for emergency use. A subsequent inspection of manufacturing facilities led WHO to suspend
procurement of Covaxin through UN agencies in April 2022.
 10

COVIDSHIELD –

Both COVISHIELD™ (manufactured by Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd) and COVID-19 Vaccine
AstraZeneca (manufactured by AstraZeneca) are ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccines (Recombinant)
The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzervria among
others, is a viral vector vaccine for prevention of COVID-19. Developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford
University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee
adenovirus ChAdOx1. The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection. Studies carried out in 2020 showed
that the efficacy of the vaccine is 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning at 22 days
following the first dose, and 81.3% after the second dose. A study in Scotland found that, for symptomatic
COVID-19 infection after the second dose, the vaccine is 81% effective against the Alpha variant (lineage
B.1.1.7), and 61% against the Delta variant.

The vaccine is stable at refrigerator temperatures and has a good safety profile, with side effects including
injection-site pain, headache, and nausea, all generally resolving within a few days. More rarely, anaphylaxis
may occur; the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has 268 reports out of
some 21.2 million vaccinations as of 14 April 2021.[40] In very rare cases (around 1 in 100,000 people) the
vaccine has been associated with an increased risk of blood clots when in combination with low levels of
blood platelets (Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination). According to the European
Medicines Agency as of 4 April 2021, a total of 222 cases of extremely rare blood clots had been recorded
among 34 million people who had been vaccinated in the European Economic Area (a percentage of
0.0007%).

On 30 December 2020, the vaccine was first approved for use in the UK vaccination programme. and the
first vaccination outside of a trial was administered on 4 January 2021. The vaccine has since been approved
by several medicine agencies worldwide, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA and the Australian
Therapeutic Goods Administration (provisional approval in February 2021. and was approved for an
Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of January 2022, more than 2.5 billion
doses of the vaccine have been released to more than 170 countries worldwide. Some countries have limited
its use to elderly people at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness due to concerns over the very rare side
effects of the vaccine in younger individuals.
 11

Medical uses

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is used to provide protection against infection by the SARS-
CoV-2 virus in order to prevent COVID-19 in adults aged 18 years and older. The medicine is administered
by two 0.5 ml (0.017 US fl oz) doses given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle (upper arm).
The initial course consists of two doses with an interval of 4 to 12 weeks between doses. The World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 8 to 12 weeks between doses for optimal efficacy.

As of August 2021, there is no evidence that a third booster dose is needed to prevent severe disease in
healthy adults.

Effectiveness

Preliminary data from a study in Brazil with 61 million individuals from 18 January to 30 June 2021 indicate
that the effectiveness against infection, hospitalization and death is similar between most age groups, but
protection against all these outcomes is significantly reduced in those aged 90 or older, attributable to
immunosenescence.

A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95%
confidence interval. Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.

Adverse effects

The most common side effects in the clinical trials were usually mild or moderate and got better within a few
days after vaccination.

Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, swelling, redness at the injection site and low levels of blood platelets occurred
in less than 1 in 10 people. Enlarged lymph nodes, decreased appetite, dizziness, sleepiness, sweating,
abdominal pain, itching and rash occurred in less than 1 in 100 people.

An increased risk of the rare and potentially fatal thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has
been associated with mainly younger female recipients of the vaccine. Analysis of Vigias reported embolic
and thrombotic events after vaccination with Oxford–AstraZeneca, Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, found a
temporally related incidence of 0.21 cases per 1 million vaccinated-days.
Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions are known side effects of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19
vaccine. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has assessed 41 cases of anaphylaxis from around 5
million vaccinations in the United Kingdom.Capillary leak syndrome is a possible side effect of the vaccine

12.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) listed Guillain-Barré syndrome as a very rare side effect of the
Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and added a warning in the product information.

Additional side effects include tinnitus (persistent ringing in the ears), paraesthesia (unusual feeling in the
skin, such as tingling or a crawling sensation), and hypoaesthesia (decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially
in the skin).
 13

Sputnik V –

Sputnik V (Russian: Спутник V, the brand name from RDIF) or Gam-COVID VACCINE

the name under which it is legally registered and produced [3]) is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine for
COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia. It
is the world's first registered combination vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, having been
registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian Ministry of Health

Gam-COVID-Vac was initially approved for distribution in Russia and then in 59 other countries (as of April
2021) on the preliminary results of Phase I–II studies eventually published on 4 September 2020. Approval
in early August of Gam-COVID-Vac was met with criticism in mass media and discussions in the scientific
community as to whether approval was justified in the absence of robust scientific research confirming
safety and efficacy. A large-scale Brazilian study from Dec. 2020 to May 2021 confirmed its effectiveness
and safety, as of Oxford–AstraZeneca's, i.e., above Sinopharm BIBP's.

Emergency mass-distribution of the vaccine began in December 2020 in countries including Russia,
Argentina, Belarus, Hungary, Serbia, Pakistan (in limited quantities), the Philippines (in limited quantities),
and the United Arab Emirates. The Sputnik V is currently registered and certified in 71 countries. However,
as of April 2022 less than 2.5% of the people vaccinated worldwide have taken a Sputnik V dose. In early
2022, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United States and other countries placed RDIF
on the list of sanctioned Russian entities and people, significantly reducing Sputnik V's future commercial
prospects.

The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine itself is available in two forms: frozen (vaccine storage: below −18 °C) and
liquid (vaccine storage: from +2 to +8 °C, produced a little). In addition to the main vaccine, vaccines and its
derivatives were registered: Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo (Russian: Гам-КОВИД-Вак-Лио, no data on use),
Sputnik Light (Russian: Спутник Лайт, used for revaccination, as well as vaccination of foreigners in
Russia), Gam-COVID-Vac-M (Russian: Гам-КОВИД-Вак-М, for vaccination of adolescents 12–17 years
old.
 14

Medical uses

The vaccine can be formulated in two ways: as a ready-to-use solution in water that is frozen at the common
home-freezer storage temperature of −18 °C or 0 °F or lower, and as a freeze-dried (lyophlilized) powder,
"Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo", which can be stored at 2–8 °C or 36–46 °F. The freeze-dried powder must be
reconstituted with sterile water before use. The lyophilized formulation of Gam-COVID-Vac is similar to the
smallpox vaccine, circumventing the need for continuous "colder chain" or cold-chain storage – as required
for the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines – and allowing transportation to remote locations with
reduced risk of vaccine spoilage The first dose (based on Ad26) is administered on the first day, and the
second dose (based on Ad5) is administered on the 21st day to boost immune response. Both doses are
administered into the deltoid muscle. Sputnik Light is a registered single-dose vaccine consisting of only the
first dose of Sputnik V. It is intended for areas with acute outbreaks and it will be used as a third (booster)
dose for those who have received Sputnik V at least 6 months earlier. On August 11, 2021, the developers of
the Sputnik V vaccine offered its 'Sputnik Light' (Ad26) vaccine to Pfizer for trial against the Delta variant.

Effectiveness

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, or any other vaccine, is determined in a mass vaccination in a
"real-world" setting (not in clinical trials). This is an assessment of how well the vaccine protects people
from outcomes such as infection, symptomatic illness, hospitalization, and death. Effectiveness is evaluated
outside of clinical trials, which by contrast, evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine. A vaccine is generally
considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval.
Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.

On 25 August, a preliminary version of a case-control study indicated an unadjusted effectiveness of about

50% against symptomatic disease. The authors expected that adjusting for age and sex would increase the
estimate, citing an increase from 66% to 81% when adjusting the data for effectiveness against
hospitalization.

A large-scale study in Buenos Aires from December 29, 2020, to May 15, 2021, with 663,602 participants
aged 60 and older who received Spunik V, the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, or the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine
observed an overall efficacy of 98% (95% CI, 95–99%) against COVID-19-related deaths. The study noted
that the three vaccines showed a similar effectiveness against death, and that the effectiveness against
infection was similar to that of the Oxford-Astrazeneca vaccine and greater than that of the Sinopharm BIBP
vaccine.

Sputnik V or Gam – COVID – Vac is an adenovirus viral for COVID -19 developed by the Gamaleya
Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology.

15

Corbevax –

Corbevax is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine
Development and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas and Dynavax technologies based in
Emeryville, California. It is licensed to Indian biopharmaceutical firm Biological E. Limited (BioE) for
development and production.

Technology

The vaccine consists of a version of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein,
together with the adjuvant’s aluminium hydroxide gel and CpG 1018. The protein is produced by the yeast
Pichia pastoris; the process is similar to that of existing Hepatitis B vaccines.

Manufacturing

In April 2021, the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) announced that it would fund
the expansion of Biological E's manufacturing capabilities, so that it could produce at least 1 billion doses by
the end of 2022.

History

Clinical trials

A phase I clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate in
about 360 participants. The phase II concluded in April 2021.

In April 2021, the Drugs Controller General of India permitted the vaccine candidate to start phase III
clinical trials. A total of 1,268 healthy participants between the age of 18 and 80 years to be selected from 15
sites across India for the trial and intended to be part of a larger global Phase III study. As of December
2021, Biological E announced positive results, but some experts criticized the lack of public data from phase
III trials. The developer specifically claimed the vaccine appeared to be over 90% effective against the
original variant based on antibody levels.

16

Society and culture

Legal status

On 28 December 2021, India approved the vaccine for emergency use.

Economics

The development of the vaccine was financed with $7 million from mostly private investors, including a $1
million donation by Tito's Vodka. The vaccine technology is given patent-free to manufacturers, although
Baylor College receives a fee.

On 3 June 2021, India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare pre-ordered 300 million doses of Corbevax.

The BioE company estimated the vaccine to be priced at ₹250 (around $3) per dose and may even be priced
below ₹400 (around $5) for two doses in India.

The vaccine is planned for use in low-income countries to increase vaccine access and equity, and thus is
designed to be easily storable and manufactured with traditional processes. The vaccine is not patented and
is planned to be openly licensed under COVAX.

In January 2022, the scientists developing Corbevax have declared that no G7 countries were yet funding the
open-source vaccine and reiterated their plea to the US federal government and G7 countries to provide
funding for the mass production and distribution of Corbevax, arguing that Moderna had received much
more support. Corbevax is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Texas Children's Hospital
Center for Vaccine Development and Baylor

College of Medicine in Houston, Texas and Dynavax technologies based in Emeryville, California.

Three phases of Covid:

Covid-19 vaccination drive for adults in India began on January 16, 2021 with two double-dose approved
vaccines. The vaccination drive was rolled out in four phases. Phase-1 between January 16 to February 28
included vaccination of all frontline workers, who were actively involved in containing the spread of the
pandemic. Frontline workers included health workers, security staff etc. Phase-2 of the vaccination campaign
scheduled during March 2021 was opened to all aged 60 years and above and individuals aged 45 years and
above with comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, HIV infection etc. During phase-3 in the month of
April all individuals aged 45 years and above were eligible for vaccination. The fourth phase of vaccination
that began on May 1 was opened to all adults 18 years and above.

17

Adverse effects:

Like many other vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccines also have a risk of causing side effects. According to
India's Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the most common side-effects include pain or swelling
at the injection site, fever, irritability and headaches. The UK Government also lists fatigue, nausea and joint
pain as common side-effects of the Oxford vaccine (known as Covishield in India). Medical experts maintain
that vaccines used are safe and their benefits outweigh the risks. It is also important to note that adverse
cases do not necessarily have a causal relationship with the vaccines. A total of 617 serious adverse events
were reported until March 29. Of these, 180 cases resulted in death. The Immunization Technical Support
Unit at the federal health ministry examined 192,000 case reports, including 12,400 deaths. In more than half
of the examined cases of death, the cause of death was found to be acute coronary syndrome. However, the
documentation had been completed for only 3,500 cases

By 7 June, 26,000 adverse events had been reported following immunization. Of this, 24,901 were minor, 412 were
significant and 887 were serious. 488 deaths were also reported, including 301 men and 178 women (details of 9
deaths were not available). Both vaccines had an adverse reaction rate of about 0.01% and a fatality rate of around
0.0001% - 24,703 events and 457 deaths from 210 million.

Covishield doses, 1,497 events and 20 deaths following 25 million Covaxin doses. Maharashtra reported the most
adverse events (4,521), followed by Kerala (4,074), Karnataka (2,650) and West Bengal (1,456)
18
 CHAPTER 3

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

INTRODUCTION

The chapter deals with the data analysis and interpretation. Data has collected through using questionnaire
conducted among users. The data is first sorted, tabulated and analysed. Here the collected data was analysed
using percentage analysis, method, average, bar diagram, column chart, and funnel graphs is used to get
clear picture and an analytical interpretation is giving using figures. This figure. This chapter helps to finds
out the satisfaction level of consumers

towards vaccination. Vaccination programme Cumulative doses administered across the country Total doses
administered across the country as of May 25, 2022

Dose Vaccination (Percentage of eligible

population vaccinated)

Partially vaccinated 1,008,482,406(93.02)

Fully vaccinated 884,806,747(81.61)

Precautionary (booster) dose Vaccine 33,455,616

administration by Gender

19
 Vaccine administration by Gender

GENDER VACCINATION

MALE 96,32,30,895

FEAMLE 92,60,02,387

OTHERS 4,56,508

GENDER

Male
Female

49% 51%

Interpretation:

As we can see in the above table and chart no.of female vaccinated are 49% all over India and no.of males
are 51% all over India.

20
 No of vaccinated people

Vaccinated

Yes 95%

no 5%

VACCINATED

5%
YES
NO
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr

95%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents

95% PEOPLE are vaccinated and 5& PEOPLE are not vaccinated.

21
 Vaccine administration by vaccine brand

BRAND VACCINATION

Covishield 1,55,01,64,163

Covaxin 32,23,64,975

Sputnik v 12,24,187

Corbevax 5,500

Covovax 10,000

BRANDS

0%
0%
CoviShield
23%
Covaxin
Sputnik V
Corbevax
52% Covovax

24%

Interpretation: As we can see in the above table Covishield is the most preferred

vaccine by people. Covaxin is the second preferred vaccine.

Vaccine administration by age group

22
 Number of doses as per survey

vaccinations

Partially 52.9%
vaccinated

Fully 43.1%
vaccinated

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents, 52.9% People are vaccinated
and 43.1% people are not vaccinated.

23
 Vaccinations in India by Age Group as of May 25, 2022
AGE GROUP VACCINATION

18-21 10,43,86,163

22-29 1,09,19,46,572

30-35 40,99,29,305

36-45 26,55,79,964

45-60 10,43,86,163

AGE GROUP

9%
18-25
18% 25-40
42% 40-60
60 above

31%

Interpretation:

As we can see in the above table majority of the vaccines taken is from the age group 18-44. States by
Vaccine Covera

24
 States by Vaccine Coverage

Series1
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1
4
7
10
13

Interpretation:

As seen in the above bar graph, the leading state in vaccination is Uttar Pradesh i.e.

almost 90% and the less state in vaccination is Haryana i.e. 20%

25
 Number of Vaccination Centres
Sites conducting vaccination in India

TOTAL- 1,12,700

Government -1,10,000

Private- 2,700

GENDER

MALE
FEMALE
OTHERS
45%
55%

(Source: Primary Data)

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents 28 are

male members and 57 are female members. 67% females are vaccinated and 33%

of male.

26
 AGE GROUP

AGE DATA

18-25 52%

25-40 26%

40-60 21%

60 ABOVE 1%

AGE GROUP

1%
21% 18-25
25-40
40-60
60 Above
52%

26%

(Source: Primary Data)

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents 28 are

male members and 57 are female members. 67% females are vaccinated and 33%

of male.

27
 BOOSTER DOES

BOOSTER

YES 55%

NO 45%

BOOSTER DOES

1%
YES
NO
3rd Qtr
44% 4th Qtr
54%

Interpretation:
The above pie chart is from the survey conducted. From 100 Respondents where 54% have taken the
Booster Dose 45% are not vaccinated Booster Dose.

28
 Was vaccine useful according to survey

Vaccine useful

Yes 60%

No 40%

vaccine useful

yes
no
40% 3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
60%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents where 59% of respondents are
aggreging that vaccine is useful other 40% are not aggreging for it.

29
 Ever had covid-19 disease
Covid-19 Disease

Yes 55.3%

No 42.7%

ever had covid-19 infection

1%
yes
no
3rd Qtr
43%
4th Qtr
56%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents where 56% of the respondents
have suffered from covid 19 rest of the 43% has not suffered with the covid 19.

30
 Do you think booster shot is useful

options useful

Yes 61.2%

No 35.9%

booster shot

1%
yes
no
37% 3rd Qtr
4th Qtr

62%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents where 62% of respondents are
agreeing that booster shot was useful and rest of 37% respondents are disagreeing it.

31
 Symptoms after vaccine

symptoms percentage

Normal 40.8%

Fever 31.1%

Itching 7.8%

Cough 9.7%

Body pains 10.7%

symptoms

11%
normal
10% fever
41% itiching
cough
8%
body pains

31%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents where 41% of respondents were
normal after the vaccination 31% suffered from fever 8%suffered from itchi ng 10% suffered from cough
and rest of 10% suffered from body pains.

32
 Use of covid 19 vaccination

Types of Sectors Percentage

Healthy life 49.5%

Government rules 35%

For safety 15.5%

Use of covid 19 vaccination

0.155; 16%
Types of sectors
Healthy life
Government rules
0.495; 50% For safety

0.35; 35%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents where the 49.5% of the
respondents are suggesting

33

Were covid 19 awareness camp useful

 Options Useful

Yes 61.2%

No 38.8%

covid 19 awareness camp useful

Yes
39% No

61%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents, 61.2% People voted as useful
and 38.8% people have voted not.

34
 Where do you prefer to take the vaccine

Sector Percentage

Government 58%
sector
Private 42%
sector

where do you prefer to take the vaccine

Government sector
42% Private sector

58%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents, 58% people prefer to take
vaccine from Government sector and 42% people prefer take from private sectors.

35
 Children under 18 should be vaccinated

Options Response

Yes 56.3%

No 42.7%

children under 18 years should be vaccinated

5%

Yes
No

95%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents from which 95% people are
vaccinated and 5% people are not vaccinated.

36
 How did you come to know about the vaccine

Options Response

Online 39.2%

Reference 39.2%

Suggested 21.6%

How did you come to know about the vaccine

22%
online
39% Reference
Suggested

39%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents from which 39.2% people came
to know from online, 39.2% people came to know from Reference, And 21.6% people came to know by
suggestions.

37
 Did your organization encouraged the employee for the vaccination

Options Response

Yes 64.1%

No 34%

Did your organization encouraged the emplyee

for the vaccination

Yes
35% No

65%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents out of 65% employee are
encouraged from their organization and 35% are not encouraged by their organization.

38
Did your organization provide and allowance for the vaccine

Options Response

Yes 57.3%

No 41.7%

Did your organilzation provide and allowance

for the vaccine

Yes
No
42%

58%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents out of 58% peoples
organization have allotted allowance for the vaccine and 42% peoples organ

39
 Have you suggested anyone to take the vaccine

Options Response

Yes 60.2%

No 38.8%

Have you suggested anone to take the vaccine

Yes
39% No

61%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents the 60.2% of the respondents
have suggested and another 38.8% of the respondents have not suggested.

40
How much time did it took you to recover after your vaccination

No of Response
days

1day 37.3%
2days 28.4%
3days 27.5%
4 or 5.9%
more

How much time did it took you to recover after

your vaccination

6% 1day
2days
38% 3days
28% 4 or more

29%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents 37. 3% took 1day of recovery
time 28.4% have took 2days for recovery 27.5%took 3days for recovery and rest of the 5.9% took 4 or more
than 4days for recovery.

41
 Overall, the vaccination is helpful for the people

Options Response

Yes 63.1%

No 36.9%

Overall the vaccination is helpful for the people

Yes
37%
No

63%

Interpretation:

The above Pie chart is from the survey conducted. From the100 respondents 63.1% agreed that vaccination
was helpful and other 37% did not agree.

42
 CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

FINDINGS:

Based on research objectives the researcher applied appropriate analysis and tools to know about rate of
vaccination. From the analysis, the researcher found the important findings of the study. In this section the
researcher presents all the findings that had been discovered by using the data's that was collected.

 The most of the people were young between 18-25 who have taken vaccine.
 Lot of people prefer covishied, but due to shortage of that vaccine they have taken covaxin
 Lot of people are partially vaccinated.
 Majority of the respondents choose covishield i.e., 64.2%.
 Majority of the respondents are fully vaccinated i.e., 89.2%.
 Majority of the respondents have not taken the booster dose.
 Majority of the respondents said that the vaccine was useful.
 Common effects include pain at the injection site, fever, body aches etc.
 There were few adverse effects found in the survey like blood clot.

43
SUGGESTIONS:

Based on the foresaid findings and the observations made by the researcher during the survey, the following
suggestions are made by the respondents of our local people and by the researcher.

 To help increase demand for COVID-19 vaccinations, it’s critical for

health departments to secure their community’s trust.

 Provide at-home vaccinations to those who have difficulty accessing

a vaccination site.

 Priority populations in our area for at-home vaccinations may include

older adults, people with disabilities, people who are homebound, and

those in rural communities.

 Partner with local pharmacies, paramedics, and healthcare providers

to offer door-to-door vaccination services.

 Set up a hotline and an online form for residents to request at-home

vaccinations

 Encourage employers to help employees get vaccinated

44
CONCLUSION:

This research is done for academic purpose and the study is conducted to know the rate of vaccination in
India. This research highlighted the current available vaccines and candidates being rolled out amid the
ongoing prevention measures and summarized the documented findings with regards to their efficacies,
sideeffects, and storage requirements. The objective of this research to know the number of people
vaccinated with both the doses and whether the booster doses were taken or not and. The effects and the
adverse effects of the vaccination were known after the survey done. Majority of the respondents were
satisfied with the results of the vaccination. There were few respondents who responded about the adverse
effects of the vaccine. In a short glance, this study shows majority of the are vaccinated with both the

doses. The rate of vaccination around my locality is almost 98.2%. People should be encouraged to get
vaccinated.

45
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References

1. ^ "Budget 2021: Two more coronavirus vaccines soon, reveals FM Nirmala

Sitharaman". Businesstoday.in. Retrieved 13 March 2021.

2. ^ "Vaccination state wise". Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Retrieved 25 May 2022

3. ^ "Vaccination Statistics". Vaccinate-india.in. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

4. ^ "Covid-19 Vaccination in India". Cowin.

5. ^ "Serum Institute gets DCGI's nod to manufacture Covid vaccine Sputnik V

in India". Mint. 4 June 2021.

6. ^ rdif.ru: press release

7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d

"CoWIN Dashboard". 25 May 2022.

8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d

"Covid-19 Vaccination in India". 25 May 2022.

9. ^ "Our World in Data - Covid-19 Vaccination". 25 May 2022.

10.^ "CoWIN dashboard".

11.^ "CoWIN".

12.^ "Expect Covid-19 vaccine by early next year, will take first shot if any

trust deficit: Vardhan". The Times of India. 13 September 2020.

Retrieved 13 September 2020.

13.^ Kaul, Rhythma (21 October 2020). "30 Million Frontline Workers To Get

Covid-19 Vaccine In Phase 1". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Retrieved 21

October 2020.

14.^ "Coronavirus: India approves vaccines from Bharat Biotech and

Oxford/AstraZeneca". BBC News. 3 January 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.

46
15.^ Beaumont, Peter (24 March 2021). "Delhi reportedly halts AstraZeneca

Covid vaccine exports as cases soar". The Guardian. Archived from the

original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.

16.^ "Why is the EU unhappy with AstraZeneca?". BBC News. 6 April 2021.

Retrieved 22 April 2021.

17.^ "Expert panel recommends Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for restricted

emergency use". News18. 2 January 2021.

18.^ Prasad, R (15 January 2020). "Vaccine dilemma — to take or not to take

Covaxin". The Hindu. Chennai

19.^ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (16 January 2020). "Covaxin recipients asked

to sign consent form on 'clinical trial mode'". The Hindu. New Delhi.

20.^ Prasad, R (15 January 2020). "Vaccine dilemma — to take or not to take

Covaxin". The Hindu. Chennai.

47
ANNEXURE
QUESTIONANAIRE:

1. Gender

• Male

• Female

• Other:

2. Age

• 18- 25

• 25-40

• 40-60

• Above 60

3. Are you vaccinated?

• Yes

• No

4 Occupation?

• Student

• Employed

• Home maker

• Retired

5. Does your family members and friends are vaccinated?

• Yes

• No

48
6. Name of vaccine taken by you?

• Covishield

• Covaxin

• Sputnik V

• Corbevax

• Covovax

7. Which vaccine is Better according to you?

• Covishield

• Covaxin

• Sputnik V

• Corbevax

• Covovax

8. Number of doses?

• Partially vaccinated

• Fully vaccinated

9. Have you taken the booster shot?

• No

• Yes

10.Do you think the booster shot is useful?

• Yes

• No

49
11. What were the symptoms after vaccination?

• Normal

• Fever

• Itching

• Cough

• Body pain’s

12. Was the vaccine useful?

• Yes

• No

13.what is the use of the covid-19 vaccination?

• Healthy life

• Government rules

• For Safety

14.Were covid-19 awareness camp useful?

• Yes

• No

15.Where do you prefer to take the vaccine?

• Government sector

• Private sector

16.The children under 18 years should be vaccinated?

• Yes

• No

50
17.How did you come to know about the vaccine?

• Online

• Reference

• Suggested

18.Did your organization encouraged the employee for the vaccination?

• Yes

• No

19.Did your organization provide and allowance for the vaccine?

• Yes

• No

20.After your vaccination have you suggested anyone to take the vaccine?

• Yes

• No

21.In how much time did you recover after your vaccination?

• 1 Day

• 2 days

• 3 days

• 4 or more days

22.Overall the Vaccination is Helpful for the people?

• Yes

• No

51