Lab Manual / Semester -

Computer Science and Engineering Department, Hirasugar Institute of Technology

Overview

Year / Semester II Year Academic Year 2023-24

Laboratory Title Technical Writing Using LaTex Laboratory Code BCSL456D
Total Contact Hours 0:0:2:0 Duration of SEE 3 Hours
IA Marks 50 SEE Marks 50
Lab Manual Author Prof. Sapna B Patil Sign - Date
Checked By Dr. K. B. Manwade Sign - Date

Objectives

 To introduce the basic syntax and semantics of the LaTeX scripting language
 To understand the presentation of tables and figures in the document
 To illustrate the LaTeX syntax to represent the theorems and mathematical equations
 To make use of the libraries (Tikz, algorithm) to design the diagram and algorithms in the document

Description

LaTeX is a typesetting system commonly used for creating documents with complex formatting requirements,
particularly in academic and technical fields. Unlike word processors, LaTeX focuses on content structure and
automation, allowing users to generate consistent and professional-looking documents with precise control over
layout, mathematical notation, citations, and cross-referencing. It uses plain text files with markup commands
to specify document structure and formatting, offering high-quality output in various formats such as PDF.
LaTeX is widely used for writing research papers, theses, reports, presentations, and even books, providing a
powerful tool for producing polished documents efficiently.

1.0 Learning Objectives

1. Understanding LaTeX Basics: Learn the fundamental concepts of LaTeX, including document structure,
commands, and syntax.
2. Document Formatting: Gain proficiency in formatting documents using LaTeX, including text styling,
sectioning, and page layout.
3. Mathematical Typesetting: Master the techniques for typesetting mathematical equations, symbols, and
expressions in LaTeX.
4. Graphics and Tables: Learn how to include graphics, diagrams, and tables in LaTeX documents, and
customize their appearance.
5. Cross-Referencing and Citations: Understand how to create and manage cross-references to figures,
tables, equations, and sections, as well as how to handle citations and bibliographies.
6. Code Listings: Learn how to include code listings with syntax highlighting in LaTeX documents, suitable
for programming examples and algorithms.
7. Customization and Packages: Explore advanced LaTeX features and packages for customizing document
styles, incorporating additional functionality, and meeting specific formatting requirements.
8. Collaborative Editing and Version Control: Gain familiarity with tools and techniques for collaborative
editing of LaTeX documents and version control using platforms like Overleaf or Git.
9. Troubleshooting and Error Handling: Develop skills in identifying and resolving common errors and
issues encountered while working with LaTeX documents.
10. Project Management: Learn effective project management strategies for organizing and structuring LaTeX
documents, including workflow management and document versioning.

2.0 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

● Apply basic LaTeX command to develop simple document
● Develop LaTeX script to present the tables and figures in the document

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● Illustrate LaTeX script to present theorems and mathematical equations in the document
● Develop programs to generate the complete report with citations and a bibliography
● Illustrate the use of Tikz and algorithm libraries to design graphics and algorithms in the
document

Prerequisites

1. Basic Computer Skills: Participants should have a basic understanding of using a computer, including file
management, text editing, and navigating through folders.
2. Familiarity with Text Editors: It's beneficial for participants to be familiar with text editors such as
Notepad, Sublime Text, or Visual Studio Code, as LaTeX documents are created using plain text files.
3. Understanding of Document Structure: A basic understanding of document structure, including sections,
paragraphs, and headings, will help participants grasp LaTeX concepts more easily.
4. Mathematical Knowledge: While not strictly necessary, a basic understanding of mathematical notation
and concepts will be helpful, especially when learning how to typeset mathematical equations in LaTeX.

Base Course

1. Introduction to LaTeX: Provide an overview of what LaTeXis, its advantages, and its applications in
academic and technical writing.
2. Setting UpLaTeX Environment: Guide participants through the process of installing LaTeX distribution
such as TeX Live or MiKTeX on their operating system.
3. Creating a Basic Document: Introduce the basic structure of a LaTeX document, including the preamble,
document class, and document body. Participants will learn how to create a simple LaTeX document and
compile it into a PDF.
4. Text Formatting: Cover text formatting commands such as font styles (e.g., bold, italic), font sizes,
alignment, and line spacing.
5. Document Structure: Explain how to structure a LaTeX document using sections, subsections, and
paragraphs. Participants will learn how to create a table of contents and customize its appearance.
6. Mathematical Typesetting: Dive into mathematical typesetting with LaTeX, covering mathematical
environments, symbols, equations, and matrices.
7. Graphics and Figures: Teach participants how to include graphics, figures, and diagrams in LaTeX
documents using the graphicx package.
8. Tables and Lists: Explore how to create tables and lists in LaTeX, including customization options for
formatting and styling.
9. Cross-Referencing: Introduce cross-referencing in LaTeX for creating links to figures, tables, equations,
and sections within the document.
10. Citations and Bibliographies: Cover techniques for managing citations and generating bibliographies using
BibTeX or BibLaTeX.

Introduction

LaTeX, which is pronounced «Lah-tech» or «Lay-tech» (to rhyme with «blech» or «Bertolt Brecht»), is a
document preparation system for high-quality typesetting. It is most often used for medium-to-large technical or
scientific documents but it can be used for almost any form of publishing.LaTeX is not a word processor!
Instead, LaTeX encourages authors not to worry too much about the appearance of their documents but to
concentrate on getting the right content.

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Resources Required

1. Computers: Each participant should have access to a computer or laptop with internet connectivity.
2. LaTeX Distribution: Ensure that each participant has access to a LaTeX distribution installed on their
computer. Common distributions include TeX Live, MiKTeX, and MacTeX.
3.Text Editor: Participants will need a text editor to write LaTeX code. Popular options include TeXworks,
TeXShop, Overleaf, Visual Studio Code with LaTeX Workshop extension, and ShareLaTeX.
4. Internet Access: Access to the internet is essential for downloading LaTeX distributions, accessing online
documentation and resources, and troubleshooting issues.

General Instructions

1. Student should be punctual to the Lab

2. Required to prepare the Lab report every week
3. Required to maintain the Lab record properly
4. Should use the resources properly Student should be punctual to the Lab
5. Required to prepare the Lab report every week
6. Required to maintain the Lab record properly
7. Should use the resources properly

CONTENTS

Date Date
Sl.No Experiments
Planned Conducted
1 Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple document that consists of 2
sections [Section1, Section2], and a paragraph with dummy text in each
section. And also include header [title of document] and footer [institute
name,page number] in the document.
2 Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that displays the sample
Abstract/Summary
3 Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple title page of the VTU project
Report[Use suitable Logos and text formatting]
4 Develop a LaTeX script to create the Certificate Page of the Report[Use
suitable commands to leave the blank spaces for user entry]
5 S.No USN Student Marks
Name Subject1 Subject2 Subject3
1 4XX22XX001 Name1 89 60 90
2 4XX22XX002 Name2 78 45 98
3 4XX22XX003 Name3 67 55 59
Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that contains the following table
with proper labels.

6 Develop a LaTeX script to include the side-by-side Graphics / pictures /figures

in the document by using the subgraph concept
7 Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that consists of the following two
mathe maticale quations

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8 Develop a LaTeX script to demonstrate the presentation of Numbered

theorems, definitions, corollaries,and lemmas in the document
9 Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that consists of two paragraphs
with a minimum of 10 citations in it and display the reference in the section
10 Develop a LaTeX script to design a simple tree diagram or hierarchical
structure in the document with appropriate labels using the Tikz library
11 Develop a LaTeX script to present an algorithm in the document using
algorithm/algorithmic/algorithm2elibrary
12 Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple report and article by using suitable
commands and formats of user choice.

Evaluation Scheme
Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)
The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam (SEE) is 50%. The
minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum marks (20 marks out of 50) and for the SEE
minimum passing mark is 35% of the maximum marks (18 out of 50 marks). A student shall be deemed to have
satisfied the academic requirements and earned the credits allotted to each subject/ course if the student secures
a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of 100) in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation) and SEE
(Semester End Examination) taken together

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)

CIE marks for the practical course are 50 Marks.
The split-up of CIE marks for record/ journal and test are in the ratio 60:40.
 Each experiment is to be evaluated for conduction with an observation sheet and record write-up.
Rubrics for the evaluation of the journal/write-up for hardware/software experiments are designed by
the faculty who is handling the laboratory session and are made known to students at the beginning of
the practical session.
 Record should contain all the specified experiments in the syllabus and each experiment write-up will
be evaluated for 10 marks.
 Total marks scored by the students are scaled down to 30 marks (60% of maximum marks).
 Weightage to be given for neatness and submission of record/write-up on time.
 Department shall conduct a test of 100 marks after the completion of all the experiments listed in the
syllabus.
 In a test, test write-up, conduction of experiment, acceptable result, and procedural knowledge will

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carry a weightage of 60% and the rest 40% for viva-voce.

 The suitable rubrics can be designed to evaluate each student’s performance and learning ability.
 The marks scored shall be scaled down to 20 marks (40% of the maximum marks). The Sum of scaled-
down marks scored in the report write-up/journal and marks of a test is the total CIE marks scored by
the student.

Semester End Evaluation (SEE)

 SEE marks for the practical course are 50 Marks.
 SEE shall be conducted jointly by the two examiners of the same institute, examiners are appointed by
the Head of the Institute.
 The examination schedule and names of examiners are informed to the university before the conduction
of the examination. These practical examinations are to be conducted between the schedule mentioned
in the academic calendar of the University.
 All laboratory experiments are to be included for practical examination.
 (Rubrics) Breakup of marks and the instructions printed on the cover page of the answer script to be
strictly adhered to by the examiners. OR based on the course requirement evaluation rubrics shall be
decided jointly by examiners.
 Students can pick one question (experiment) from the questions lot prepared by the examiners @#
16032024 jointly.
 Evaluation of test write-up/ conduction procedure and result/viva will be conducted jointly by
examiners.
 General rubrics suggested for SEE are mentioned here, writeup-20%, Conduction procedure and result
in -60%, Viva-voce 20% of maximum marks. SEE for practical shall be evaluated for 100 marks and
scored marks shall be scaled down to 50 marks (however, based on course type, rubrics shall be
decided by the examiners)
 Change of experiment is allowed only once and 15% of Marks allotted to the procedure part are to be
made zero. The minimum duration of SEE is 02 hours

Reference

 BOOK: A Short Introduction to LaTeX BY FIRUZA KARMALI (AIBARA), A book for beginners,
2019
 BOOK: Formatting Information: A Beginner's Introduction to Typesetting with LaTeX, BY PETER
FLYNN, Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (2005)
 LaTeX TUTORIAL: [https://latex-tutorial.com/tutorials/]
 LaTeX TUTORIAL: [https://www.javatpoint.com/latex]

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

01.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple document that consists of 2 sections [Section1, Section2],
and a paragraph with dummy text in each section. And also include header [title of document] and
footer[institute name, page number] in the document.

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{article}: This line specifies the document class as article, which is suitable for simple
documents.
 \usepackage{fancyhdr}: This package is used to customize headers and footers.
 \pagestyle{fancy}: Sets the page style to use fancyhdr.
 \title{Title of Document}, \author{}, \date{}: Specifies the title, author, and date of the document (left
empty in this example).
 \maketitle: Generates the title based on \title, \author, and \date.
 \section{Section 1}, \section{Section 2}: Create the sections with their respective titles.
 Dummy text paragraphs follow each section, which can be replaced with actual content.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\begin{document}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{}
\fancyfoot{}
\fancyhead[C]{The Latex Lab 1}
\fancyfoot[L]{Hirasugar Institute of Technology}
\fancyfoot[R]{Page No. \thepage}
\section{First Section}
First document. This is a simple example, with no
extra parameters or packages included.
\section{Second Section}
First document. This is a simple example, with no
extra parameters or packages included.
\end{document}

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1.4 Results & Analysis

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A simple document that consists of 2 sections [Section1, Section2], and a paragraph with dummy text in each
section. And also include header [title of document] and footer [institute name, page number] in the document
has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

02.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that displays the sample Abstract/Summary

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{article}: This line specifies the document class as article, which is suitable for simple
documents.
 \begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract}: Defines the abstract section. The abstract provides a brief summary
of the document's main points.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}
\begin{abstract}

This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the

document. A brief introduction about the main subject.

\end{abstract}
\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

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1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

LaTeX script to create a document that displays the sample Abstract/Summary has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

03.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple title page of the VTU project Report[Use suitable Logos
and text formatting]

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

Document Class and Packages:

 \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{report}: Defines the document as a report with A4 paper size and 12pt
font size.
 \usepackage{graphicx}: Enables inclusion of images (for logos).
 \usepackage{geometry}: Used to customize page margins.

Title Page Environment:

 \begin{titlepage} and \end{titlepage}: These commands enclose content that will appear only on the
title page.

Title Page Content:

 \vspace*{1cm}: Adds vertical space at the top.
 \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{logo.jpg}: Inserts the VTU logo (adjust the filename and scale
as necessary).
 \textbf{\LARGE Project Report Title}: Displays the main title of the project report in bold and large
font size.
 \textbf{\Large Subtitle (if applicable)}: Provides a subtitle in bold and large font size.
 Author information, including name, USN (University Seat Number), department, college, city, and
state.
 \vfill: Inserts vertical space, pushing content to the bottom of the page.
 Footer text indicating submission details.
 \textbf{\today}: Prints the current date (you can replace \today with a specific date if needed).

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper, total={6in, 8in}]{geometry}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{xcolor}

\begin{document}

\begin{titlepage}
\centering
{\large\bfseries VISVESVARAYA TECCHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY \par}
{\large\bfseriesJnanasangama, Belagavi -- 590018 \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{logo.jpg}\par\vspace{0.5cm}
{\Large A Project Report \vspace{0.5cm}\par}

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{\Large On \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\huge\bfseries\ "Title of Your Project" \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\normalsize Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree\par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\Large\bfseries BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\Large\bfseries IN \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\Large\bfseries COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\Large Submitted By \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\Large\itshape\bfseries Name: USN: \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\bfseries\normalsize\textit{ DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING}
\par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\normalsize HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\normalsize NIDASOSHI -- 591236 \par\vspace{0.5cm}}
{\normalsize 2023-24 }
\end{titlepage}
\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

\
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1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

LaTeX script to create a simple title page of the VTU project Report [Use suitable Logos and text
formatting] has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

04.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create the Certificate Page of the Report [Use suitable commands to leave
the blank spaces for user entry]

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}: Defines the document class with paper size and font size.
 \usepackage[top=2.5cm, bottom=2.5cm, left=2.5cm, right=2.5cm]{geometry}: Adjusts page margins;
you can customize these values as needed.
 \begin{titlepage} and \end{titlepage}: Enclose the content of the certificate within these commands to
create a separate title page.
 \vspace{}: Adds vertical space between lines and paragraphs.
 \Huge, \Large: Font size commands for the title and headings.
 \textbf{}: Makes text bold.
 \underline{\hspace{}}: Creates an underline with blank horizontal space for the user to write
information.
 Replace \underline{\hspace{9.7cm}} with the recipient's name.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage[paperheight=20cm,paperwidth=14cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx} %LaTeX package to import graphics
\graphicspath{{Pictures/}} %configuring the graphicx package

\begin{document}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyfoot{}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}% To remove the header line
\begin{center}
\textcolor{red}{S.J.P.N Trust's}\break
\textcolor{blue}{Hirasugar Institute of Technolofgy, Nidasoshi}\break
\textit{\textcolor{red}{Inculcating Values, Promoting Prosperity}}\break
\textcolor{brown}{Accredited at "A" Grade by NAAC}\break
\textcolor{red}{Programmes Accredited by NBA : CSE and ECE}

\hfill\break
\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{Logo.jpg}\par\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\hfill\break

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\textbf{\textit{Department of Computer Science and Engineering}}

\Huge{\bfseries{\textit{\textsl{\textcolor{red}{CERTIFICATE }}}}}
\end{center}

\vspace{10mm}
\hfill \break
\underline {\hspace{9.7cm}}
\vspace{1mm}
\hfill \break
has successfully completed 16 Weeks of internship program from February 2023 to June 2023 at Cybersena
India Private Limited, Belagavi. He has trained on ‘Cyber Security.
\vspace{16mm}
\hfill \break

\bfseries{\hspace{0.2cm}$\overline{\mbox{Course Coordinator}}$ \hspace{3cm}$\overline{\mbox{HOD}}$}

\hfill \break

\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

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1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

LaTeX script to create the Certificate Page of the Report [Use suitable commands to leave the blank spaces for
user entry] has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

05.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that contains the following table with proper labels.

S.No USN StudentName Marks

Subject1 Subject2 Subject3
1 4XX22XX001 Name1 89 60 90
2 4XX22XX002 Name2 78 45 98
3 4XX22XX003 Name3 67 55 59

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \title{Student Marks List}: Sets the title of the document.

 \maketitle: Generates the title based on \title and \date.
 \begin{table}[h!] and \end{table}: Encloses the table environment.
 \centering: Centers the table horizontally within the page.
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} and \hline: Define a table with 6 columns, each centered (c) and with
vertical lines (|) separating them. \hline draws horizontal lines.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper, total={8in, 8in}]{geometry}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{15pt}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}

\begin{document}
\title{Student Marks List}
\date{}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\large\textbf\maketitle
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline

\large\textbf{S.No}&\large\textbf{USN}&\large\textbf{Student Name}&
\multicolumn{3}{c|}{\large\textbf{Marks}} \\
\cline{4-6} &&&\large\textbf{Subject1}&\large\textbf{Subject2}&\large\
textbf{Subject3}\\
\hline
1&4XX22XX001 &Name 1&89&60&90\\
\hline
2&4XX22XX002&Name 2&78&45&98\\
\hline
3&4XX22XX003&Name 3&67&55&59\\
\hline

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\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

LaTeX script to create a document that contains the following table with proper labels has been developed.

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

06.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to include the side-by-side graphics/pictures/figures in the document by
using the subgraph concept

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \begin{figure}[h] ... \end{figure}: Encloses the figure environment. [h]specifies that LaTeX should
try to place the figure "here" (if possible) or at the top of the page.
 \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.4\textwidth} ... \end{subfigure}: Defines each subfigure. [b] aligns the
subfigure at the bottom, and 0.4\textwidth specifies that each subfigure should occupy 40% of the text
width.
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image1.png}: Inserts the image image1.png and scales it to fit the
width of the subfigure.
 \caption{Caption for Image 1}: Adds a caption below each subfigure.
 \label{fig:sub1}: Provides a label for cross-referencing the subfigure within the document.
 \hfill: Adds horizontal space between the subfigures, making them appear side by side.
 \caption{Main Caption for the Figure}: Adds a main caption above the entire figure,
which encompasses both subfigures.
 \label{fig:main}: Labels the entire figure for cross-referencing purposes.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{logo}
\caption{Caption for Image 1}
\label{fig:Logo}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Logo}
\caption{Caption for Image 2}
\label{fig:Logo}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Main Caption for Both Images}
\label{fig:main}
\end{figure}

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\end{document}
1.4 Results & Analysis

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A Develop a LaTeX script to include the side-by-side graphics/pictures/figures in the document by using the
subgraph concept has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

07.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that consists of the following two mathematical
equations

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{article}: Specifies the document class as an article.

 \usepackage{amsmath}: Loads the amsmath package, which provides enhanced functionality for
typesetting mathematical formulas.
 \begin{document} and \end{document}: Enclose the document content.
 \title{ Equations in LaTeX}, \maketitle: Sets the title of the document and generates it using \maketitle.
 \section*{Equations}: Creates a section heading for the equations without numbering.
\begin{fleqn} and \end{fleqn}: These commands create an environment where equations are left-
aligned instead of center-aligned.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath,nccmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}

\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Equations in LaTeX}}
\end{center}

\section*{Equation 1}

\begin{fleqn}
\[
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}
\]

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\[
= \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{2^{2}-4*(1)*(-8)}}{2*1}
\]

\[
= \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{4+32}}{2}
\]
\end{fleqn}

\section*{Equation 2}

\begin{fleqn}
\[
\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}A_{t} = \sum_{\pi \in C_{t}} sgn(\pi)\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}\varphi^{\lambda}_{\
pi}
\]

\[
= \sum_{\tau \in C_{\sigma t}} sgn(\sigma^{- 1}\tau\sigma)\varphi^{\lambda}_{\
sigma}\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma^{-1}\tau\sigma}
\]

\[
= A_{\sigma t} \varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}
\]

\end{fleqn}
\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

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1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A LaTeX script to create a document that consists of the following two mathematical equations has been
developed.

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

08.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to demonstrate the presentation of Numbered theorems, definitions,
corollaries,and lemmas in the document

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{article}: Specifies the document class as an article.

 \usepackage{amsthm}: Loads the amsthm package, which provides theorem-like environments.
 \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]: Defines a new theorem environment named theorem. The
optional argument [section] ensures theorems are numbered within sections.
 \newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}, \newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary},
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}: Defines environments for definitions, corollaries, and
lemmas, all sharing numbering with theorems ([theorem]).
 \begin{document} and \end{document}: Enclose the document content.
 \title, \maketitle: Sets the title and author information for the document and generates the title using
\maketitle.
 \section{Introduction}: Starts a new section in the document.
 \begin{theorem} ... \end{theorem}, \begin{definition} ... \end{definition}, etc.: These commands
create environments for presenting theorems, definitions, corollaries, and lemmas with automatic
numbering.
 \begin{proof} ... \end{proof}: Provides a proof environment with optional title ([Proof of the
Theorem], [Proof of the Lemma]).

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{amsthm}

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section]

\begin{document}
\section{Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries and lemmas}
Theorems can easily be defined:

\begin{theorem}
Let \(f\) be a function whose derivative exists in every point, then \(f\) is
a continuous function.
\end{theorem}

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\begin{theorem}[Pythagorean theorem]

\label{pythagorean}
This is a theorem about right triangles and can be summarised in the next
equation
\[ x^2 + y^2 = z^2 \]
\end{theorem}

And a consequence of theorem \ref{pythagorean} is the statement in the next

corollary.

\begin{corollary}

There's no right rectangle whose sides measure 3cm, 4cm, and 6cm.

\end{corollary}

You can reference theorems such as \ref{pythagorean} when a label is assigned.

\begin{lemma}

Given two line segments whose lengths are \(a\) and \(b\) respectively there is a
real number \(r\) such that \(b=ra\).

\end{lemma}

\begin{definition}[Absolute value function]

The absolute value function can be specified as a two-part definition as follows: \\

$
|x| =
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
x& \mbox{if } x \geq 0 \\
-x & \mbox{if } x < 0
\end{array}
\right.
$

\end{definition}

\end{document}

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1.4 Results & Analysis

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A LaTeX script to demonstrate the presentation of Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries,and lemmas in
the document has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Computer Science and Engineering Department, Hirasugar Institute of Technology

Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

09.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that consists of two paragraphs with a minimum
of 10citations in it and display the reference in the section

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 First, create a file named references.bib in the same directory as your main LaTeX document. This file
will contain your bibliography entries in BibTeX format. Here's an example references.bib file with
some entries
 create a LaTeX document (document.tex) and include your paragraphs with citations
 \documentclass{article}, \usepackage{cite}, \usepackage{lipsum}: These commands set up the
document class, load the cite package for managing citations, and load lipsum for generating
placeholder text.
 \begin{document} and \end{document}: Enclose the document content.
 \title, \author, \date, \maketitle: Sets the title and author information for the document and generates the
title using \maketitle.
 \section{Introduction}: Starts a new section for your content.
 \lipsum[1] and \lipsum[2]: Generates placeholder paragraphs (\lipsum commands) for demonstration
purposes. Replace these with your actual content.
 \section{References}: Creates a section heading for the references.
 \bibliographystyle{plain}: Specifies the bibliography style (here, plain style). Choose a style that suits
your requirements.
 \bibliography{references}: Includes the bibliography file references.bib, which contains your references
in BibTeX format. The filename is specified without the .bib extension.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

Reference.bib:
@ARTICLE{oilindustry,
author={Ngoenriang, Napat and Turner, Stephen John and Niyato, Dusit and Supittayapornpong, Sucha},
journal={IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
title={Joint UAV-Placement and Data Delivery in Aerial Inspection under Uncertainties}, year={2021},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1-1},
doi={10.1109/JIOT.2021.3113713}}

@ARTICLE{uavservice,
author={Qu, Yuben and Dai, Haipeng and Wang, Haichao and Dong, Chao and Wu, Fan and Guo, Song and
Wu, Qihui}, journal={IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
title={Service Provisioning for UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing},
year={2021},
volume={39},
number={11},
pages={3287-3305},

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doi={10.1109/JSAC.2021.3088660}
}

@misc{cplex,
author = {IBM},
title = {IBM CPLEX Optimizer},
howpublished = "\url{https://www.ibm.com/in-en/analytics/cplex-optimizer}",
year = {2021},
note = "[Online; accessed 3-Feb-2022]"
}

@misc{rsome,
author = {NSU},
title = {RSOME},
howpublished = "\url{https://xiongpengnus.github.io/rsome/}",
year = {2021},
note = "[Online; accessed 3-Feb-2022]"
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{hardtoshare,
author={He, Ting and Khamfroush, Hana and Wang, Shiqiang and La Porta, Tom and Stein, Sebastian},
booktitle={IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)},
title={It's Hard to Share: Joint Service Placement and Request Scheduling in Edge Clouds with Sharable and
Non-Sharable Resources}, year={2018},
volume={},
number={},
pages={365-375},
doi={10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00044}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{multicell,
author={Poularakis, Konstantinos and Llorca, Jaime and Tulino, Antonia M. and Taylor, Ian and Tassiulas,
Leandros},
booktitle={IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)},
title={Joint Service Placement and Request Routing in Multi-cell Mobile Edge Computing Networks},
year={2019},
volume={},
number={},
pages={10-18},
doi={10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737385}
}

@ARTICLE{bandwidth,
author={Poularakis, Konstantinos and Llorca, Jaime and Tulino, Antonia M. and Taylor, Ian},
journal={IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
title={Service Placement and Request Routing in MEC Networks With Storage, Computation, and
Communication Constraints},
year={2020},

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volume={28},
number={3},
pages={1047-1060},
doi={10.1109/TNET.2020.2980175}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{dataintensive,
author={Farhadi, Vajiheh and Mehmeti, Fidan and He, Ting and Porta, Tom La and Khamfroush, Hana and
Wang, Shiqiang and Chan, Kevin S},
booktitle={IEEE Conference on Computer Communications(INFOCOM)},
title={Service Placement and Request Scheduling for Data-intensive Applications in Edge Clouds},
year={2019},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1279-1287},
doi={10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737368}
}

@ARTICLE{resource,
author={Ahmed, Shakil and Chowdhury, MostafaZaman and Sabuj, SaifurRahman and Alam, MdImtiajul and
Jang, Yeong Min}, journal={IEEE Access}, title={Energy-Efficient UAV Relaying Robust Resource
Allocation in Uncertain Adversarial Networks}, year={2021}, volume={9}, number={}, pages={59920-
59934}, doi={10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3073015}}

@ARTICLE{resource2, author={Yang, Zhaohui and Pan, Cunhua and Wang, Kezhi and Shikh-Bahaei,
Mohammad}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications}, title={Energy Efficient Resource
Allocation in UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing Networks}, year={2019}, volume={18}, number={9},
pages={4576-4589}, doi={10.1109/TWC.2019.2927313}}

@ARTICLE{offload, author={Apostolopoulos, PavlosAthanasios and Fragkos, Georgios and Tsiropoulou,

EiriniEleni and Papavassiliou, Symeon}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing}, title={Data
Offloading in UAV-assisted Multi-access Edge Computing Systems under Resource Uncertainty},
year={2021}, volume={}, number={}, pages={1-1}, doi={10.1109/TMC.2021.3069911}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{offload2, author={Zhou, Fuhui and Wu, Yongpeng and Sun, Haijian and Chu, Zheng},
booktitle={2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)}, title={UAV-Enabled Mobile
Edge Computing: Offloading Optimization and Trajectory Design}, year={2018}, volume={}, number={},
pages={1-6}, doi={10.1109/ICC.2018.8422277}}

@ARTICLE{trajectory, author={Wang, Kai and Zhang, Xiao and Duan, Lingjie and Tie, Jun},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing}, title={Multi-UAV Cooperative Trajectory for Servicing
Dynamic Demands and Charging Battery}, year={2021}, volume={}, number={}, pages={1-1},
doi={10.1109/TMC.2021.3110299}}

@article{edgeuncertainty,
author = {Xu, Xiaolong and Cao, Hao and Geng, Qingfan and Liu, Xihua and Dai, Fei and Wang, Chuanjian},

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title = {Dynamic resource provisioning for workflow scheduling under uncertainty in edge computing
environment},
journal = {Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience},
volume = {n/a},
number = {n/a},
pages = {e5674},
keywords = {edge computing, SDN, uncertainty, workflow scheduling},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5674}
}

@ARTICLE{edgeuav, author={Qu, Yuben and Dai, Haipeng and Wang, Haichao and Dong, Chao and Wu,
Fan and Guo, Song and Wu, Qihui}, journal={IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
title={Service Provisioning for UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing}, year={2021}, volume={39},
number={11}, pages={3287-3305}, doi={10.1109/JSAC.2021.3088660}}

@inproceedings{mobility,
title={UAV 3D Mobility Model Oriented to Dynamic and Uncertain Environment},
author={Na Wang and Nan Di and Fei Dai and Fangxin Liu},
booktitle={ICA3PP},
year={2018}
}

@ARTICLE{robust, author={Li, Bo and He, Qiang and Cui, Guangming and Xia, Xiaoyu and Chen, Feifei
and Jin, Hai and Yang, Yun}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Services Computing}, title={READ:
Robustness-oriented Edge Application Deployment in Edge Computing Environment}, year={2020},
volume={}, number={}, pages={1-1}, doi={10.1109/TSC.2020.3015316}}

Main.tex:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{References Demo}}
\end{center}

\section{Introduction}
%\section{Related Work}

For disaster management, uncertainty handling is the main key problem. But, in Joint Service deployment and
Requests Allocation~(JSR) domain, research work mainly uses the approaches such as deterministic
optimization \cite{hardtoshare, multicell, bandwidth}, Lyapunov optimization \cite{dataintensive}, stochastic
optimization, replication of services to achieve high reliability, and forecasting of user requests using machine
learning without considering uncertainty. In deterministic optimization \cite{edgeuav}, request demand is
known before the run. However, in online optimization, time is divided into slots and performs optimization per
slot basis, which does not consider uncertain demand. Even if we used any probability distribution to model
demand, it does not provide the correct model/pattern to define the uncertain data \cite{edgeuncertainty}. Using
a replication approach to achieve high availability also incurs extra resource cost \cite{robust}. Using the
forecasting method also, we can not predict the impact of uncertain events on the requests, which may lead to
under-provisioning/over-provisioning resources to process the required tasks \cite{rsome}.

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\section{Experiment Setup and Performance Parameters}

To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, we will simulate the scenario for an urban site
affected by any natural calamity \cite{oilindustry}. To implement optimization models, we will use the IBM
Cplex Optimizer tool \cite{cplex}.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\bibliography{ref}
\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

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1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A LaTeX script to create a document that consists of two paragraphs with a minimum of 10citations in it
and display the reference in the section has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Computer Science and Engineering Department, Hirasugar Institute of Technology

Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

10.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to design a simple tree diagram or hierarchical structure in the document
withappropriate labels using the Tikz library

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{article}: Specifies the document class.

 \usepackage{tikz}: Loads the tikz package for creating graphics.
 \begin{document} and \end{document}: Enclose the document content.
 \title, \author, \date, \maketitle: Sets the title and author information for the document and generates the
title using \maketitle.
 \begin{figure}[h] ... \end{figure}: Creates a figure environment with options [h] (here, h for "here" and
t for "top").
 \begin{tikzpicture} ... \end{tikzpicture}: Initiates a tikzpicture environment for drawing graphics.
 [sibling distance=5cm]: Sets the distance between sibling nodes in the tree.
 every node/.style = {...}: Defines the style for every node in the tree, specifying its shape, rounded
corners, draw properties, alignment, and color.
 \node {Main Topic} ...: Defines the root node of the tree with label "Main Topic".
 child { node {Subtopic 1} ... }: Adds child nodes under "Main Topic" labeled as "Subtopic 1" and
"Subtopic 2".
 child { node {Sub-subtopic 1.1} }: Adds further child nodes under "Subtopic 1".

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Hierarchy of Linux distributions}}
\end{center}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture} [every node/.style = {shape=rectangle, rounded corners, draw, align=center}]
\path [draw,thick,-]
node (root)[red] {GNU/Linux}
[sibling distance=45mm, level distance=25mm]
child {node [cyan] {Debian}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [cyan] {Ubuntu} }
child { node [cyan] {Linux Mint} }
% child { node {Elementary} }

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}
child {node [magenta] {RedHat}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [magenta] {Fedora} }
child { node [magenta] {OpenSuse} }
}
child {node [blue] {Arch}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [blue]{Manjaro} }
child { node [blue]{EndeavourOS} }
};

\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{GNU/Linux Operating System Family}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A LaTeX script to design a simple tree diagram or hierarchical structure in the document withappropriate
labels using the Tikz library has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

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Computer Science and Engineering Department, Hirasugar Institute of Technology

Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

11.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to present an algorithm in the document using algorithm /algorithmic/
algorithm2e library

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{article}: This specifies the document class as an article.

 \usepackage[linesnumbered,ruled,vlined]{algorithm2e}: This imports the algorithm2e package with options
to number the lines, display lines with rules, and use vertical lines.
 \begin{document} and \end{document}: These mark the beginning and end of the document content.
 \SetAlgoLined: This command sets the style of the algorithm lines with a line at the end of each.
 \KwData{$i \gets 10$}: Specifies the input data where iii is initialized to 10.
 \KwResult{Updated value of $i$}: Describes the output of the algorithm.
 \eIf{$i \geq 5$}{ ... }{ ... }: Begins an if-else statement. If iii is greater than or equal to 5, it decrements iii
by 1; otherwise, it checks another condition.
 \If{$i \leq 3$}{ ... }: Inside the else block of the first conditional, if iii is less than or equal to 3, it
increments iii by 2.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[linesnumbered,ruled,vlined]{algorithm2e}

\begin{document}

\section{Example Algorithm}

Here is an example algorithm using the \texttt{algorithm2e} package:

\begin{algorithm}[H]
\SetAlgoLined
\KwData{$i \gets 10$}
\KwResult{Updated value of $i$}
\eIf{$i \geq 5$}{
$i \gets i - 1$\;
}{
\If{$i \leq 3$}{
$i \gets i + 2$\;
}
}
\caption{Example Algorithm}
\end{algorithm}

\end{document}

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1.4 Results & Analysis

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A LaTeX script to present an algorithm in the document using algorithm/algorithmic/algorithm2e library has been
developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE

Page 35
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Computer Science and Engineering Department, Hirasugar Institute of Technology

Experiments

1.0 Experiment

Experiment No Date Planed Date Conducted Marks

12.

1.1 Learning Objectives

TITLE: Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple report and article by using suitable commands and formats of
user choice.

1.2 Theory / Hypothesis

 \documentclass{report}: Defines the document class as report.

 \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}: Allows the use of Unicode characters in the document.
 \usepackage{amsmath}: Enhances the mathematical typesetting capabilities.
 \usepackage{graphicx}: Provides support for including graphics in the document.
 \usepackage{hyperref}: Makes references and URLs clickable within the PDF.
 \title{Simple Report}, \author{Your Name}, \date{\today}: Sets the title, author, and date for the
document.
 \maketitle: Generates the title, author, and date based on the information provided.
 \begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract}: Defines the abstract section where you summarize the report's
content briefly.
 \tableofcontents: Generates the table of contents based on the sections and chapters defined later.
 \chapter{Introduction} through \chapter{Conclusion}: Each \chapter command starts a new chapter
with the specified title.
 \begin{thebibliography}{9} ... \end{thebibliography}: Defines the bibliography environment where
you list your references. The number 9 sets the maximum width of the label in the bibliography (adjust
if you have more than 9 items).
 \bibitem{latex} ... \bibitem{example}: Each \bibitem command represents a reference. Replace the
placeholder details with your actual references.

1.3 Procedure / Program / Activity

\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % To handle Unicode characters
\usepackage{amsmath} % Enhanced math environment
\usepackage{graphicx} % Enhanced support for graphics
\usepackage{hyperref} % For hyperlinks within the document

\title{Simple Report}
\author{Your Name}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is a brief abstract of the report. It provides a concise summary of the report's content.
\end{abstract}

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\tableofcontents

\chapter{Introduction}
This is the introduction to the report. Here you provide an overview of the report's topic.

\chapter{Literature Review}
In this chapter, you review the existing literature related to your report's topic.

\chapter{Methodology}
This chapter describes the methods and procedures used in the research or study.

\chapter{Results}
Here, you present the results of your research or study.

\chapter{Discussion}
In this chapter, you discuss the implications of your results and how they relate to the literature review.

\chapter{Conclusion}
This is the conclusion of the report. Summarize the main findings and suggest possible future research
directions.

\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{latex}
Leslie Lamport.
\textit{LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}.
Addison-Wesley, 1994.

\bibitem{example}
Author.
\textit{Example Book}.
Publisher, Year.
\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

1.4 Results & Analysis

Page 37
Simple Report

Your Name

July 1, 2024
 Abstract

This is a brief abstract of the report. It provides a concise summary of the

report’s content.
Contents

1 Introduction 2

2 Literature Review 3

3 Methodology 4

4 5

5 Discussion 6

6 7

1
Chapter 1

Introduction

This is the introduction to the report. Here you provide an overview of the
report’s topic.

2
Chapter 2

Literature Review

In this chapter, you review the existing literature related to your report’s topic.

3
Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter describes the methods and procedures used in the research or
study.

4
Chapter 4

Results

Here, you present the results of your research or study.

5
Chapter 5

Discussion

In this chapter, you discuss the implications of your results and how they relate
to the literature review.

6
Chapter 6

Conclusion

This is the conclusion of the report. Summarize the main findings and suggest
possible future research directions.

7
Bibliography

[1] Leslie Lamport. LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. Addison-Wesley,

1994.
[2] Author. Example Book. Publisher, Year.

8
 Lab Manual / Semester - 4th Computer Science and Engineering Department, Hirasugar Instit

1.5 Outcome & Conclusion

A LaTeX script of simple report has been developed

1.6 Remarks

FACULTY SIGNATURE