E#1 If a single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier has a purely resistive load R and

the delay angle α=π/2, determine a) the converter efficiency, b) ripple factor, and c)
the PIV of the thyristor.

a) At α=π/2

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 37

 b) Ripple factor

c) PIV of the thyristor

E#2 Home work: For the previous example, draw a) the output voltage, b) the load
current, and c) the voltage a cross the thyristor.

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 38

 Single-phase full converter (highly inductive load)

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 39

The average value of output voltage

Therefore, Changing the firing angle from 0 to π/2, the output voltage varies from
2Vm/π to 0. The rms value of output voltage

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 40

 Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
 Three-phase rectifiers provide higher average output voltage compared to the
single-phase rectifier.

 The frequency of output voltage ripples in a three-phase rectifier is higher

compared to the single-phase rectifier. Thus, the three-phase rectifier requires a
smaller filter with a lower cost.

 Three-phase rectifiers are extensively used in high-power industrial applications

including variable-speed motor drives.

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 41

 3-Phase Half Wave Converter

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 42

42
 Vector Diagram of 3 Phase Supply Voltages
VCN

0
120
0 VAN vRN = v AN
120

120
0 vYN = vBN
vBN = vCN
VBN
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 43
43
 vRN = van = Vm sin ω t ;
Vm = Max. Phase Voltage
 2π 
vYN = vbn = Vm sin  ω t − 
 3 
= Vm sin (ω t − 120 0
)
 2π 
vBN = vcn = Vm sin  ω t + 
 3 
= Vm sin (ω t + 1200 )
= Vm sin (ω t − 240 0
)
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 44
44
 van vbn vcn van

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 45

45
Each thyristor conducts for 2π/3 (1200)

Constant Load
Current
io=Ia

Ia

Ia

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 46

46
 To Derive an Expression for
the Average Output Voltage of
a 3-Phase Half Wave
Converter with RL Load for
Continuous Load Current

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 47

47
 π 
T1 is triggered at ω t =  + α  = ( 300 + α )
6 
 5π 
T2 is triggered at ω t =  + α  = (1500 + α )
 6 
 7π 
T3 is triggered at ω t =  + α  = ( 270 + α )
0

 6 
0 2π
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians
3
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 48
48
If the reference phase voltage is
vRN = van = Vm sin ω t , the average or dc output
voltage for continuous load current is calculated
using the equation
 56π +α 
3  
Vdc =   Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
2π π
 6 +α 
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 49
49
  56π +α 
3Vm  
Vdc =   sin ω t .d ( ω t )
2π π
 6 +α 
5π
 6
+α
3Vm  
Vdc =  ( − cos ω t ) 
2π π
 6
+α 

3Vm   5π  π 
Vdc =  − cos  + α  + cos  + α  
2π   6  6 
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 50
50
Note from the trigonometric relationship
cos ( A + B ) = ( cos A.cos B − sin A.sin B )
  5π   5π  
 − cos  6  cos (α ) + sin   sin (α ) 
3Vm     6  
Vdc =
2π  π  π  
 + cos   .cos (α ) − sin   sin (α ) 
 6 6 
3Vm 

− cos (150 0
) cos ( α ) + sin (150 0
) sin (α ) 

Vdc =
2π 
 + cos ( 30 0
) .cos (α ) − sin ( 30 0
) sin (α ) 


1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 51

51
 3Vm 

− cos (180 0
− 30 0
) cos (α ) + sin (180 0
− 30 0
) sin (α ) 

Vdc =
2π 
 + cos ( 30 0
) .cos (α ) − sin ( 30 0
) sin (α ) 

Note: cos (1800 − 300 ) = − cos ( 300 )
sin (1800 − 300 ) = sin ( 300 )

3Vm 

+ cos ( 30 0
) cos (α ) + sin ( 30 0
) sin (α ) 

∴Vdc =
2π 
 + cos ( 30 0
) .cos (α ) − sin ( 30 0
) sin (α ) 


1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 52

52
  2 cos ( 300 ) cos (α ) 
3Vm
Vdc =
2π  
3Vm  3 
Vdc = 2 × cos (α ) 
2π  2 
3Vm 3 3Vm
Vdc =  3 cos (α )  = cos (α )
2π   2π
3VLm
Vdc = cos (α )
2π
Where VLm = 3Vm = Max. line to line supply voltage
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 53
53
The maximum average or dc output voltage is
obtained at a delay angle α = 0 and is given by
3 3 Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =
2π
Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = = cos α
Vdm
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 54
54
The rms value of output voltage is found by
using the equation
1
5π
 6
+α  2

 3 
VO( RMS ) =  Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
2 2

2π π
 6
+α 
and we obtain
1
1 3  2
VO( RMS ) = 3Vm  + cos 2α 
 6 8π 
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 55
55
 3 Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier Output Voltage
α Van Vbn Vcn
Waveforms For RL Load at
↑
V0 Different Trigger Angles
α=30
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

α Van Vbn Vcn

↑
V0 α=60
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 56

56
 Three Phase Full Converter

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 57

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 58
1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 59
The three-phase full, Y-connected 208 V, 60 Hz controlled rectifier has a resistive
load R=10 ohms. The average output voltage needs to be 50% of the maximum
average voltage.
Calculate
a) the delay angle a
b) the average and output currents
c) the average rms voltage and rms thyristor currents

1/16/2024 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 60