SCIENCE

COURSE STRUCTURE
 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Balanced chemical equation
Types of chemical reactions
Endothermic and exothermic reactions
Oxidation and reduction
Write the balanced chemical equation with the state symbols of the following reaction:

(a) Solution of Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble Barium
sulphate and the solution of Sodium chloride.
(b) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride and water.
Identify the type of chemical reaction in the following statement and define each of them:
a. Digestion of food in our body.
b. Rusting of iron.
c. Heating of manganese dioxide with aluminum powder.
d. The blue color of copper sulphate solution disappears when iron filings are added.
e. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium chloride and water.
Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in the following
reactions.

1. (i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)

2. (ii) CuO(s)+H2(g)→Cu(s)+H2O(l)
Identify the type of each of the following reactions.
Also write balanced chemical equation for each reaction.
(i) A reaction in which the reaction mixture becomes warm.
(ii) A reaction in which an insoluble substance is formed.
 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Neutralization
Concept of pH scale
Process of chlor-Alkali
Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogencarbonates
React with Acids
preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching
powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris
An excess of carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through lime water.
(a) Will the pH of lime water change? If yes, how? Explain your answer.
(b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
Aditi adds 1 mole of dilute hydrochloric acid to an aqueous solution of 1 mole of sodium carbonate.
(a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction that takes place.
(b) How will the colour of a red litmus and a blue litmus paper change when dipped in this mixture?
Explain why.
Explain the process of chlor-Alkali with diagram
How do metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids? Give their chemical
equations. Name the gas evolved during the reaction. What will happen when this gas is passed through
lime water?
(a) Write the common name of CaOCl₂. How is it prepared? Write the chemical equation of the
reaction involved in the process. Give any two uses of it.

(b) Write the chemical name of washing soda. How is it prepared? Give the relevant chemical
equations.
 METAL AND NON METALS
Properties of metals and non-metals
Reactivity series
Formation and properties of ionic compounds
Extraction of Metals
Corrosion and its prevention
Give an example of a metal which
(i) is a liquid at room temperature.
(ii) can be easily cut with a knife.
(iii) is the best conductor of heat.
(iv) is a poor conductor of heat.
Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the
chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4
Give four characteristics of ionic compounds.
(i) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in the middle of the activity series from
their carbonate ores.
(ii) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore?
Explain the various steps supported by chemical equations. Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic
refining of copper.
(i) Define corrosion.
(ii) What is corrosion of iron called?
(Ii) How will you recognise the corrosion of sliver?
(iv) Why corrosion of iron is a serious problem?
(v) How can we prevent corrosion of iron?
 CARBON COMPOUNDS
Covalent bonding in carbon compounds
Homologous series
Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing
functional groups(alcohol, alkanes, aldehydes)
difference between saturated hydro carbons and
unsaturated hydrocarbons
Chemical properties of carbon compounds
(combustion, substitution reaction)
Soaps and detergents
What are covalent compounds? Why are they different from ionic compounds? List their three
characteristic properties.
Consider the following organic compounds:

(i) Name the functional group present in their compounds.

(ії) Write the general formula for the compounds of this functional group.
(iii) State the relationship between these compounds and draw the structure
of any other compound having similar functional group.
Give reasons for the following:
(i) Element carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
(ii) Diamond has high melting point.
(iii) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity
What is an oxidizing agent? What happens when an oxidising agent is added to propanol? Explain with
the help of a chemical equation.
What is the difference between the chemical composition of soaps and detergents?
 LIFE PROCESSES

Basic concept of nutrition

Respiration
Transportation in Human Beings
Excretion in Human Beings
Represent the equation of photosynthesis. Explain the steps involved in photosynthesis. In which way are
the steps of photosynthesis different in desert plants?
(a) “Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in human beings”. Justify the
statement.
(b) Describe “blood circulation” in human beings.
Aerobic respiration requires intake of oxygen to breakdown food to release energy.
(a) Name the structures through which gaseous exchange takes place in plants and human beings.
(b) Name the structure that controls the size of the chest cavity in humans to facilitate exchange
of gases.
(c) What is the process by which gas exchange occurs in plants?
(d) Why is the process named in (c) not sufficient to carry oxygen throughout human body? How is
this complemented in humans to ensure that oxygen is carried to all parts of the body?
(e) Reactions in living systems can absorb heat or release heat. State whether the heat energy is
absorbed/ released during digestion. Also write the scientific term to denote the same
Explain the process of transport of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in a human body.
(a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.
 CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
Nervous system
reflex action
Plant hormones
Chemical co-ordination
animal hormones
State the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Draw its neat labelled diagram
and write two functions.
In the given diagram
(i) Name the parts labeled A, B and C.
(ii) Write the functions of A and C.
(iii) Reflex arcs have evolved in animals? Why?
Name the plant hormones responsible for the following:
(i) elongation of cells
(i) growth of stem
How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
 Name the gland and the hormone secreted by it in scary situations in human beings. List any two
responses shown by our body when this hormone is secreted into the blood.
 REPRODUCTION

Reproduction in plants
Reproduction in animals
Methods of family planning
Safe sex vs HIV/AIDS
(i) Draw a diagram showing germination of pollen on stigma of a flower and mark on it the
following
(a) Pollen grain (b) Pollen tube
(c) Stigma (d) Female germ-cell
(ii) State the significance of pollen tube.
(ili) Name the parts of flower that develop after fertilisation into:
(a) Seed (b) Fruit
Based on the given diagram answer the questions given below:
(a) Label the parts A, B, C and D
. (b) Name the hormone secreted by testis and mention its role.
(c) State the functions of B and C in the process of reproduction
Draw the diagram of female reproductive system and match and mark the following parts):
(a) Where block is created surgically to prevent fertilisation?
(b) Where Copper-T is inserted?
(c) Inside which condom can be placed?

(ii) Why do more and more people prefer to use condoms? What is the principle behind use of
condoms?
Vikas notices many campaigns aimed at raising awareness among the youth about a healthy
sexual life. Many government workers were educating adults about family planning and STDs, etc.
Now, please feel free to ask your questions.
(a) Name a contraceptive method that does not have side effects.
(b) List four points of significance of reproductive health in a society.
(c) Name any two areas related to reproductive health which have improved over the past 50
years in our country?
What is AIDS? Write precautions to prevent it.
 HEREDITY AND
EVOLUTION

Laws for inheritance of traits

Sex determination
Explain Mendel’s concept of heredity, by giving three points
What are chromosomes? Explain how in sexually reproducing organisms the number of chromosomes in
the progeny is maintained
"The sex of a newborn child is a matter of chance and none of the parents may be considered
responsible for it.” Justify this statement with the help of flow chart showing determination of sex of a
newborn
 LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
REFRACTION

Refraction through a glass slab

Images formed by spherical mirrors(Concave and convex)
Image formed by spherical lenses(concave and convex)
Lens formula(numerical)
Laws of refraction
refractive index
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass slab and mark angle of
refraction and the lateral shift suffered by the ray of light while passing through the slab.
(b) If the refractive index of glass for light going from air to glass is 3\2 , find the refractive
index of air for light going from glass to air
It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm.
(i)What should be the range of distance of an object placed in front of the mirror?
(ii)Will the image be smaller or larger than the object? Draw ray diagram to show the formation
of image in this case,
(iii)Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 6 cm in front of the mirror? Draw ray
diagram for this situation to justify your answer. Show the position of pole, principal focus and
the centre of curvature in the ray diagram
A 6 cm object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. The
distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm. Find the position, size and nature of the image formed,
using the lens formula
A student has three concave mirrors A, B and C of focal lengths 20 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm
respectively. For each concave mirror he performs the experiment of image formation for three
values of object distance of 30 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm. Giving reason answer the following:
(a)For the three object distances, identify the mirror which will form an image equal in size to
that of object. Find at least one value of object distance.
(b)Out of the three mirrors, identify the mirror which would be preferred to be used for shaving
purpose.
(c)For the mirror B, draw ray diagram for image formation for any two given values of object
distance.
Mention the types of mirrors used as
(i) rear view mirrors
(ii) shaving mirrors. List two reasons to justify your answer in each case.
(a) A converging lens forms a real and inverted image of an object at a distance of 100 cm from
it. Where should an object be placed in front of the lens, so that the size of the image is twice the
size of the object? Also, calculate the power of a lens.
(b) State laws of refraction.
Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The palmist used a special lens for this purpose.
(i) State the nature of the lens and reason for its use.
(ii) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens so as to have a real and magnified image of an
object?
(iii) If the focal length of this lens is 10 cm, the lens is held at a distance of 5 cm from the palm,
use lens formula to find the position and size of the image
 HUMAN EYE

Structure of human eye

defects of vision and their corrections
Dispersion of light
Scattering of light
Write the structure of eye lens and State one role of ciliary muscles in the human eye.
(a) A person is suffering from both myopia and hypermetropia.
(i) What kind of lenses can correct this defect?
(ii) How are these lenses prepared?
(b) A person needs a lens of power +3 D for correcting his near vision and -3 D for correcting his
distant vision. Calculate the focal lengths of the lenses required to correct these defects.
What is ‘dispersion of white light’? State its cause. Draw a ray diagram to show the dispersion of white
light by a glass prism.
What is Tyndall effect? What is the colour of the clear sky during day-time? Give reason for it
 EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Ohm’s Law
Resistance, Resistivity
Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of
resistors
Heating effect of electric current
Electric power
(i) State the relation correlating the electric current flowing in a conductor and the voltage
applied across it. Also draw a graph to show this relationship.

(il) Find the resistance of a conductor if the electric current flowing through it is 0.35 A when the
potential difference across it is 1.4 V.
Three resistors of 5Ω, 10Ω, and 15Ω are connected in series and the combination is connected to
battery of 30 V. Ammeter and voltmeter are connected in the circuit. Draw a circuit diagram to
connect all the devices in proper correct order. What is the current flowing and potential
difference across 10Ω resistance?
Which of them is suitable for heating elements of electrical appliances and why?
Q1. Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element does?
Q2. State a difference between the wire used in the element of an electric heater and in a fuse
wire.
Q3. Tungsten is used almost exclusively for filaments of electric bulb. List two reasons.
(i) State the law that explains the heating effect of current with respect to the measurable
properties in an electrical circuit.
(ii) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.
a) An electric bulb is rated at 200 V; 100 W. What is its resistance?
(b) Calculate the energy consumed by 3 such bulbs if they glow continuously for 10 hours for the
complete month of November.
(c) Calculate the total cost if the rate is 16.50 per unit.
 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF
CURRENT

Magnetic field, field lines

Field due to a current carrying conductor
Field due to a current carrying coil or solenoid
Force on current carrying conductor
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
Advantage of AC over DC
What are magnetic field lines? List two characteristic properties of these lines
It is established that an electric current through a conductor produces a magnetic field around
it. Is there a similar magnetic field produced around a thin beam of moving
(i) alpha particles, (ii) neutrons? Justify your answer in each case.
What is a solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of a current carrying solenoid and a bar
magnet. Also, list two distinguishing features between the two fields.
What is Fleming’s Left Hand Rule?
What are the advantage of AC over DC?
Mention the provision of two different current ratings in our domestic circuits. Explain with reason, the
advantage of such a provision.
 OUR ENVIRONMENT
Ozone depletion
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable
substances
What is Ozone layer and why is it depleting?
Define the following:
(a) Food chain
(b) Trophic level
(c) Producers
(d) Parasites
(e) Non-biodegradable substances