1

The composition of matter

Atomic structure
The periodic table of the elements
The chemical bond
Fundamentals of inorganic chemistry
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry
Solutions
Oxidation and reduction
Acids and bases
Fundamentals of organic chemistry

2
The composition of matter

1 Which name of the following phase changes is NOT correct? (2013)

A Solid to liquid = Melting

B Gas to solid = Freezing

C Solid to gas = Sublimation

D Liquid to gas = Evaporation

E Gas to liquid = Condensation

2 Which one of the following statements correctly describes the type of mixture and the
most appropriate method used to separate the specified component from the mixture?
(2017)

A salt from salt solution – homogeneous; paper filtration

B water from salt solution – heterogeneous; simple distillation

C chlorophyll from a solution of different plant pigments – homogeneous; chromatography

D red blood cells from blood – homogeneous; centrifuge

E gasoline/petrol from crude oil – heterogeneous; simple distillation

3
3 Consider a fixed volume and amount of an ideal gas at 10 °C.

What temperature would it have to be changed to in order for the pressure to be doubled?
(2018)

A 5°C

B 20 °C

C 566 °C

D 293 °C

E 278 °C

4 A sealed container contains 1.00 mol of hydrogen gas, which behaves as an ideal gas.
Which of the following changes increase(s) the total kinetic energy of the
hydrogen gas molecules initially within the container? (2018)

1. Changing the amount of hydrogen from 1.0 mol to 1.2 mol whilst keeping the
pressure and volume constant.

2. Changing the pressure from 1.0 atm to 1.2 atm whilst keeping the volume and number
of moles constant.

3. Changing the volume from 1.0 L to 1.2 L whilst keeping the pressure and number of
moles constant.

A 3 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1, 2 and 3
D 1 and 2 only
E 1 only

4
5 A student observed that when powdered sugar at –1 °C was added to ice at –1 °C all of the

ice melted.

Which of the following statements explain this observation? (2019)

1 Sugar has given the water molecules energy.

2 The melting point of the mixture is higher.

3 The melting point of the mixture is lower.

A 1 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 3 only

D 2 only

E 1 and 2 only

5
Atomic structure

6 What is the total number of electrons in an ammonium ion, NH4+ ? (2011)

A 8

B 9

C 10

D 11

E 12

7 What is the total number of electrons in the ions of sodium chloride? (2012)

A sodium ion = 11; chloride ion = 17

B sodium ion = 8; chloride ion = 8

C sodium ion = 11; chloride ion = 18

D sodium ion = 10; chloride ion = 18

E sodium ion = 10; chloride ion = 17

8 The atomic numbers of five atoms are given below.

Which atom would have an electronic configuration ending in a p5 ? (2014)

A 7

B 9

C 5

D 8

E 6

6
9 The atomic number of aluminium is 13.

Which electron configuration given below corresponds to the Al2+ ion in its ground
state? (2015)

A Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

B Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

C Is2 2s2 2p6

D Is2 2s2 2p6 3s1

E Is2 2s2 2p5 3s2

10 Which of these particles have the same electronic structure? (2016)

2+
1 12Mg

2 10Ne

2–
3 16S

4 9F –

5 3 Li+

A 1, 2 and 5 only

B 2, 4 and 5 only

C 1, 2 and 3 only

D 3, 4 and 5 only

E 1, 2 and 4 only

7
11 Identify the number of protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e) present in the ion: (2016)
52 +3
24𝐶𝑟

A p = 27 n = 25 e = 21

B p = 24 n = 28 e = 24

C p = 27 n = 25 e = 24

D p = 24 n = 28 e = 21

E p = 24 n = 24 e = 21

12 Which one of the following options gives the correct electron structure of the particle? (2017)

A 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p4

B 1s2 2s22p4

C 1s2 2s22p2

D 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6

E 1s2 2s22p6

8
13 Which one of the following statements about the four atoms/ions below is correct?(2017)

23 + 16 2− 18 32
11𝑁𝑎 8𝑂 8𝑂 16𝑆

16 2− 18
A 8𝑂 and 8𝑂 have exactly the same number of protons and electrons but not neutrons.

B Out of the four atoms/ions, only 23 + 18

11𝑁𝑎 has two more electrons than 8𝑂.

16 2−
C 8𝑂 has the same number of electrons but four fewer neutrons than 23 +
11𝑁𝑎 .

32
D 16𝑆has twice the number of neutrons that 188𝑂has but only four more than 23 +
11𝑁𝑎 .

E Both 168𝑂2− and 32

16𝑆each have an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

14 Which of the following species have the same number and arrangement of
electrons in their lowest energy states? (2018)

+ + – 2– –
19K 11Na 8O 8O 16S

–
A 8O and 8O2–

B 19K
+
and 16S–

+
C 11Na and 8 O 2–

+
D 19K and 11Na+

–
E 8O and 16S–

9
15 Which statement about a positive ion explains why it is positively charged? (2019)

A The ion has the same number of protons and neutrons.

B The ion has more electrons than protons.

C The ion has more protons than electrons.

D The ion has more electrons than neutrons.

E The ion has more protons than neutrons.

16 Hydrogen has a radioactive isotope called tritium. Tritium atoms have two neutrons.

The most abundant naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen has a relative atomic mass of 1.0.

What is the value for the relative atomic mass of a sample of hydrogen gas that
has an equal amount of these two isotopes of hydrogen? (2019)

A 3.0

B 2.0

C 4.0

D 1.5

E 1.0

10
The periodic table of the elements

17 Which of the following shows how the atomic radius of the elements changes on crossing
from left to right in the row of the Periodic Table from potassium to bromine? (2011)

K to Ca Sc to Zn Ga to Br

A decrease increase decrease

B decrease decrease increase

C decrease decrease decrease

D increase decrease increase

E increase increase increase

18 One group of elements in the Periodic Table contains, in descending order, boron,
aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium. Which of the following are correct about these
elements? (2011)

1 Indium forms the oxide In2O3

2 Boron is the least reactive element in the group

3 Gallium forms the sulphate GaSO4

A 1 only

B 1 and 2

C 1 and 3

D 2 and 3

E 1, 2 and 3

11
19 Which one of the following is NOT correct about Fe, Cu and Zn, which are in the first
row of the transition metals? (2012)

A They all form basic oxides.

B They all have densities greater than those of Group 1 metals.

C They are all reactive metals.

D All of them form M2+ ions.

E Only two of them form coloured ions.

20 Which one of the following is correct about the first and second electron affinities of
oxygen? (2012)

A first = slightly exothermic; second = very endothermic

B first = slightly exothermic; second = very exothermic

C first = slightly endothermic; second = very exothermic

D first = slightly endothermic; second = very endothermic

E first = very exothermic; second = very exothermic

12
21 Element X is a grey solid. It combines with chlorine to form a polar molecule with the formula
XCl. In this compound, element X has an oxidation state of +1. In potassium iodide solution, it
dissolves to form a coloured solution. At 500 °C, it becomes a coloured vapour.

What is the identity of element X? (2017)

A manganese

B fluorine

C iodine

D carbon

E lithium

22 Five atoms are shown below. The letters are NOT chemical symbols.
Which one of the following atoms has the highest first ionisation energy? (2018)

23
A 11𝑍

20
B 10𝑊

21
C 9𝑋

22
D 11𝑌

19
E 9𝑉

13
23 Which of the following statements, if any, are correct for the properties of Group I
elements? (2018)

1. They form hydrides where the hydrogen has an oxidation state of –1.

2. They can reduce iodine to iodide.

3. Their outer electrons are delocalised when in the liquid state.

A 1, 2 and 3

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 and 3 only

D none of them

E 2 and 3 only

24 Element Z reacts with water at room temperature and hydrogen gas is released. The oxide of
element Z is a solid at room temperature and does not conduct electricity. The oxide reacts
with acids and has the formula ZO.
To which group/part of the Periodic Table does element Z belong? (2019)

A Group VII

B Transition metals

C Group I

D Group III

E Group II

14
The chemical bond

25 How many nitrogen electrons are involved in bond formation in HONO2 ? (2011)

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 6

E 7

26 The positions of some elements in the Periodic Table are shown below.

H He
Li C Ne
Na S Cl
Br Kr

Which two of the elements shown react most energetically with each other? (2011)

A Li and Kr

B Ne and Na

C C and He

D Li and Br

E Na and Cl

15
27 The positions of some elements in the Periodic Table are shown below.

Which one of the following pairs of elements is most likely to form a covalent bond? (2012)

A magnesium and bromine

B strontium and oxygen

C potassium and chlorine

D calcium and chlorine

E beryllium and iodine

28 Which one of the following is NOT the correct formula for a lithium compound? (2012)

A Li2 S

B LiCO3

C CH3CO2 Li

D LiHSO4

E Li3 N

16
29 Which of the following are correct about carbon to carbon bonds? (2013)

1. The length of carbon to carbon bonds increases in the order C≡C, C=C, C-C.
2. The strength of the C=C bond is less than twice the strength of the C-C bond.
3. The carbon atoms are joined by six electrons in the C≡C bond.

A 2 and 3 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 1, 2 and 3

D 1 and 2 only

E 3 only

30 The positions of the main group elements in the Periodic Table are shown below:

Which one of the following formulae is NOT correct? (2013)

A GaCO3

B CsNO3

C BeSO4

D SnS2

E Ba(HCO3)2

17
31 Which two of the following molecular substances in the gaseous state have the
strongest permanent molecular dipole? (2014)

GeH4 ICl SiF4 CH2Cl2 CO2

A CO2 and SiF4

B ICl and CH2Cl2

C CH2Cl2 and CO2

D ICl and CO2

E GeH4 and SiF4

32 Atoms X and Y form an ionic compound with formula XY2 .

Which option below could give the correct atomic numbers for X and Y? (2015)

A X = 11; Y = 16

B X = 3; Y = 17

C X = 12; Y = 9

D X = 6; Y = 16

E X = 14; Y = 8

18
33 Lead(II) nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution react to form potassium nitrate in
solution and a bright yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide.
Which one of the following correctly represents the ionic equation for this chemical
reaction? (2016)

A Pb2+(aq) + I – (aq) → PbI(s)

B Pb2+(aq) + I 2– (aq) → PbI(s)

C Pb+(aq) + 2I – (aq) → PbI (s)

D Pb2+(aq) + 2I –(aq) → PbI (s)

E Pb+(aq) + I –(aq) → PbI(s)

34 The compounds carbon dioxide (CO2 ), propane (C3 H8 ) and ethanal (CH3 CHO)
all have M r = 44.

Which of the following lists correctly shows these compounds in the order that they
become gases as their temperature rises from –100°C at the same pressure? (2016)

A CO2 , C3 H8, CH3 CHO

B CH3CHO, C3H8, CO2

C CO2, CH3CHO, C3H8

D C3H8, CO2, CH3CHO

E C3H8, CH3CHO, CO2

19
35 Which of the following molecules contain bond angles of 180° in their gaseous states? (2016)

(Atomic numbers: H = 1; Be = 4; C = 6; Cl = 17)

1 BeCl

2 C2 H2

3 CCl

A 1 and 3 only

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 only

D 2 and 3 only

E 2 only

20
36 Consider the following list of particles:

1. molecules

2. ions

3. single atoms

Which one of the following options correctly describes the particles that are
present in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride? (2017)

A 1 and 2 only

B 1, 2 and 3

C 3 only

D 1 only

E 2 only

21
37 Which option correctly describes the following features of a silane (silicon tetrahydride)
molecule? (2017)

number of bonding pairs (bp) of electrons

number of lone/non-bonding pairs (lp) in the valence shell of the silicon atom

bond angle

[Atomic number: Si = 14; H = 1]

A 3 bp; 1 lp; 107°

B 3 bp; 1 lp; 109.5°

C 4 bp; 0 lp; 109.5°

D 4 bp; 2 lp; 90°

E 4 bp; 0 lp; 90°

22
38 Which row correctly shows the shape of each molecule and whether the
molecule is polar (i.e. has a permanent dipole moment) or non-polar? (2018)

[Atomic numbers: H = 1; B = 5; C = 6; N = 7; O = 8; F = 9; P = 15; Cl = 17]

A row 3

B row 1

C row 4

D row 2

E row 5

23
39 Why does hydrogen iodide (HI) have a higher boiling point than hydrogen bromide
(HBr)? (2019)

[Atomic numbers: bromine = 35; iodine = 53]

A The iodide ions in HI are larger than the bromide ions in HBr.

B The H – I covalent bond is stronger than the H – Br covalent bond.

C There are hydrogen bonds between HI molecules but not between HBr
molecules.

D The permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces between HI molecules are

stronger than those between HBr molecules.

E The induced dipole-induced dipole (dispersion) forces between HI molecules

are stronger than those between HBr molecules.

24
40 Which of the following molecules have an overall permanent dipole moment? (2019)

1 CO2

2 H2 O

3 NH3

[C is in Group IV, N is in Group V, O is in Group VI]

A none of them

B 1 and 2 only

C 1, 2 and 3

D 2 and 3 only

E 1 and 3 only

25
Fundamentals of inorganic chemistry

41 The following are some compounds of nitrogen:

NOCl, KNO2, NO2, NO2 Cl, Ca(NO3)2

What oxidation numbers are shown by nitrogen in these compounds? (2013)

A 3, 4, 5, 6

B 2, 3, 4, 5

C 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

D 4, 5, 6

E 3, 4, 5

42 Which two of the following oxides would NOT give acidic solutions in water? (2015)

CO, CO2 , SO2 , NO

A NO and SO2

B NO and CO2

C CO and SO2

D CO and CO2

E CO and NO

26
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

43 8.0 g of copper oxide is reduced to 5.6 g of copper using hydrogen gas.

[relative atomic mass: Cu=64, O=16]

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

What is the yield of copper as a percentage of the theoretical maximum? (2011)

A 14.3%

B 43.9%

C 56.0%

D 70.0%

E 87.5%

44 Sodium chloride (relative molecular mass = 58.5) has a solubility of 36.0 g per 100 g of
water. The density of the solution is 1.13 g/ml. Which of the following calculations would
give the solubility in moles per litre? (2011)

A 36.0 x 10/58.5

B 36.0 x 1000/(58.5 x 1.13)

C 36.0 x 10 x 1.13/58.5

D 36.0 x 10 x 1.13/(58.5 x 136)

E 36.0 x 1000 x 1.13/(58.5 x 136)

27
45 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 x 1023 mol-1.

How many hydrogen atoms are there in 0.420 g of cyclohexane? (2012)

[Ar: H = 1; C = 12]

A 1.8 x 1023

B 1.8 x 1022

C 3.0 x 1021

D 3.0 x 1022

E 3.6 x 1022

46 Consider the following reactions.

C2 H5 Br + OH- → C2 H5OH + Br-

Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s)

Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Which one of the following types of reaction is NOT included in this list? (2012)

A substitution
B oxidation/reduction

C displacement

D precipitation

E elimination

28
47 The compound (CH3 )2 CHCH2 NH2 can be synthesised by the following route.

What types of reaction are used in stages 1, 2 and 3? (2013)

A 1=substitution; 2=addition; 3=reduction

B 1=substitution; 2=addition; 3=hydrolysis

C 1=addition; 2=substitution; 3=reduction

D 1=addition; 2=addition; 3=reduction

E 1=addition; 2=substitution; 3=hydrolysis

48 What value does c need to be so that the following equation can be balanced? (2013)

4KMnO4 + aH2 SO4 + 5C2 H5OH → 4MnSO4 + bK2SO4 + 5CH3 CO2 H + cH2 O

A 21

B 11

C 16

D 17

E 26

29
49 How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 3.0kg of ethane? (2013)

[relative atomic mass: H=1, C=12; Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 per mol]

A 3.6 × 1026

B 3.9 × 1026

C 6.0 × 1025

D 3.6 × 1023

E 6.0 × 1022

50 Excess lead (II) nitrate solution is added to 1.30 g of zinc powder and the mixture is
stirred. When the reaction is finished the lead formed is filtered, dried and weighed. It
has a mass of 3.31 g.

What is the percentage yield of the lead? (2014)

[Ar: Pb = 207; Zn = 65]

A 60%

B 70%

C 100%

D 90%

E 80%

30
51 The relative molecular mass of calcium carbonate is 100.

What is the minimum volume of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid that would be needed to
completely react with 2.0 g of calcium carbonate? (2014)

A 40 cm3

B 20 cm3

C 30 cm3

D 5 cm3

E 10 cm3

52 In the reaction C3 H7 Br + KOH → C3 H7 OH + KBr

24.6 g of 1-bromopropane reacts with excess potassium hydroxide to
produce 8.00 g of propan-1-ol.

M r : C3 H7 Br = 123

Ar : H = 1.0; C = 12.0; O = 16.0

What is the percentage yield of this reaction? (2015)

A 57.1%

B 93.0%

C 32.5%

D 33.3%

E 66.7%

31
53 Potassium nitrate was found to have a solubility of 120 g in 100 g of water at 80 °C
and 50 g in 100 g of water at 25 °C.

50 g of water was heated to 80 °C and solid potassium nitrate added until the solution
was just saturated.

The solution was then cooled to 25 °C when solid potassium nitrate separated out to
leave a saturated solution.

Using the information provided in this question, what is the minimum mass of water
that must now be added to the mixture of the solution and the solid in order to make
this solid potassium nitrate redissolve at 25 °C? (2015)

A 20 g

B 140 g

C 120 g

D 70 g

E 190 g

32
54 A sample of lithium was completely reacted with water. The equation for this reaction
is:

2Li(s) + 2H2 O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2 (g)

The aqueous lithium hydroxide solution formed has a concentration of 0.10 mol/L.

What is its concentration in g/L? (2016)

(Ar: Li = 7.0; O = 16.0; H = 1.0)

A 240

B 480

C 4.8

D 3.1

E 2.4

55 Which one of the following samples of gases contains the most particles? (2017)

All gases are at 0 °C and 1 atm pressure, when 1 mole of gas has a volume of 22.4 L.

[Relative atomic mass, Ar: H = 1, He = 4, C = 12, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]

A 33.6 L of chlorine gas

B 66.0 g of carbon dioxide gas

C 22.4 L of hydrogen gas

D 10.0 g of helium gas

E 64.0 g of oxygen gas

33
56 In an experiment involving the reaction shown below, 150 cm3 of F2 reacts with

100 cm3 of Cl2.

3F2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2ClF3 (g)

On completion of the reaction, what is the final gaseous volume at the same
temperature and pressure? (2017)

A 250 cm3

B 100 cm3

C 350 cm3

D 200 cm3

E 150 cm3

34
Solutions

57 Which of the following statements are correct about the solvent properties of water?(2011)

1. All ionic substances dissolve in water.

2. All covalent substances are insoluble in water.
3. The solubility of solids usually increases with a rise in temperature.

A 1 only

B 2 only

C 2 and 3 only

D none

E 3 only

35
58 A student carried out an experiment to find the rate of decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide into water and oxygen gas. The student used 100 cm3 of a 1M solution of
hydrogen peroxide at 25°C and 1 atm pressure.

1 g of powdered MnO2 as a catalyst was added and the solution was constantly

stirred. The student measured the total volume of oxygen produced.

The procedure was repeated, but this time using 100 cm3 of 2M hydrogen
peroxide, under identical conditions.

Which option below shows the effect on (R) the rate of reaction, (V) the total volume of
oxygen collected, by using the 2M solution compared to the 1M solution? (2014)

A R: Doubled; V: Halved

B R: No effect; V: Doubled

C R: No effect; V: No effect

D R: Doubled; V: Doubled

E R: Doubled; V: No effect

36
59 A mixture of methanol and ethanoic acid is left until equilibrium is reached. The
equation for this reaction is given below. (2016)

The amount of CH3 OH in this mixture at equilibrium can be increased by:

1 adding more water to the mixture

2 raising the temperature of the mixture

3 adding sodium hydroxide to the mixture

4 adding a catalyst to the mixture

A 2 and 4 only

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3 only

E 4 only

37
60 The solubility of potassium nitrate in water increases with temperature.

A saturated solution of potassium nitrate at 80 °C is cooled to 25 °C in a closed

container.

Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)

1. The mass of undissolved potassium nitrate will increase.

2. The concentration of the potassium nitrate solution remains the same.

3. The total mass of solvent present remains the same.

A 2 and 3 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 1 only

D 2 only

E 1, 2 and 3

61 Which one of the following substances has the highest solubility in the specified
liquid at a temperature of 298 K and 1 atm pressure? (2018)

A sodium chloride in liquid cyclohexane

B bromine in liquid hexane
C hydrogen in liquid water
D potassium bromide in liquid tetrachloromethane
E silicon dioxide in liquid water

38
62 When nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed under suitable conditions of temperature and
pressure, and in the presence of a catalyst, an equilibrium state is attained:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔH is negative

Which of the following statements explain(s) why, when the pressure on a mixture
of nitrogen and hydrogen is increased while the temperature remains constant, the
time taken to attain equilibrium is decreased? (2018)

1. The molecules have a higher collision frequency.

2. The yield of ammonia (NH3(g)) decreases.

3. A greater proportion of molecules in the mixture have energy greater than the
activation energy.

A 2 only

B 3 only

C 1 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

E 1 only

39
63 Consider the following reversible reaction at temperature T.

A + 2B ⇌ 2C + D

At equilibrium, there are 0.5 moles of A, 0.2 moles of B, 0.5 moles of C and 0.8 moles
of D, all in a vessel of volume V.

What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc , at this temperature? (2019)

A 0.1

B 2

C 10

D 4

E 0.25

64 What is the minimum mass of sulfur dioxide needed to make 500 mL of a

solution of concentration 3.0 mol / L? (2019)

[Ar values: O = 16; S = 32]

A 32 g

B 48 g

C 192 g

D 384 g

E 96 g

40
Oxidation and reduction

65 Which one of the following is not an oxidation/reduction reaction? (2011)

A 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2 FeCl3

B Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HClO

C KClO4 → KCl + 2O2

D NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl

E The electrolysis of sodium chloride solution

66 In the following reactions, which substances are acting as oxidising agents? (2012)

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

2Fe3+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + I2(aq)

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

A C(s), Fe3+(aq), H+(aq)

B C(s), Fe3+(aq), Mg(s)

C O2 (g), I-(aq), H+(aq)

D O2(g), Fe3+(aq), H+(aq)

E O2 (g), I-(aq), Mg(s)

41
67 A battery has lead plates dipped in sulfuric acid. When charged, the positive plate is
covered with PbO2. After discharge both plates are covered with PbSO4 .

Which option below correctly describes the overall change in the oxidation number of
the lead involved in the chemical reaction during discharge? (2014)

A Positive plate: 4 → 2; Negative plate: 2 → 0

B Positive plate: 4 → 2; Negative plate: 0 → 2

C Positive plate: 4 → 0; Negative plate: 0 → 2

D Positive plate: 4 → 1; Negative plate: 0 → 1

E Positive plate: 4 → 1; Negative plate: 1 → 0

68 Assume that the oxidation numbers are as shown below:

N = –3 H = +1 Cr = +6 O = –2

Which compound formula given below is correct? (2015)

A [ (NH4)2 CrO4 ] +

B NH4 Cr2 O7

C (NH4 )2 CrO4

D [ (NH4)3 CrO4 ] –

E (NH4 )3 CrO4

42
69 Five of the ions of vanadium are listed below:

1 VO 3 –

2 V 3+

3 V 2+

4 VO 2+

5 VO 2 +

Which two ions have vanadium in the same oxidation state? (2016)

A 2 and 5

B 1 and 5

C 3 and 4

D 4 and 5

E 1 and 3

43
70 In which one of the following reactions is the underlined species acting as an oxidising
agent? (2017)

71 Compounds of chlorine include:

Cl O KCl KClO KClO3 KClO 4 Cl O 7

Which one of the following options correctly lists the oxidation states of chlorine that
are shown in these compounds? (2018)

A –1, +1, +5 and +7 only

B –1, 0 and +1 only

C –1 only

D –1, 0, +1, +5 and +7 only

E –1, +1, +3, +5 and +7 only

44
72 Which of the following equations represent(s) a redox reaction? (2019)

1 4LiH + AlCl 3 → 3LiCl + LiAlH4

2 N2 O 3 + 3H2O → 2H3 O+ + 2NO2–

3 NH4 NO3 → 2H2 O + N2 O

A 3 only
B 1, 2 and 3
C 1 and 3 only
D 1 and 2 only
E 2 only

45
Acids and bases

73 Which one of the following is not an acid/base reaction? (2011)

+ -
A HNO3 + HClO4 → H2NO3 + ClO4

- +
B 2NH3 → NH2 + NH4

+ + +
C Al(H2O)63 + H2O → Al(H2O)5(OH)2 + H3O

-
D CH4 + H(SbF6) → CH5+ + SbF6

+ -
E FeCl3 + 6H2O → Fe(H2O)63 + 3Cl

74 What is the pH of 0.1 M HCl? (2014)

pH = - log10 [ H+ ]

A -0.1

B -1

C 0

D 0.1

E 1

46
75 How many of the following compounds are acidic, alkaline or amphoteric (react with both acids
and alkalis)? (2014)

Al2 O3 Cl2 O7 CO2 HCl H3 PO4 K2 O KOH

MgO Na2 O NO2 P4 O10 SiO2 SO2

A Acidic = 10; Amphoteric = 2; Alkaline = 4

B Acidic = 7; Amphoteric = 1; Alkaline = 5
C Acidic = 9; Amphoteric = 2; Alkaline = 2
D Acidic = 6; Amphoteric = 1; Alkaline = 6
E Acidic = 8; Amphoteric = 1; Alkaline = 4

76 Pure water self-ionises. This endothermic reaction is represented by the equation:

Which of the following statements is true for pure water between the temperatures of 0 °C and
100 °C? (2015)

1. The concentrations of H+(aq) and OH– (aq) are equal between 0 °C and 100 °C.
2. An increase in temperature causes the pH to fall.
3. An increase in temperature causes the electrical conductivity to decrease.

A 1 and 3 only

B 3 only

C 1 only

D 1 and 2 only

E 2 only

47
77 Which one of the following 0.01 M aqueous solutions has a pH > 7.0? (2015)

A AlBr3

B NaI

C NH4 Cl

D Na2 CO3

E CH3 CO2 H

78 Which of the following substances will form an alkaline solution when dissolved in water?
(2016)

1 Na2 CO3

2 NaCl

3 NaHSO4

A 1, 2 and 3

B 1 only

C 1 and 2 only

D 2 and 3 only

E 1 and 3 only

48
79 An aqueous solution of NaOH has a concentration of 0.01 mol/L. (2016)

Given the ionic product of water is Kw = [H+] [OH– ] = 10–14 mol2 /L2 (at 25°C) and that the

equation for pH is pH = – log10 [H+], calculate the pH of the NaOH solution at 25°C.

A 13

B 11

C 7

D 14

E 12

80 A solution of hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 1.0 mol / L. If 10 mL of this acid is added
to water and made up to a total volume of 1.0 L, what is the pH of the resulting solution?
(2017)

A 9

B 2

C 5

D 6

E 0

49
81 Consider this ionic equation in aqueous solution:

CH3 O – + H2 O → CH3 OH + OH–

Which statement about this reaction is correct? (2018)

A Water is acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base.

B The CH3 O– ion is a Lewis acid.

C The final mixture of solutions would have a pH below 7.

D CH3 OH is the conjugate acid of CH3O– .

E The hydroxide ion is the conjugate acid of the water.

82 A few drops of universal indicator solution were added to exactly 50 mL of sodium hydroxide
solution, NaOH, of concentration 1 mol / L. Exactly 50 mL of hydrochloric acid, HCl, of
concentration 1 mol / L, was added drop by drop to the sodium hydroxide solution containing
the universal indicator solution.

What colour changes would be observed as the hydrochloric acid was added? (2019)

A red → orange → yellow → green

B blue → red

C red → orange → yellow → green → blue → violet

D violet → blue → green

E violet → blue → green → yellow → orange → red

50
Fundamentals of organic chemistry

83 Which one of the following compounds can be made from ethanol using only a
substitution reaction? (2011)

A Ethene

B Ethanal

C Ethanoic acid

D Ethoxyethane

E Bromoethane

84 An aromatic compound consists of two benzene rings joined together. Which of the
following could be its formula? (2011)

1. C10H8 2. C10H10 3. C10H12 4. C12H10 5. C12H12

A 1 and 4

B 2 and 4

C 3 and 4

D 2 and 5

E 3 and 5

51
85 Which one of the following could NOT be the formula of an aldehyde? (2012)

A C6 H12O2

B C5 H10O2

C C5 H10O

D C5 H12O

E C6 H12O

86 Which rows of the table correctly describe the reactions of the aqueous acids with
amines and amides? (2012)

Amines Amides

ROW 1 Ethanoic acid reacts does not react

Row 2 Nitrous acid reacts reacts

Row 3 Sulphuric acid does not react hydrolyses

A Rows 2 and 3

B Rows 1 and 3

C None of the rows

D All of the rows

E Rows 1 and 2

52
87 Which of the following must be correct about organic isomers? (2013)

1. They have the same molecular formulae.

2. Their physical properties are very similar.
3. They have different structural formulae.

A 1 and 2 only

B 1, 2 and 3

C 2 and 3 only

D 1 only

E 1 and 3 only

88 The following are some compounds that can be made from ethene, C2 H4 :

C2 H6 , C2 H5 Br, C2 H5 OH, CH2 BrCH2 Br, -(CH2 CH2 )n -

Which one of the compounds is made by oxidising ethene? (2014)

A -(CH2 CH2 )n -

B C2 H5 Br

C C2 H5 OH

D CH2 BrCH2 Br

E C2 H6

53
89 The reaction scheme below shows some reaction conversions of organic molecules.

Which is the correct combination of process and compounds for this scheme? (2014)

A process T: reduction; compound W: ester; compound X: amide

B process T: reduction; compound W: ketone; compound X: nitrile

C process T: oxidation; compound W: ester; compound X: amide

D process T: reduction; compound W: ketone; compound X: amide

E process T: oxidation; compound W: ester; compound X: nitrile

90 0.75 g of a hydrocarbon compound contains 0.60 g of carbon.

(Ar : C = 12.0; H = 1.0)

Which one of the following could be the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon
compound? (2015)

A C3 H8

B C2 H4

C C2 H6

D CH4

E C2 H3

54
91 2,2 – dimethylpropane, C(CH3)4 , is an isomer of pentane, CH3(CH2 )3 CH3 .

Pentane has a boiling point of 36 °C whilst the boiling point of 2,2 – dimethylpropane is
10 °C.

Which statement below explains the difference in the boiling points for these two
substances? (2015)

A 2,2 – dimethylpropane has stronger intermolecular forces.

B The molecules have different relative molecular masses.

C Isomers have different chemical properties.

D Pentane has permanent dipoles.

E Longer chain, less branched molecules have stronger spontaneous/induced

dipoles.

92 What is the correct formula of propanal? (2015)

A CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

B CH3 CH2 OCH3

C CH3 COCH3

D CH3 CH2 CO2 H

E CH3 CH2 CHO

55
93 When propan-1-ol is burnt in excess oxygen the only products formed are carbon
dioxide and water.

In the balanced equation for this reaction what is the ratio of CO2 : H2 O molecules
formed? (2015)

A 4:7

B 3:8

C 2:7

D 3:4

E 5 : 12

56
94 The formula of a molecule is CH2 CHCH2 CH2 COCH2 CHO.

Which functional groups given below are present in the molecule? (2016)

1 alkene

2 alcohol

3 aldehyde

4 ketone

A 1, 3 and 4 only

B 2, 3 and 4 only

C 1 and 4 only

D 1, 2 and 3 only

E 3 and 4 only

95 How many unbranched straight chain molecules are there with the molecular formula
C4 H8 F2 , but with different structural formulas? (2016)

A 8

B 4

C 9

D 12

E 6

57
96 Which one of the following molecules is a structural isomer of methylcyclopentane?
(2017)

A hexane

B cyclohexene

C hex-2-ene

D 2,2-dimethylbutane

E 2-methylpentane

97 What is the molecular formula of the compound shown below? (2018)

A C6 H10

B C6 H12

C C6 H8

D C6 H6

E C6 H14

58
98 What is the correct IUPAC name of this compound? (2018)

A 3,3-dichloro-2,4-dimethylhexan-2-ol

B 3,3-chloro-2-ethyl-4-methylpentan-4-ol

C 3,3-dichloro-4-ethyl-2-methylpentan-2-ol

D 3,3-chloro-4-ethyl-2-methylpentan-2-ol

E 4,4-dichloro-3,5-dimethylhexan-5-ol

59
99 A compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

8 g of this compound contains 3 g of carbon and 1 g of hydrogen.

Which one of the following could be the molecular formula of the compound? (2019)

[Ar values: C = 12; H = 1; O = 16]

A CH2O

B C3 HO4

C C2 H8O

D C2 H4O

E CH4O

60
100 Which of the following pairs of structural formulae represent structural isomers?

1 CH3 CH2 OH and CH3OCH3

2 CH3 CH(CH3 )CH2 CH2 CH3 and CH3 CH2 CH2 CH(CH3)CH3

3 CH(OH)=CHCH2 OH and CH3CH2 COOH

A 2 only

B 1 only

C 1, 2 and 3

D 1 and 3 only

E 2 and 3 only

61
 ANSWERS

1 B 21 C
2 C 22 B
3 D 23 A
4 B 24 E
5 C 25 C
6 C 26 E
7 D 27 E
8 B 28 B
9 D 29 C
10 E 30 A
11 E 31 B
12 E 32 C
13 C 33 D
14 C 34 A
15 C 35 B
16 B 36 A
17 B 37 C
18 B 38 E
19 C 29 E
20 A 40 D

62
41 E 61 B
42 E 62 E
43 E 63 C
44 E 64 E
45 E 65 D
46 E 66 D
47 C 67 B
48 B 68 C
49 A 69 B
50 E 70 A
51 B 71 A
52 E 72 A
53 D 73 E
54 E 74 E
55 D 75 E
56 E 76 D
57 E 77 D
58 D 78 B
59 D 79 E
60 B 80 B

63
81 D
82 D
83 E
84 A
85 D
86 E
87 E
88 D
89 C
90 C
91 E
92 E
93 D
94 A
95 E
96 C
97 A
98 A
99 E
100 D

64