Three Phase Controlled

Rectifiers

1
3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.
• They provide higher dc output voltage.
• Higher dc output power.
• Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
• Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing
out load voltage and load current.

2
• Extensively used in high power variable speed
industrial dc drives.
• Three single phase half-wave converters can be
connected together to form a three phase half-
wave converter.

3
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with RL Load
Continuous & Constant
Load Current Operation

4
5
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages
VCN

120
0
vRN = v AN
0 VAN vYN = vBN
120
0
vBN = vCN
120

VBN
6
3 Phase Supply Voltage Equations
We deifine three line to neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows

7
vRN = van = Vm sin  t ;
Vm = Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN = vbn = Vm sin   t − 
 3 
= Vm sin ( t − 120 0
)
 2 
vBN = vcn = Vm sin   t + 
 3 
= Vm sin ( t + 1200 )
= Vm sin ( t − 240 0
)
8
van vbn vcn van

9
Each thyristor conducts for 2/3 (1200)
Constant Load
Current
io=Ia

Ia

Ia

10
To Derive an Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a 3-
Phase Half Wave Converter with
RL Load for Continuous Load
Current

11
  
T1 is triggered at  t =  +   = ( 300 +  )
6 
 5 
T2 is triggered at  t =  +   = (1500 +  )
 6 
 7 
T3 is triggered at  t =  +   = ( 270 +  )
0

 6 
0 2
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians
3
12
If the reference phase voltage is
vRN = van = Vm sin  t , the average or dc output
voltage for continuous load current is calculated
using the equation
 56 + 
3  
Vdc =   Vm sin  t.d ( t ) 
2 
 6 + 
13
  56 + 
3Vm  
Vdc =   sin  t .d (  t )
2
 6 + 
5
 + 
 
6
3Vm
Vdc =
2 ( − cos  t ) 

 6
+ 

3Vm   5   
Vdc =
2  − cos  6 +   + cos  6 +   
    
14
Note from the trigonometric relationship
cos ( A + B ) = ( cos A.cos B − sin A.sin B )
  5   5  
 − cos  6  cos ( ) + sin  6  sin ( ) 
3Vm      
Vdc =
2      
 + cos   .cos ( ) − sin   sin ( ) 
 6 6 
3Vm  − cos (1500 ) cos ( ) + sin (1500 ) sin ( ) 
Vdc =  
2 
 + cos ( 30 0
) .cos ( ) − sin ( 30 0
) sin ( ) 

15
 3Vm 

− cos (180 0
− 30 0
) cos ( ) + sin (180 0
− 30 0
) sin ( ) 

Vdc =
2 
 + cos ( 30 0
) .cos ( ) − sin ( 30 0
) sin ( ) 

Note: cos (1800 − 300 ) = − cos ( 300 )
sin (1800 − 300 ) = sin ( 300 )

3Vm 

+ cos ( 30 0
) cos ( ) + sin ( 30 0
) sin ( ) 

Vdc =
2 
 + cos ( 30 0
) .cos ( ) − sin ( 30 0
) sin ( ) 


16
  2 cos ( 300 ) cos ( ) 
3Vm
Vdc =
2  
3Vm  3 
Vdc = 2  cos ( ) 
2  2 
3Vm  3 3V
Vdc =  3 cos ( ) 
 = m
cos ( )
2 2
3VLm
Vdc = cos ( )
2
Where VLm = 3Vm = Max. line to line supply voltage
17
The maximum average or dc output voltage is
obtained at a delay angle  = 0 and is given by
3 3 Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =
2
Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = = cos 
Vdm
18
The rms value of output voltage is found by
using the equation
1
5
 +  2

 3 
6
VO( RMS ) =  Vm sin  t.d ( t ) 
2 2

2 
 6
+ 
and we obtain
1
1 3  2
VO( RMS ) = 3Vm  + cos 2 
 6 8 
19
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output Voltage
Waveforms For RL Load
at Different Trigger Angles

20
  Van Vbn Vcn

=300
V0
=30
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

 Van Vbn Vcn


V0 =60
0
=600
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

21
=900

22
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
R Load and RL Load with FWD

23
 T1 T1
a a
T2 T2
b b +
T3 T3
c c

R R V0
V0
L

n n −

24
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output Voltage
Waveforms For R Load
or RL Load with FWD
at Different Trigger Angles

25
 Van Vbn Vcn

=0
Vs =00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

 Van Vbn Vcn

=150
=150

V0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

26
Prof. M.
  Van Vbn Vcn

=300 =300
0
V0
0
30 60
0 0
90
0 0 0
120 150 180 210
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
240 270 300 330 360 390 420
0 t

 Van Vbn Vcn

=600
=600
V0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

27
To Derive An
Expression For The Average Or Dc
Output Voltage Of A 3 Phase Half Wave
Converter With Resistive Load Or RL
Load With FWD

28
  
T1 is triggered at  t =  +   = ( 300 +  )
6 
T1 conducts from ( 30 +  ) to 180 ;
0 0

vO = van = Vm sin  t
 5 
T2 is triggered at  t =  +   = (150 +  )
0

 6 
T2 conducts from (150 +  ) to 300 ;
0 0

vO = vbn = Vm sin ( t − 120 0

)
29
  7 
T3 is triggered at  t =  +   = ( 270 +  )
0

 6 
T3 conducts from ( 270 +  ) to 420 ;
0 0

vO = vcn = Vm sin ( t − 240 )

0

= Vm sin ( t + 120 )
0

30
 3 1800 
Vdc =   vO .d ( t ) 
2  +300 
vO = van = Vm sin  t ; for  t = ( + 30 0
) to (180 )
0

3  1800 
Vdc =   Vm sin  t.d ( t ) 
2  +300 
3Vm  
0
180
Vdc =   sin  t.d ( t ) 
2  +300 

31
 3Vm  1800 
Vdc =  − cos  t 
2   + 300 

Vdc =
3Vm
2 
 − cos180 0
+ cos ( + 30 0
) 

cos180 = −1, we get
0

Vdc =
3Vm
2 
1 + cos ( + 30 0
) 

32
 Three Phase Semiconverters

• 3 Phase semiconverters are used in Industrial dc drive

applications up to 120kW power output.
• Single quadrant operation is possible.
• Power factor decreases as the delay angle increases.
• Power factor is better than that of 3 phase half wave
converter.

33
3 Phase Half Controlled Bridge
Converter
(Semi Converter) with Highly Inductive
Load & Continuous Ripple free Load
Current

34
35
Wave forms of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for  > 600

36
37
38
3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of
output voltage is 3 f S

The delay angle  can be varied from 0 to 

During the period
30   t  210
0 0

 7
 t  , thyristor T1 is forward biased
6 6
39
  
If thyristor T1 is triggered at  t =  +   ,
6 
T1 & D1 conduct together and the line to line voltage
vac appears across the load.
7
At  t = , vac becomes negative & FWD Dm conducts.
6
The load current continues to flow through FWD Dm ;
T1 and D1 are turned off.

40
If FWD Dm is not used the T1 would continue to
conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at
 5 
 t =  +   , and Free wheeling action would
 6 
be accomplished through T1 & D2 .

If the delay angle   , each thyristor conducts
3
2
for and the FWD Dm does not conduct.
3
41
We deifine three line neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
vRN = van = Vm sin  t ; Vm = Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN = vbn = Vm sin   t −  = Vm sin ( t − 120 )
0

 3 
 2 
vBN = vcn = Vm sin   t +  = Vm sin ( t + 120 )
0

 3 
= Vm sin ( t − 2400 )
Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source
42
  
vRB = vac = ( van − vcn ) = 3Vm sin   t − 
 6
 5 
vYR = vba = ( vbn − van ) = 3Vm sin   t − 
 6 
 
vBY = vcb = ( vcn − vbn ) = 3Vm sin   t + 
 2
 
vRY = vab = ( van − vbn ) = 3Vm sin   t + 
 6
43
Wave forms of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for   600

44
45
46
47
To derive an Expression for the Average
Output Voltage
of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for  >  / 3 and Discontinuous
Output Voltage

48
 
For   and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from

3  7 6 
Vdc = 
 v .d (  t ) 
2  
ac

 6+ 
 7 6  
3  
Vdc = 
 3 V sin   t −  d (  t ) 
2  
m
 6
 6+ 
49
 3 3Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos  )
2
3VmL
Vdc = (1 + cos  )
2
VmL = 3Vm = Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of  = 0 is
3 3Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =

50
The normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vn = = 0.5 (1 + cos  )
Vdm
The rms output voltage is found from
1
7
 3 6  2

VO( rms ) =  v 2
.d (  t ) 
 2 
ac

 6 + 
51
 1
7
 3   2
2
6
VO( rms ) =  3V 2
sin   t −  d (  t ) 
 2 
m
  6
 6 + 
1
 3  sin 2   2
VO( rms ) = 3Vm   −  + 
 4  2 
52
 
For   , and continuous output voltage
3
 5

3  2 6 + 
Vdc =  v .d (  t ) +  v .d (  t ) 
2  
ab ac

 6+ 2 
3 3Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos  )
2
53
 Vdc
Vn = = 0.5 (1 + cos  )
Vdm
RMS value of o/p voltage is calculated by using
the equation
1
 5
 3 2 6 +  2

VO( rms ) = 
2
vab .d ( t ) +  vac2 .d ( t ) 
 2  
 6 + 2 
1
 3  2  2
VO( rms ) = 3Vm   + 3 cos   
2

 4  3 
54
Three Phase Full Converter
• 3 Phase Fully Controlled Full Wave Bridge
Converter.
• Known as a 6-pulse converter.
• Used in industrial applications up to 120kW output
power.
• Two quadrant operation is possible.

55
56
57
58
• The thyristors are triggered at an interval of  / 3.
• The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fS.
• T1 is triggered at t = (/6 + ), T6 is already
conducting when T1 is turned ON.
• During the interval (/6 + ) to (/2 + ), T1 and T6
conduct together & the output load voltage is equal to
vab = (van – vbn)

59
• T2 is triggered at t = (/2 + ), T6 turns off naturally
as it is reverse biased as soon as T2 is triggered.
• During the interval (/2 + ) to (5/6 + ), T1 and T2
conduct together & the output load voltage vO = vac =
(van – vcn)
• Thyristors are numbered in the order in which they are
triggered.
• The thyristor triggering sequence is 12, 23, 34, 45,
56, 61, 12, 23, 34, ………

60
We deifine three line neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
vRN = van = Vm sin  t ; Vm = Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN = vbn = Vm sin   t −  = Vm sin ( t − 120 )
0

 3 
 2 
vBN = vcn = Vm sin   t +  = Vm sin ( t + 120 )
0

 3 
= Vm sin ( t − 2400 )
Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source
61
The corresponding line-to-line
supply voltages are
 
vRY = vab = ( van − vbn ) = 3Vm sin   t + 
 6
 
vYB = vbc = ( vbn − vcn ) = 3Vm sin   t − 
 2
 
vBR = vca = ( vcn − van ) = 3Vm sin   t + 
 2
62
To Derive An Expression For The Average Output Voltage Of
3-phase Full Converter
With Highly Inductive Load Assuming Continuous And
Constant Load Current

63
The output load voltage consists of 6 voltage pulses
over a period of 2 radians, Hence the average output
voltage is calculated as


+
2
6
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
2 
 vO .d t ;
+
6

 
vO = vab = 3Vm sin   t + 
 6
64
 
+
3 2
 
Vdc =
 
 3Vm sin   t +  .d t
 6
+
6

3 3Vm 3VmL
Vdc = cos  = cos 
 
Where VmL = 3Vm = Max. line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average dc output voltage is
obtained for a delay angle  = 0,
3 3Vm 3VmL
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = =
 
65
The normalized average dc output voltage is
Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = = cos 
Vdm
The rms value of the output voltage is found from
1

 +  2

 6 
2
VO( rms ) =  vO .d ( t ) 
2

2
 
6
+ 
66
 1

 +  2

 6 
2
VO( rms ) =  vab .d ( t ) 
2

2 
 6
+ 
1

 +  2

 3
2
2  
VO( rms ) =  3Vm sin   t + .d ( t ) 
2

2   6
 6
+ 
1
1 3 3  2
VO( rms ) = 3Vm  + cos 2 
 2 4 
67
Vn/Vml-l for controlled 3-phase full
converter

Power Electronics 68
Example

Power Electronics 69
Continued..

Power Electronics 70
 Three Phase Dual Converters

• For four quadrant operation in many industrial

variable speed dc drives , 3 phase dual converters are
used.
• Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output power
level.
• Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full converters
which are connected in parallel & in opposite
directions across a common load.

71
72
73
74
Outputs of Converters 1 & 2
• During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1), the line
to line voltage vab appears across the output of
converter 1 and vbc appears across the output of
converter 2

75
We deifine three line neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
vRN = van = Vm sin  t ;
Vm = Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN = vbn = Vm sin   t −

=
 m
3 
V sin (  t − 120 0
)
 2 
vBN = vcn = Vm sin   t +

=
 m
3 
V sin (  t + 120 0
)
= Vm sin ( t − 2400 )
76
The corresponding line-to-line
supply voltages are
 
vRY = vab = ( van − vbn ) = 3Vm sin   t + 
 6
 
vYB = vbc = ( vbn − vcn ) = 3Vm sin   t − 
 2
 
vBR = vca = ( vcn − van ) = 3Vm sin   t + 
 2
77
 To obtain an Expression for the
Circulating Current

• If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of converters 1

and 2 respectively, the instantaneous voltage across
the current limiting inductor during the interval
(/6 + 1)  t  (/2 + 1) is given by

78
vr = vO1 + vO 2 = vab − vbc
     
vr = 3Vm sin   t +  − sin   t −  
  6  2 
 
vr = 3Vm cos   t − 
 6
The circulating current can be calculated by
using the equation

79
 t
1
ir ( t ) =  vr .d ( t )
 Lr 
+1
6
t
1  
ir ( t ) =  3Vm cos   t −  .d ( t )
 Lr   6
+1
6

3Vm    
ir ( t ) = sin   t − 6  − sin 1 
 Lr    
3Vm
ir ( max ) =
 Lr
80
 Four Quadrant Operation
Conv. 2
Inverting
Conv. 1
Rectifying
2 > 900
1 < 900

Conv. 2 Conv. 1
Rectifying Inverting
2 < 900 1 > 900
81
• There are two different modes of operation.
▪ Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
▪ Circulating current mode of operation

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 Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
• In this mode of operation only one converter is
switched on at a time
• When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the average
load power Pdc is positive.
• Power flows from ac source to the load

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• When the converter 1 is on,
For 1 > 900 the converter 1 operates in the Inversion
mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the average load
power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load circuit to ac source.

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• When the converter 2 is switched on,
For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the average load
power Pdc is positive.
• The output load voltage & load current reverse when
converter 2 is on.
• Power flows from ac source to the load

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• When the converter 2 is switched on,
For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in the Inversion
mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the average load
power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load to the ac source.
• Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the ac
supply.

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Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
• Both the converters are switched on at the same
time.
• One converter operates in the rectification mode
while the other operates in the inversion mode.
• Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such that (1 +
2) = 1800

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• When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates as a controlled
rectifier. 2 is made greater than 900 and
converter 2 operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and Pdc is positive.

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• When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates as a controlled
rectifier. 1 is made greater than 900 and
converter 1 operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is negative & Idc is negative and Pdc is positive.

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