Summary for Chapter 1

CE-316
LEC: PERFORMANCE INNOVATIVE TASK
HYDRAULICS
"Hydraulics be the quiet force that giveth life unto ideas, turning the
unseen flow of water into the steadfast strength that doth propel progress."
Submitted By :
__________________________________
Submitted To:
ENGR. JEANLOVE MAE LONGAKIT, RMP, MEP
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering College of
Engineering and Architecture
CE-316_HYDRAULICS
MIDTERM-SY 2024-2025 LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER 1 - “ PROPERTIES OF FLUID”

1.) MASS DENSITY
-refers to how much mass is contained in a given volume of fluid. It is a
measure of how closely packed the molecules are within the fluid.
For Liquid: For Gas:
Note: T should be in °K
°K = °C + 273
2.) SPECIFIC VOLUME

-is the property of a fluid that describes the amount of space or volume
occupied by a unit mass of the substance.
Formula:
3.) SPECIFIC WEIGHT

-also known as Unit Weight or weight density, is a measure of the weight
of a substance per unit volume.
Formula:
4.) SPECIFIC GRAVITY

-also known as Relative Density, is a measure of how dense a substance
compared to the density of a reference substance or fluid (typically
water).
For Liquid: For Gas:
1
CE-316_HYDRAULICS
Note: for liquid and solids, the reference density is water at 4°C
unless stated in the problem
5.) VISCOSITY
-is a property of fluids that describes its resistance to flow. It
determines how easily a fluid can flow or be deformed when subjected
to an external force or sheer stress.
5.1.) DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

-is also called Absolute Viscosity. This type of viscosity measures the
internal resistance of a fluid to shear or flow when subjected to a force.
It’s typically denoted by the Greek letter “μ” (mu) and is measured in
units like Pascal-seconds (Pa-s) or Poise (P)
Formula:
5.2.) KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

-is the ratio of Dynamic Viscosity to the density of fluid. It is always
represented by the symbol “ν” (Nu) and is measured in units like square
meters per second (m²/s) or Stokes (st).
Formula:
6.) SURFACE TENSION

-denoted by Greek letter “σ” (Sigma) is a property of liquid that
describes the tendency of their surface to resist external forces and
minimize its area. It’s what causes the surface of a liquid to behave
somewhat like a stretched, elastic membrane.
Formula:
2
CE-316_HYDRAULICS
7.) COMPRESSIBILITY
-denoted by the Greek letter “β” (Beta), is a property of fluids that
describes how much their volume changes in response to changes in
pressure. It quantifies a fluid’s ability to be compressed or its tendency
to decrease in volume when subjected to an increase in pressure.
Formula:
7.1) BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

-often simply referred as the bulk modulus, is a material property that
describes how resistant a substance is to changes in volume when
subjected to changes in pressure.
Formula:
CAPILLARITY
-also known as Capillary Action or Capillary Rise, is a phenomenon in
which liquids move upward (or downward) in a narrow tubes or channels
against the force of gravity.
Formula:
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES
-This refers to changes in pressure within the fluid. Various factors can
cause these disturbances and can have significant effects on the
behavior of fluid such as Sound waves, Hydrodynamics, Turbulence and
Shockwaves. Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves.
Formula:
3
CE-316_HYDRAULICS
PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS

Ideal Gas - is a theoretical concept in the field of thermodynamics and
physics that serves as a simplified model for the behavior of gases
under certain conditions. This model is based on a set of idealized
assumptions that make mathematical calculations and predictions more
manageable.
Formula:
Boyle’s Law - "At constant temperature, the pressure (P) of a given

amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (V). In
mathematical terms, when the temperature and the amount of gas are
held constant, the product of pressure and volume is constant."
Formula:
Charles's Law - "At constant temperature, the pressure (P) of a given

amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (V). In
mathematical terms, when the temperature and the amount of gas are
held constant, the product of pressure and volume is constant."
Formula:
Isentropic Condition - there is no net transfer of heat (adiabatic) into or

out of the system, and the process is reversible, meaning it can be
reversed without producing any entropy change.
Formula:

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CE-316

LEC: PERFORMANCE INNOVATIVE TASK

CHAPTER 1 - “ PROPERTIES OF FLUID”

2.) SPECIFIC VOLUME

3.) SPECIFIC WEIGHT

4.) SPECIFIC GRAVITY

5.1.) DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

5.2.) KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

6.) SURFACE TENSION

7.1) BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS

Boyle’s Law - "At constant temperature, the pressure (P) of a given

Charles's Law - "At constant temperature, the pressure (P) of a given

Isentropic Condition - there is no net transfer of heat (adiabatic) into or

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