THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

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Objective

>To introduce the concept of ac machines.

>To understand the construction of induction motor.
>To understand the generation of rotating magnetic field.

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AC Machines

>The input/output is single-phase/three-phase ac voltage.

>AC Generator/Alternator – Mechanical energy input & Electrical energy
output.
>AC motor – Electrical energy input & Mechanical energy output.
>AC machines: Asynchronous, Synchronous.
>Asynchronous machine: the rotor speed is not equal to speed of rotating
magnetic field.
>Synchronous machine: rotor speed is equal to speed of rotating magnetic
field.
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Construction of Induction Motor

๕Two parts: Stator and Rotor.

๕Stator: stationary part of induction motor.
๕Rotor: rotating part of induction motor.
๕Airgap: between stator & rotor.
๕Rotor types: classified based on construction.
๕Squirrel cage rotor
๕Wound rotor / slip-ring rotor
๕No separate armature & field winding unlike in DC machine.
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Construction of Induction Motor

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Stator:

๕Stationary part of the motor.

๕Houses armature winding: three-phase, balanced, distributed winding.
๕Produces revolving magnetic field when energized from balanced
three-phase supply.
๕Three-phase: Three different circuits connected in star/delta.
๕Balanced: Windings are identical having equal resistance and reactances in all
phases.
๕Distributed: Coils of one-phase is distributed evenly covering inner
circumference of the stator.

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Rotor:

๕Rotating part of the motor.

๕Carries solid conductors shorted via end-rings(Squirrel-cage) or three-phase
balanced windings similar to stator shorted via slip-rings (wound rotor) type.
๕Identical in working principle but differs slightly in construction/characteristics.

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Rotating Magnetic Field:

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8/16/2024 9
 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD IN
INDUCTION MOTOR
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ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
Let φm be the maximum flux in any one of the phases, and φa, φb,
and φc be the flux produced by individual phases.
Flux in each phase varies as the current varies in sinusoidal fashion,
w.r.t. both time and space
The resultant flux is the vector sum of flux in all three phases.
Evaluating the resultant flux at four instants of a sinusoid, the behavior
of flux can be understood.

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 b

a 1200
1200
1200

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 φb φc

φr= 1.5φm

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 φa

φb
φr= 1.5φm

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 φr= 1.5φm
φc

φa

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 φr= 1.5φm

φc
φb

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ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
From the above analysis, the conclusion derived are as follows:
The magnitude of the resultant flux is constant equal to 1.5 φm.
The resultant flux is rotating in the air gap at the speed of 120f/P.
The speed of the rotating flux is termed as synchronous speed.

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HOW ROTOR ROTATES?
The rotating magnetic field in the airgap cuts the rotor conductors which is stationary.
Due to relative speed between rotating magnetic field and stationary rotor, an emf is
induced in rotor conductors governed by Faraday’s law.
The frequency of the induced emf is same as the supply frequency.
The magnitude of emf is proportional to the relative speed and the direction is given
by Fleming's right hand rule.
The rotor conductors forms a closed path, it circulates a current whose direction is
given by Lenz’s law. (cause: relative speed between stator flux and stationary rotor)
To reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of
the flux and to catch up the flux.
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SLIP
As the rotor speeds up to catch the rotating flux, it never succeeds.
If it succeeds, then the relative speed becomes zero and hence no emf, no current and
so no torque to maintain rotation.
Hence the rotor runs always at speed lesser than synchronous speed.
This deviation of rotor speed (Nr) from synchronous speed (Ns) is termed as slip
speed.
Conveniently slip is expressed as percentage of synchronous speed.
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟
∴ % 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑥 100
𝑁𝑠
Also, Nr = (1-s) Ns

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FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT
When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor emf is same as the supply
frequency.
When the rotor is rotating, the frequency is proportional to the relative speed or
slip speed.
At any slip speed, the rotor frequency be f’, then
120𝑓 ′ 120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟 = ; & 𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃 ′ 𝑃
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟 𝑓
= =s
𝑁𝑠 𝑓
∴ 𝑓 ′ = s𝑓

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 TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Similar to dc motor, the torque developed by induction motor is proportional to the product of flux per
stator pole, rotor current, and rotor power factor.
∴ 𝑇 ∝ ∅ 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 ; 𝑇 = 𝑘∅ 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2
Where k is a constant.
𝐼2 is rotor current at standstill
𝜑2 is angle between rotor emf and rotor current
The emf induced in rotor under standstill is proportional to the stator flux ∅
∴ 𝑇 ∝ 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2
𝑇 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2
To Note:
1. If the rotor is resistive, then the torque is always positive since rotor emf and current are always in phase.
2. If the rotor is inductive, then the current lags behind rotor emf and the torque will be bidirectional resulting in reduced torque.

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STARTING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Starting torque: torque developed at the instant of starting.
𝐸2 is rotor emf per phase at standstill
𝑅2 is rotor resistance per phase
𝑋2 is rotor reactance per phase at standstill
𝑍2 = 𝑅22 + 𝑋22 is rotor impedance per phase at standstill
𝐸2 𝐸2 𝑅2
𝐼2 =
𝑍2
= ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 = from impedance triangle
𝑅22 +𝑋22 𝑅22 +𝑋22

The starting torque is given by

𝐸2 𝑘1 𝐸22 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 . . = 2 2
2 2 2 2
𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝑅 2 + 𝑋2

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STARTING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
The starting torque is given by
𝐸2 𝑘1 𝐸22 𝑅2
𝑅2
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 . . = 2
2 2 2 2
𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝑅2 + 𝑋22
If supply voltage V is constant, then φ is constant and hence E2 is constant.
𝑘2 𝑅2
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 2 2 , where k2 is another constant.
𝑅2 +𝑋2
Let k1 = 3/2πNs
3 𝐸22 𝑅2
∴ 𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 + 𝑋22

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CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM STARTING
TORQUE
The condition for maximum starting torque is given by
𝑑𝑇𝑠𝑡
=0
𝑑𝑅2

∴ 𝑅2 = 𝑋2

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 ROTOR TYPES & POWER STAGES IN
INDUCTION MOTOR
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OBJECTIVES
To understand various rotor types of induction motor.
To understand the torque production based on rotor construction.
To understand power stages in induction motor

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SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

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SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

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SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR – FEATURES
Advantages:
Simple and rugged in construction.
Less/no maintenance required.
Less initial cost and operating cost.
Due to absences of brushes & commutation, employed in hazardous/explosive
environment like in mines, oil mills etc.
Good dynamic response.
Good speed regulation.
Good efficiency.
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SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR – FEATURES
Disadvantages:
Starting torque cannot be varied as there is no provision to add external
resistance.
High starting current and poor starting torque.
Sensitive to supply voltage variations.
Poor speed control.

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SLIP RING/WOUND ROTOR

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SLIP RING/WOUND ROTOR

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WOUND ROTOR – FEATURES
Advantages:
Addition of external resistance regulates torque and/or speed.
Better controllability and speed regulation.
High starting torque when compared to squirrel cage motor.

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WOUND ROTOR – FEATURES
Disadvantages:
It costs high and also needs maintenance.
Poor efficiency compared to squirrel cage rotor.
Poor power factor.
Construction is complicated.
Copper loss is more.

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STARTING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
The starting torque is given by
𝐸2 𝑘1 𝐸22 𝑅2
𝑅2
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 = 𝑘1 𝐸2 . . = 2
2 2 2 2
𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝑅2 + 𝑋22
If supply voltage V is constant, then φ is constant and hence E2 is constant.
𝑘2 𝑅2
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 2 2 , where k2 is another constant.
𝑅2 +𝑋2
Let k1 = 3/2πNs
3 𝐸22 𝑅2
∴ 𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 + 𝑋22

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RUNNING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Under running condition, the emf and reactance must be evaluated based on its value under standstill
condition.
E2 = rotor induced emf at standstill
X2 = 2πf2 L2, rotor reactance at standstill
Under running condition, since the induced emf is proportional to the relative speed, we have
Er = sE2 rotor induced emf under running
fr = sfs frequency of rotor induced emf under running condition.
Xr = 2sfsL2 = sX2
We know that torque is given by
𝑇 ∝ ∅ 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 ;
𝑇 ∝ 𝐸𝑟 𝐼𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟
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 RUNNING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
We know that torque is given by
𝑇 ∝ ∅ 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 ;
𝑇 ∝ 𝐸𝑟 𝐼𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟
𝑍𝑟 = 𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2 is rotor impedance per phase at running
𝐸𝑟 𝐸𝑟 𝑅2
𝐼𝑟 =
𝑍𝑟
= ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 = from impedance triangle
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2

The running torque is given by

𝐸𝑟 𝑘1 𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑇 = 𝑘1 𝐸𝑟 𝐼𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 = 𝑘1 𝐸𝑟 . . = 2
𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2 𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2 𝑅2 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2

3 𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2
∴𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2
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 RUNNING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR
3 𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2
∴𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2
The condition for maximum torque is obtained by differentiating ‘T’ with respect to ‘s’ and equating to zero.
𝑑𝑇
=0
𝑑𝑠
The condition for maximum torque is then, R2 = sX2.
Hence the maximum torque is given by,
3 𝐸22
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑠𝑋2

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POWER STAGES ON INDUCTION MOTOR

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 STARTING METHODS OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
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OBJECTIVES
To understand need for starter in IM.
To classify starters and its suitability to various types of IM.
To understand the working principle of various starters for IM.

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NEED FOR STARTER
▪When started directly from supply mains, IM will draw a current much
higher than its rated current (nearly 7times).
▪This high current will cause voltage drop in the supply mains affecting
the other connected loads.
▪Also high starting/inrush currents will affect the windings of the motor
without any considerable increase in starting torque.

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 LINE STARTING OF IM
Rotor input = 2πNsT
Rotor Cu loss = s x rotor input = s x kT = 3I2 2R Taking the ratio,
2 2
s x kT = 3I2 2R 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑠𝑡
2 from which, = 𝑠𝑓
𝐼22 𝐼12
𝑇𝑓 𝐼𝑓
𝑇∝ ∝ since I1 and I2 are proportional When starting from direct mains, the
𝑠 𝑠
𝐼12 current will be short circuit current, let us
𝑇= 𝐾 assume, Isn = 7If, with sf=4%, then the
𝑠
At starting, s=1; 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝐼12 starting torque is
𝐼𝑓2 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 1.96 𝑥 𝑇𝑓
At full-load, s=sf; 𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾
𝑠𝑓

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STARTING METHODS FOR IM
▪Squirrel cage motors
▪Primary resistors/reactors
▪Auto-transformer starters
▪Star-delta starter
▪Slip-ring motors
▪Rotor resistance starter

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PRIMARY RESISTANCE STARTER

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PRIMARY RESISTANCE STARTER
Reduced voltage is applied to the stator by connecting series resistance.
This limits the starting current by a factor ‘x’ and starting torque by ‘x2’.
It improves power factor of the line slightly.
Effective for smooth starting of small power machines.
For large machines, it incurs additional power loss in the resistance.
2
𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑥 𝐼𝑠𝑡
= 𝑠𝑓
𝑇𝑓 𝐼𝑓

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AUTO-TRANSFORMER STARTER

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AUTO-TRANSFORMER STARTER
Suited for both star and delta connected motors.
At the time of starting, AT is included and provides reduced voltage to the stator.
As the motor picks up the speed, the switch is moved from start to run position
connecting motor directly to the supply mains.
AT is bye-passed in run position.
Provision for no-voltage and overload protection.
The volume of copper required is more, hence it is less economical.
The size of the AT makes it bulkier.
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STAR-DELTA STARTER

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STAR-DELTA STARTER
It is a reconfiguring switch.
During starting, it connects the windings in star. Hence the voltage/phase is
reduced by (1/√3) times the supply voltage.
When motor attains certain speed, say 80% of synchronous speed, the windings
are connected in delta applying rated voltage to the stator.
Widely used with IM.
Cheap and effective method where starting torque requirement is not to exceed
1.5 times the full-load torque.

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ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER

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ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER
▪Started with full voltage applied to the stator.
▪The starting current is limited by adding resistance included to rotor through
slip rings.
▪Starting resistance is star connected and is disconnected in steps as the motor
gains speed.
▪Increase in rotor resistance limits starting current, improves rotor power factor
and hence starting torque.
▪The starter provides interlocking between line contactor and starter preventing
the closure of stator contactor unless the starter is ‘all in’.
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 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
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OBJECTIVES
To understand the aspects of speed control in IM.
To identify the factors governing the speed of induction motor.
To understand various techniques of speed control for IM.

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SPEED – TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF IM

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CONCEPT OF SPEED CONTROL IN IM
The synchronous speed of induction motor is given by
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = in rpm
𝑃
The actual rotor speed is given by 𝑁 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠 in rpm.
From the above equations, it is clear that the speed (N) is dependent on ‘s’ and ‘Ns’ and in
turn Ns depends on supply frequency(f) and no. of poles (P) in stator.
There is no explicit expression that relates the speed of induction motor and the machine
parameters as in DC motor.
The key variables that can control the speed are supply frequency, no. of poles, and slip.

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VARIATION IN SUPPLY FREQUENCY (F)
In a distribution network, the frequency of supply voltage is constant always.
The change in frequency, alters the synchronous speed in direct proportion.
The variation in synchronous speed, in turn regulates rotor speed.
Varying supply frequency is not easier and it involves costlier equipment to vary the
frequency.
Varying frequency results in the following:
Increase in frequency saturates the magnetic circuits of IM and increases the magnetic loss.
Decrease in frequency results in reduction in flux and hence it reduces the torque developed by the
IM.
Hence care should be taken while regulating the speed by means of frequency control.
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SPEED CONTROL BY VARYING POLES (P)
In this method the no. of stator poles are modified in the design stage itself.
This is achieved by housing multi-layer winding in the stator (one layer wound for P1-poles
and another for P2).
This method is cost ineffective as it requires more copper resulting in more weight and
volume.
Despite only two speeds are possible corresponding to the no. of poles.
The method is most ineffective as it increases cost, weigh and volume of IM for step control
in speed.
Practically this method cannot be used unless it is planned at the design stage of IM.

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BY VARYING SLIP OF THE INDUCTION
MOTOR
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
Slip ‘s’ is defined as 𝑠 =
𝑁𝑠
𝑅2
Alternatively, in terms of machine variables, 𝑠 = , where R2 – rotor resistance; X2 –
𝑋2
rotor standstill reactance
Hence slip can be varied either by varying R2 or X2.
Varying X2 results in poor power factor and it requires bulk reactors.
Varying R2 results in better torque, power factor and speed control but it increases losses.
This method is suited only for wound rotor type IM but not in squirrel cage type.

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BY VARYING ROTOR RESISTANCE:

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V/F CONTROL:
From the voltage equation of the stator, we have
𝐸1 = 4.44 𝑓𝜑𝑁1 𝑘𝑤
𝐸1 𝑉1
From the above equation we observe that 𝜑 ∝ = , where V1 is the voltage
𝑓 𝑓
applied to the stator.
The variation of frequency results in variation in flux, resulting in increase in losses and
reduction in torque.
𝑉1
This can be overcome by maintaining the flux constant by maintaining the ratio
𝑓
constant.
This method is universally known as V/f control and can be applied to both rotor types.

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V/F CONTROL:
In this method, both stator voltage and frequency is varied simultaneously to maintain the
flux constant.
For the speed range below rated speed, both V and f are varied simultaneously to keep
𝜑 constant.
For the speed range above rated speed, V is fixed at rated voltage and only frequency is
increased.
This results in decrease in flux, and hence the maximum torque developed is reduced. This is called
field weakening mode.
The stator voltage is held constant at rated value due to limitations imposed by winding and slot
insulations.
This method is very widely used in all practical applications due to smooth transition,
continuous control, energy efficient, wide range of operating speed etc.
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V/F CONTROL:

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VOLTAGE CONTROL:
In this method, the terminal voltage applied to the stator is varied.
Since the supply frequency is constant, the synchronous speed is not altered.
Variation in terminal voltage results in varying torque and hence the speed.
The terminal voltage cannot be increased beyond the rated value due to winding
insulations.
The reduction in terminal voltage results in speeds less than rated speed with increased
stator current for same load.
This method is simple and commonly used in speed control of SCIM.

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VOLTAGE CONTROL:

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
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OBJECTIVES
To derive the equivalent circuit of stator of IM.
To derive the equivalent circuit of Rotor of IM.
To derive exact equivalent circuit of IM referred to stator.

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
• In this derivation, only machines with symmetric polyphase windings excited by balanced
polyphase voltages are considered.

• As in many other discussions of polyphase devices, it is helpful to think of three-phase

machines as being Y-connected, so that currents are always line values and voltages always
line-to-neutral values.

• In this case, we can derive the equivalent circuit for one phase, with the understanding that the
voltages and currents in the remaining phases can be found simply by an appropriate phase

shift of those of the phase under study ( ±120° in the case of a three-phase machine).

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STATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
•First, consider conditions in the stator. The synchronously-rotating air-gap flux wave generates
balanced polyphase counter emfs in the phases of the stator. The stator terminal voltage differs from the
counter emf by the voltage drop in the stator leakage impedance,

Figure 1: Stator equivalent circuit for a polyphase

induction motor

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STATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

(1)

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 (1)

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▪In a transformer where the turns ratio and the secondary parameters are known,
this can be done by referring the secondary impedance to the primary by
multiplying it by the square of the primary-to-secondary turns ratio. The
resultant equivalent circuit is perfectly general from the point of view of
primary quantities.
▪Similarly, in the case of a polyphase induction motor, if the rotor were to be
replaced by an equivalent rotor with a polyphase winding with the same number
of phases and turns as the stator but producing the same mmf and air gap flux as
the actual rotor, the performance as seen from the stator terminals would be
unchanged.
▪This concept, which we will adopt here, is especially useful in modeling
squirrel-cage rotors for which the identity of the rotor "phase windings" is in no
way obvious.

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The rotor of an induction machine is short-circuited, and hence the impedance seen by induced voltage is
simply the rotor short-circuit impedance. Consequently, the relation between the slip-frequency leakage

impedance Z2s of the equivalent rotor and the slip-frequency leakage impedance Zrotor of the actual rotor

must be

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▪Having taken care of the effects of the stator-to-rotor turns ratio, we next must take into account the
relative motion between the stator and the rotor with the objective of replacing the actual rotor and its slip-
frequency voltages and currents with an equivalent stationary rotor with stator-frequency voltages and
currents. Consider first the slip-frequency leakage impedance of the referred rotor.

(1)

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ROTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

(2)

Figure 2: Rotor equivalent circuit for a polyphase

induction motor at slip frequency.

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ROTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

(2)

(3)

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 (4)

Dividing (4) by (3) gives, (5)

(6)

We have achieved our objective. Z2 is the impedance of the equivalent stationary rotor which appears
across the load terminals of the stator equivalent circuit.

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SINGLE-PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR A POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

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 CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
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OBJECTIVES
To understand the concept of circle diagram.
To apply circle diagram for evaluating the parameters of IM.
To apply circle diagram for computing the performance of IM.

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BASIC SERIES RL CIRCUIT
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑋
𝐼= = = 𝑥
𝑍 𝑅 2 +𝑋 2 𝑋 𝑅 2 +𝑋 2
𝑉
∴𝐼= sin 𝜑
𝑋

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SERIES RL CIRCUIT
Equation of a circle in polar coordinates, A = (V/X) sin φ c.
The resultant current has a its trajectory on the circle whose diameter is (V/X), at a power
factor angle . V

The voltage is taken along vertical axis.

The diameter is taken along horizontal axis.
φ
I

V/X

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF IM
The equivalent circuit of IM is similar to the basic RL circuit discussed previously.
I1 = stator current = phasor sum of Io and I2’
Io = no-load stator current
I2’ = rotor current referred to stator
X01 = equivalent reactance referred to stator
R01 = equivalent resistance referred to stator
X0 = Magnetizing reactance
R0 = Resistance corresponding to no-load loss
s = slip of the induction motor
The current I2’ will lie on the circle of diameter (V/Xo1).

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BASICS OF CIRCLE DIAGRAM
E

B
I1
A
I2’
φ2
φs O’
φ0 C’
I0
O V/X01 C

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DATA REQUIRED TO COMPUTE CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
No-load test
Stator Cu loss
Stator core loss
Loss due to windage and friction
Blocked rotor test
Short circuit current with normal applied voltage
Power factor on short circuit
Total leakage reactance (X01) referred to stator
Total resistance (R01) of motor referred to stator
Stator resistance test
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FROM NO-LOAD TEST
No-load copper loss = 3Io2R1
Stator core loss WCL = 3GoV2
Windage and friction losses
𝑊0
No-load power factor cos 𝜑0 =
3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑜

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FROM BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Short circuit current with normal voltage ISN = Isc x V/Vsc
𝑊𝑠𝑐
Power factor on short circuit cos 𝜑𝑠𝑐 =
3𝑉𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐
Under short circuit, the motor input consists of mainly stator and rotor
cu loss, and negligible core loss (since the voltage is very less).
Total Cu loss = 3Isc2R01 = Wsc - Wcl
Motor impedance referred to primary Z01 = Vsc/Isc
2 2
X01 = 𝑍01 − 𝑅01
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PROCEDURE FOR PLOTTING CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
Step1: Assume suitable current scale and voltage scale say 1A = 1cm.
Step2: From no-load test, place the vector Io at an angle φ0 w.r.t.
voltage axis.
Step3: Project vector OA, making an angle φsc with the magnitude of
ISN.in dotted line. Join vector O’A, representing rotor current I2’ referred
to stator.

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CIRCLE DIAGRAM

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