AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME: Osama Sattar Khan

ROLL NO: 220844

SECTION: BEME-A-22

SUBJECT: Workshop Practice II (Lab)

SUBMITTED TO: Usama Umar

DATE: 13 May 2023

 Lab Report #

(Q) Write a detailed report about the introduction, working

operations performed on the given machines.

Ans: Lathe Machine:

(Reference link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe)

Introduction:
A lathe machine is a tool used in metalworking to cut, shape, and drill metal or
wood objects. The working principle of a lathe machine involves the rotation of
a workpiece on its axis while a cutting tool is brought into contact with it to
remove material and shape it.

Component of lathe machine:

Here are the components of a typical lathe machine and how they work

Bed: This is the base of the lathe machine, and it provides support for all the
other components. The bed is usually made of cast iron and has guide rails
along its length to support the carriage and tailstock.
Headstock: This is the part of the lathe machine that holds the workpiece
and rotates it. It also houses the main spindle, which is driven by a motor and
provides the power to rotate the workpiece.

Tailstock: This is the part of the lathe machine that provides support for the
other end of the workpiece. The tailstock can be moved along the bed to adjust
the distance between the cutting tool and the workpiece.

Carriage: This is the component of the lathe machine that holds the cutting
tool and moves it along the length of the workpiece. The carriage is mounted
on the bed and moves along the guide rails using handwheels or a motor.

Cross-slide: This is the part of the carriage that moves the cutting tool
perpendicular to the length of the workpiece. It can be adjusted to control the
depth of cut and the shape of the finished workpiece.

Tool post: This is the part of the carriage that holds the cutting tool. It can
be adjusted to position the tool at different angles and heights for different
cutting operations.

Working principle:
The workpiece is mounted on the spindle and rotated at a desired speed. The
carriage, with the cutting tool, is moved along the length of the workpiece and
makes cuts to remove material. The cross-slide and compound rest can be
adjusted to create different shapes or surface finishes. The tailstock can be
used to support the other end of the workpiece or to hold a drill bit to make a
hole in the workpiece. The cutting tool can be replaced with different tools,
depending on the desired cut or finish.

In summary, a lathe machine works by rotating a workpiece while a cutting tool

moves along it to shape or cut it. The machine's components, such as the
spindle, carriage, cutting tool, and tailstock, work together to create a wide
variety of shapes and finishes.

Operations:
A lathe machine can perform a variety of operations, including:

1. Turning: Turning is the process of removing material from the outer

diameter of a cylindrical workpiece to create a round shape.
 2. Facing: Facing is the process of creating a flat surface on the end of a
workpiece.
3. Drilling: Drilling is the process of creating a hole in a workpiece.
4. Boring: Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been
drilled.
5. Tapering: Tapering is the process of creating a conical shape on the
end of a workpiece.
6. Knurling: Knurling is the process of creating a textured pattern on the
surface of a workpiece.

7. Threading: Threading is the process of creating screw threads on a

workpiece.
8. Parting: Parting is the process of cutting a workpiece into two or more
parts.

These operations can be performed using different types of cutting tools and
techniques, and each one requires specific settings and adjustments on the
lathe machine. Skilled operators can achieve high precision and accuracy in
their work using a lathe machine.

Operations Performed by Us
In Lab we Performed Operations such as Facing , Knurling , Centring , External
Threading , Tapering.

1. Facing
Facing is a common machining process that involves the use of a lathe or
milling machine to remove material from the end and/or shoulder of a
workpiece. After the workpiece is placed on the machine, a cutting tool is
pressed against it at the end or shoulder.
(Reference link: https://www.zjcncmachine.com/what-is-
facingoperation-on-lathe-machine-difference-between-lathe-
facingand-milling-facing/ )
2. Knurling
Knurling is a process used to create a pattern on the surface of a material by
displacing or deforming the surface. Knurling is done to increase the friction on
a surface, and is typically performed on a lathe to cylindrical parts. Three
common knurl patterns are: straight, diagonal (left or right-hand), and diamond.

(Reference link:
https://turntechprecision.com/cluelessmachinist/2020/8/25/10-
machining-operations-performed-on-alathe )
3. Centring
The primary use of a center is to ensure concentric work is produced; this
allows the workpiece to be transferred between machining (or inspection)
operations without any loss of accuracy. A part may be turned in a lathe, sent
off for hardening and tempering and then ground between centers in a
cylindrical grinder.

(Reference link: https://www.mmsonline.com/articles/fivelive-

centers-for-five-applications )
4. External Threading
Thread cutting on the lathe is a process that produces a helical ridge of uniform
section on the workpiece. This is performed by taking successive cuts with a
threading tool bit the same shape as the thread form required.
 (Reference link:
https://bbs.homeshopmachinist.net/forum/general/64638
cutting-square-threads-on-lathe-3-4-8-lh ) Precautions:
Using a lathe machine can be dangerous, so it is important to take proper
precautions to ensure safety. Here are some precautions to keep in mind when
working with a lathe machine.

1. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as eye protection,

gloves, and a dust mask.
2. Make sure that the workpiece is securely mounted and properly
supported.
3. Always use sharp cutting tools and make sure they are properly installed
and tightened.
4. Never reach into the machine while it is running, and always wait for the
machine to stop completely before making any adjustments.
5. Keep the work area clean and free of clutter to prevent tripping hazards.
6. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for
operating the machine.
7. Avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry that can get caught in the
machine.
8. Do not exceed the recommended speed for the machine or the cutting
tool.
9. Always keep your hands and fingers away from the cutting tool.
10. Never operate the machine if you are under the influence of drugs
or alcohol.
By following these precautions, you can help to ensure a safe and successful
experience when using a lathe machine.

Milling Machine
 (Reference link:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_%28machining%29 )

Introduction:
A milling machine is a powerful tool used in manufacturing and metalworking
industries to remove material from a workpiece. It is a versatile machine that
can perform a wide range of operations such as drilling, boring, cutting, and
shaping on various materials including metal, wood, and plastics. Milling
machines come in different types and sizes, each with its own unique features
and capabilities. They are essential tools in the production of components,
parts, and prototypes for various industries such as aerospace, automotive,
and construction. Skilled operators use milling machines to achieve high
precision and accuracy in their work, making them a crucial part of the
manufacturing process.

Working Principle:
A milling machine is a tool that uses a rotating cutter to remove material from
a workpiece. The workpiece is secured to a table, which can move in multiple
directions depending on the type of milling machine. The rotating cutter is held
in a spindle and can move along different axes to create various shapes and
cuts on the workpiece.
Parts and Interrelationships:
A milling machine consists of several parts that work together to perform milling
operations. These parts include:

Base: The base of the milling machine is a heavy, solid foundation that
supports the entire machine.

Table: The table is where the workpiece is secured. It can move in multiple
directions to allow for different milling operations.

Spindle: The spindle holds the rotating cutter, which is used to remove
material from the workpiece.

Arbor: The arbor is a cylindrical device that connects the spindle to the cutting
tool.

Knee: The knee is a vertical component that supports the table and can be
adjusted to control the vertical movement of the table.

Saddle: The saddle is a horizontal component that moves the table back and
forth.

Column: The column is a vertical component that supports the other

components of the milling machine.

The interrelationships between these parts allow for precise control over the
movement and positioning of the cutting tool, which is critical for achieving
accurate and precise cuts on the workpiece.

Operations:
A milling machine can perform a variety of operations, including:

1. Facing: Facing is the process of creating a flat surface on the end of a

workpiece.
2. Slotting: Slotting is the process of creating a slot or groove in a
workpiece.
 3. Drilling: Drilling is the process of creating a hole in a workpiece. 4.
Boring: Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been
drilled.
5. Tapping: Tapping is the process of creating screw threads on a
workpiece.
6. Cutting: Cutting is the process of removing material from the surface
of a workpiece to create a specific shape or contour.
7. Contouring: Contouring is the process of creating complex shapes
and curves on a workpiece.
8. Engraving: Engraving is the process of creating a design or pattern on
the surface of a workpiece.

These operations can be performed using different types of cutting tools and
techniques, and each one requires specific settings and adjustments on the
milling machine. Skilled operators can achieve high precision and accuracy in
their work using a milling machine.

Operations Done by Us
By Using Milling Machine we made Gears on our Workpiece

1. Gears

This cutter moves axially to create gear teeth with the exact length and depth.
After missing a tooth, the edge is removed to allow the gear blank to rotate to
the following position.
(Reference link: https://www.manufacturingguide.com/en/gear-milling )

Precautions:
Using a milling machine can be hazardous if proper precautions are not taken.
Here are some precautions to keep in mind when working with a milling
machine:

1. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety

glasses, gloves, and a dust mask.
2. Before starting the machine, ensure that all guards and safety devices
are in place and functioning properly.
3. Keep the work area clean and free from clutter to avoid tripping hazards.
4. Do not wear loose clothing or jewelry that could become caught in the
machine.
5. Make sure the workpiece is securely fastened to the table and properly
supported.
6. Always use sharp cutting tools and make sure they are properly installed
and tightened.
7. Avoid reaching into the machine while it is running, and wait for the
machine to come to a complete stop before making any adjustments. 8.
Do not exceed the recommended speed for the machine or the cutting
tool.
9. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for
operating the machine.
10. Never operate the machine while under the influence of drugs or
alcohol.

By following these precautions, you can help to ensure a safe and successful
experience when using a milling machine.

Shaper Machine
(Reference link: https://blogmech.com/principle-parts-of-a-
shapermachine-shaper-machine/ )
Introduction:
A shaper machine is a cutting tool used in metalworking industries to remove
material from a workpiece to create a desired shape. It is a versatile machine
that can perform a wide range of operations such as planning, slotting,
shaping, and cutting dovetails, among others. The shaper machine consists of
several components, including a base, table, ram, tool head, cross rail, and
saddle, that work together to produce the desired shape on the workpiece. The
machine is operated by skilled professionals who use specific cutting tools and
techniques to achieve high precision and accuracy in their work. The shaper
machine is commonly used in manufacturing components, parts, and
prototypes for various industries such as automotive, aerospace, and
construction

Working Principle:
A shaper machine is a cutting tool that uses a reciprocating linear motion to
remove material from a workpiece. The workpiece is mounted on a table, which
can move in a horizontal or vertical direction, depending on the type of shaper
machine. The cutting tool is mounted on a ram that moves back and forth along
a horizontal axis to create the desired shape on the workpiece.

Component of shaper machine:

The main components of a shaper machine include:
Base: The base is a heavy, solid foundation that supports the entire machine.

Table: The table is where the workpiece is secured. It can move in a

horizontal or vertical direction, depending on the type of shaper machine.

Ram: The ram holds the cutting tool and moves back and forth to create the
desired shape on the workpiece.

Tool Head: The tool head holds the cutting tool and can be adjusted to
control the depth of cut and the shape of the cut.

Cross Rail: The cross rail supports the tool head and can be adjusted to
control the height of the cutting tool.

Saddle: The saddle moves the table back and forth in a horizontal direction.
Operations:
A shaper machine can perform a variety of operations, including:

1. Planing: Planing is the process of creating a flat surface on the

workpiece.
2. Slotting: Slotting is the process of creating a slot or groove in a
workpiece.
3. Keyway cutting: Keyway cutting is the process of creating a keyway
in a workpiece.
4. Shaping: Shaping is the process of creating a specific shape or contour
on a workpiece.
5. Internal shaping: Internal shaping is the process of creating a shape
or contour on the inside of a workpiece.
6. Cutting dovetails: Cutting dovetails is the process of creating a
dovetail joint on a workpiece.
7. T-slot cutting: T-slot cutting is the process of creating a T-shaped slot
on a workpiece.
8. Gear cutting: Gear cutting is the process of creating gears on a
workpiece.

These operations can be performed using different types of cutting tools and
techniques, and each one requires specific settings and adjustments on the
 shaper machine. Skilled operators can achieve high precision and accuracy
in their work using a shaper machine.

Operations Performed by Us
On Shaper machine We used a Circular Workpiece and Removed material
from each side by using the Shaper Machine to make it like a Rectangle, then
by using Radial Arm Drill Machine we did 3 holes of size M10 then by using
Threading Tool we did Internal Threading of those 3 holes and in the end, we
used Sand Paper to finish its Surface.

Precaution:
Using a shaper machine can be hazardous if proper precautions are not taken.
Here are some precautions to keep in mind when working with a shaper
machine:

1. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety

glasses, gloves, and a dust mask.
2. Before starting the machine, ensure that all guards and safety devices
are in place and functioning properly.
3. Keep the work area clean and free from clutter to avoid tripping hazards.
4. Do not wear loose clothing or jewelry that could become caught in the
machine.

5. Make sure the workpiece is securely fastened to the table and properly
supported.
6. Always use sharp cutting tools and make sure they are properly installed
and tightened.
7. Avoid reaching into the machine while it is running, and wait for the
machine to come to a complete stop before making any adjustments. 8.
Do not exceed the recommended speed for the machine or the cutting
tool.
9. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for
operating the machine.
10. Never operate the machine while under the influence of drugs or
alcohol.

By following these precautions, you can help to ensure a safe and successful
experience when using a shaper machine.
 Drilling Machine

(Reference link: https://www.mechical.com/2021/03/parts-

ofdrilling-machine-and-their-functions.html ) Introduction:
A drilling machine is a tool used in metalworking, woodworking, and
construction to create holes in various materials. It is a versatile tool that can
perform a wide range of tasks, from drilling simple holes to creating complex
shapes and profiles. Drilling machines are available in various sizes and
configurations, ranging from small benchtop models to large industrial
machines used in manufacturing and construction. They are essential tools in
many industries and are used to create holes in materials such as metal, wood,
plastic, and concrete.

Working Principle:
A drilling machine is a tool used in metalworking, woodworking, and
construction to create holes in various materials. The machine works by
rotating a cutting tool, known as a drill bit, against the workpiece. The drill bit
is held in a chuck, which is mounted on a spindle that rotates the bit at high
speed. The workpiece is held in place on a table, and the operator can adjust
the height and angle of the table to control the position of the hole.

Component of drilling machine:

The main components of a drilling machine include:

Base: The base is the foundation of the machine and provides stability.
Column: The column supports the spindle and can be adjusted to control the
height of the drill bit.

Spindle: The spindle holds the chuck and rotates the drill bit.

Chuck: The chuck holds the drill bit and can be adjusted to hold different
sizes of bits.

Table: The table supports the workpiece and can be adjusted to control the
position of the hole.

Drill Bit: The drill bit is the cutting tool that creates the hole in the workpiece.
Operations:
A drilling machine can perform various tasks, including:

1. Drilling: Drilling is the process of creating a hole in a workpiece using

a drill bit.
2. Reaming: Reaming is the process of enlarging an existing hole to a
precise size and surface finish.
3. Tapping: Tapping is the process of cutting threads into a hole to allow
screws or bolts to be inserted.
4. Countersinking: Countersinking is the process of creating a conical
recess in a workpiece to allow a screw or bolt head to sit flush with the
surface.
5. Counterboring: Counterboring is the process of creating a cylindrical
recess in a workpiece to allow a bolt or nut to be inserted.
6. Spot facing: Spot facing is the process of creating a flat surface on a
workpiece around a drilled hole.

7. Chamfering: Chamfering is the process of creating a beveled edge on

a workpiece.
8. Honing: Honing is the process of creating a smooth surface finish
inside a drilled hole.

These operations can be performed using different types of drill bits, such as
twist drills, center drills, and counterbores, among others. Each operation
requires specific adjustments and settings on the drilling machine, and skilled
operators can achieve high precision and accuracy in their work.

Operations Performed by Us
By Using Radial Arm Drill Machine, we made 3 holes of size M10.

Precaution:

Working with a drilling machine can be dangerous if proper precautions are

not taken. Here are some precautions to keep in mind when working with a
drilling machine:

1. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety

glasses, gloves, and a dust mask.
2. Before starting the machine, ensure that all guards and safety devices are
in place and functioning properly.
3. Keep the work area clean and free from clutter to avoid tripping hazards.
4. Do not wear loose clothing or jewelry that could become caught in the
machine.
5. Make sure the workpiece is securely fastened to the table and properly
supported.
6. Always use sharp cutting tools and make sure they are properly installed
and tightened.
7. Avoid reaching into the machine while it is running, and wait for the
machine to come to a complete stop before making any adjustments.
8. Do not exceed the recommended speed for the machine or the cutting
tool.
9. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for
operating the machine.
10. Never operate the machine while under the influence of drugs or
alcohol.
11. When drilling into hard materials such as metal or concrete, use
coolant to prevent the drill bit from overheating.
By following these precautions, you can help to ensure a safe and successful
experience when using a drilling machine.