EARTH SCIENCE

Earth Science Theories about the formation of the

- Study of the Physical nature of the Universe and the Solar System
Earth's material. - Star systems, galaxies, gasses, and
Geology dust, and all matter and energy are all
- The structure of a specific region of contained in the universe.
the Earth's crust. Cosmologist
- Structure of the Solide matter of a - Study of the history of the Universe
Celestial body. led to the stars and galaxies, this study
Physical Geology is called "cosmology"
- Composition and Physical changes Big Bang Model of the Universe
of Earth based on rocks, mineral, and 1929
sediments. - The modern theory and widely
Historical Geology accepted explanation of how did the
- Study of the composition, relative universe originate.
positions, etc. George Lemaitre
- Study of rock strata to determine - proposed the Big Bang theory
geological history and events related - Started from compact or close to one
to deep time. another. A single clump of energy the
Astronomy universe is hot and dense as it
- Study of celestial objects and the expands became less in density, and
physical universe. becomes colder.
Difference between Earth Science Oscillating Universe (1930)
and Geology - The universe alternates between
-Geology is an older discipline that expanding and contracting due to the
primarily focuses of the solid earth, pull of its gravity in a perpetual cycle
materials, and resources, and of the Big Bang.
processes shaping the Earth's Surface. - Albert Einstein's favored model after
- Earth Science he rejected his own original model.
- is more interdisciplinary and Steady State Universe (1948)
includes aspects of meteorology, - Proposed by the (English astronomer
oceanography, and the study of Fred Hoyle) and (Austrians Thomas
energy/matter. Gold) and (Hernan Bondi).
- New galaxies are created as it
expands.
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- The universe expands in order to - Spectral line shift to red,

maintain a constant density. - (In 1929, Hubble used Slipher's
finding) All galaxies have a pattern
Inflationary Universe (1980) wherein a spectral shift happens
- American physicist Alan Guth Milky Way - Formation of the solar
proposed a model of the universe system (our)
based on the Big Bang. Four Theories: Protoplanet Theory,
- Early period of exponential cosmic Capture Theory, Solar Nebula
inflation Theory, and Modern Laplacian
- Another variation of the inflationary Theory.
universe - (cyclic model) Developed THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR
by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok in SYSTEM
2002 using String Theory Model - represents a idea, object, or
Multiverse (1983) even a process that is used to describe
- Our universe is one of many and explain phenomena
"Bubble's" in the multiverse - Scienctists use models to predict
- Russian-American physicist (Andre what happens in a particular event
Linde) developed the inflationary such as the origin of the solar system.
universe using Chaotic Inflation Geocentric Model by Claudius
Theory in 1983. Ptolemy (90-160 CE) - States that the
- American Physicists Hugh Everett Earth was the center of the solar
III and Bryce DeWitt developed and system.
popularized the "many worlds" Heliocentric Model by Nicholas
formulation of the multiverse in the Copernicus (1473-1543) - States that
1960s and 1970s. the sun is rather the center of the solar
Edwin Hubble system
- Discovered Andromeda Nebula is Nebular Hypothesis - This theory
2.5million light years away. states that the sun and other planets
- Galaxies - cloud of gas is a group of are formed from a rotating nebula that
stars. cooled and collapes.
Vesto Slipher - (Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804)
- In 1912, Vesto Slipher observed that (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749-1827)
galaxies rotate and move apart - First to propose the earliest theory of
(movement). how the solar system originated.
Redshift
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- The theory argued that this nebula

condensed into rings, which THE EARTH FOUR SPHERES
eventually formed the planets and a Spheres - dynamic system composed
central mass - the Sun. of interconnected parts, often referred
The Planetesimal and Tidal to as spheres.
Theories Geoshpere - solid earth, including its
Planetesimal Theory - Encounter or interior structure, rocks, minerals, and
Collision of a star created huge tides landforms.
on the surface of our sun that resulted Earth Structure - Earth structure
to erupted matter. 6,378km.
- Smaller masses quickly cooled to - Crust 0-100km thick.
become solid bodies called - Mantle, Outer core 2,900 km,
planetismals. Inner core 5,100km.
- (Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, - Lithosphere - the solid, outer part
1843-1928) (Forest Ray Moulton of Earth.
1872-1952) - They challenged Kant- - Core - liquid and solid.
Laplace Nebular Hypothesis theory
The Tidal Theory - Long filament Hydrosphere - Ocean, lakes, rivers,
was drawn out and detached from the groundwater,
principal mass of our sun. - It plays a crucial role in weather
- Separated mass of various sizes and patterns, climate, and supporting life.
condensed to form the planets.
- (James Hopwood Jeans 1877- Atmosphere - This gaseous layer
1946) and (Harold Jeffreys 1891- surrounds the earth and is essential for
1989) - Variation of the planetesimal life.
Concepnt - protects us from harmful solar
Protoplanets Theory proposed by radiation, plays a vital role in weather
(Willian Hunter McCrea 1960) - and climate.
States that the formation of the sun
and planets are simultaneous. Biosphere - Living components of
- Started from the dust of clouds and earth plants, animals, and
gases in a state of violent disturbance microorganisms.
and chaos. - Interacts with other subsystems in
- Masses and debris coalesced countless ways
forming the Sun and other planets.
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FIFTH SUBSYSTEM: THE

CRYOSPHERE
- It's considered part of the
Hydrosphere
- recognized as a separate subsystem
- all frozen water on earth
- Ice caps, Glaciers, and Sea ice
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