PCIT 06

NETWORKING 1

INSTRUCTOR: JANETH F. FALCUNIT,

MIT
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING
Network is a set of computing devices connected together for the purpose of sharing information and
resources.

Computing Device means any device that provides computing or information storage and retrieval
including but not limited to: computers, tablets, smart phones, and media including flash drives, compact
disks (CD), digital video disks (DVD), and portable hard drives.

Networking is the total process of creating and using computer networks, with respect to hardware,
protocols, and software, including wired and wireless technology.

Network refers to two or more computers being connected together via wired (cables) or wireless connection.

These computers are categorized into two (2):

1. Server/Host- refers to a computers where original files reside and usually the category of computer
that gives access to the remote computer to make use of it’s available files, resources and programs.

2. Local/Remote- refers to a computer that request the host for permission to access, use and modify
it’s available resources.
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING

Simplified Concept
The most common concept of a Network is when two or more
computers are being connected through either a physical cable or via
wireless radio connection just to share information, files, and
resources.
Computers can share files and
other types of information
through the process called
SNEAKERNET. It is an
unofficial term widely used by a
computer nerds to describe the
process of saving a copy of file
to a flash drive and other types
of storage devices then walk
the date over other computers.
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 ADVANTAGES OF A NETWORK

1. To share files

2 .To share resources

3. To share programs
 TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
There are different types of the network which applies depending on how big a certain room is to
be networked or to where the network might be set up. A lot of people working in the networking
industries have classified computer networks into numerous categories. In the modern world,
these computer networks are generally categorized into three (3):

1. LAN (Local Area Network)- is

a type of computer network that
connects computers within a
limited space such as in your
residence, school laboratory,
university or college campuses,
and office buildings. Usually, this
only consists of two or more
computer units being connected
through network cables which
allow data to transfer at an
extremely faster rate.
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 TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

2. WLAN (Wireless Local Area

Network)- is a type of network that
does not require physical cables in
order to connect two or more
computer units. It only requires a
Modem/Router- a device to use cast
signals for computers with wireless
fidelity to communicate with other
computers then share files, programs,
and resources. Lots of modem
devices are modeled and reproduced
with built-in wireless capability in
order to minimize the use of cables.

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)-
is another computer network
that spans a large physical
distance through telephone
lines, fiber optic cables and
satellites and the Internet is the
largest WAN that spans the
Earth. This network exist
through collective distributed
ownership and management by
either in the field of
EDUCATION, BUSINESS,
MILITARY AND GOVERNMENT
OFFICES.
Multiple LANs and WLANs being connected together through the role
being played by the device called as a SWITCH- A Networking device
that connects multiple computers in a certain network; receive process
and forward data in the destination devices.
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 OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
The following types of computer networks can be subcategorized under either LOCAL AREA
NETWORK OR WIDE AREA NETWORK. However, in order to give you a better understanding,
these are the following which may help you identify its existence.
1. PAN (Personal Area Network) – a type of network that is basically the
smallest and the most basic of all networks, consist of wireless modem, a
computer or two, phones, printers, tablets, etc. This type of Network usually
exists in a single private room owned by an individual

2. CAN (Campus Area Network)- is an network usually found on a certain

campus or university building. If each of the computer laboratories of a certain
school is connected to a single network including the private offices of each
respective deans and heads, then that school is using the campus area
network in sharing computer resources.

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)- is a larger than Campus Area Network

since it incorporates network elements of a city or municipality. 8
 NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Network topology is the diagrammatic representation of a network arrangement where devices are
being connected to a so called “nodes” including the lines that connect these nodes. Networks are
being set up and defined according to its structures and of how each of its components is being
connected with other media in a network.

Nodes- communication end-point, device attached to the network, wireless or wired Node, a point at
which lines or pathways intersect or branch; a central or connecting point.
"the intersections of two or more such arteries would clearly become major nodes of traffic and urban
activity"
Below are several types of computer topologies

1. Point to Point
topology usually uses two
computers that are
connected back to back
using a single piece of
cable. They can both
share resources, act as a
server and a client at the
same time.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
2. Bus Topology – is another
topology which is easy to setup
and the components herein are
totally inexpensive. It is compose
only of central cable (main wire)
also known as a backbone
which connects all computers
and devices in a certain network.
Both ends of the shared channel
have line terminator. The data is
sent in only one direction and as
it reaches the extreme end, the
terminator removes the data
from the line.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
2. Bus Topology
Advantages:
❖ Usually requires less cabling
❖ Relatively small to configure and setup
❖ If one computer fails, other computers on the network are unaffected
Disadvantages:
❖ If the so called “backbone cable” fails, the whole network will fail
❖ Adding more computers to a bus topology degrades the performance of a
network as a whole
❖ Faults are difficult to trace
❖ The most difficult topology to reconstruct in case of failures
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

3. Star Topology – uses a device

known as hub in order to allow
computers in a network to
communicate by passing data through
this device.
Advantages:

❖ Errors can easily be identified and

corrected
❖ Like bus topology, if one computer
fails, other computers on the network
are not affected
❖ This topology is easy to setup

Disadvantages

❖ If the hub fails, the whole network fails

❖ It requires a lot of cables for
networking
❖ It is more expensive compared to bus
topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
4. Ring Topology – uses a close loop
where nodes are being connected
and circular structure is being formed.
If one computer needs a data that
data will have to travel on the ring
allowing other computers on the loop
read its content before it reaches its
destination.
Advantages:

❖ All nodes in this topology have access

to the other nodes
❖ Additional nodes do not degrade the
performance of a network unlike the
bus topology
❖ It’s also easy to install and setup.

Disadvantages

❖ Relatively expensive to construct

❖ Failure of one nodes affects other nodes
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
5. Mesh Topology – is known for its messy setup and redundant interconnections between
network nodes. This topology has hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or
may also have hosts which are in point-to-point connection to few hosts only. It comes in two
(2) types:

a. Full Mesh is a type of mesh topology where all hosts have point-to-point connections to every other
host in the network. It very expensive to implement but yields the greatest amount of redundancy, so
in the event that one of those nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the other nodes. It
provides the most reliable network structure among all network topologies.

b. Partial Mesh is usually found in a peripheral networks connected to a full meshed backbone where
not all host are connected to every other host in the network but are being connected in arbitrarily
fashion connection.
Advantages:
❖ Delivery of data from one computer to another is more reliable
❖ Congestion is minimized
❖ Data is expected to arrive at the destination
Disadvantages:
❖ Relatively expensive to construct
❖ Failure of one nodes affects other nodes
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
6. Tree Topology (Hierarchical Topology)– is recently the most common type of topology. It
combines and inherits the concept and setup of a Star Topology and a Bus Topology. Star configured
networks are all connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Mainly in LANs, a network is bifurcated
into three types of network devices. The lowermost is access-layer where computers are attached.

a. The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as mediator between upper layer and
lower layer.
b. The highest layer is known as a core layer, and is central point of the network, i.e. root of the tree
from which all nodes fork.
Advantages:
❖ Point-to-Point wiring for individual
segments.
❖ Supported by several hardware
and software vendors
❖ Suitable for big rooms like for
businesses

Disadvantages:
❖ Overall length of each segment is
limited by the type of cabling
used
❖ One fault that occurs between
core layer and distribution layer
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
7. Hybrid Topology – is a network structure that contains
different topologies which inherits merits and demerits of all
the incorporating network topologies. The whole hybrid
topology is composed of a star – structured network, a ring
topology and hierarchical or tree topology all are being
connected through a hub. The largest hybrid topology that
surfaced the Earth is Internet.

Advantages:
❖ Fault detection is easy to pursue
❖ A new network may be added without disturbing the other
networks
❖ Can be designed according to the requirements of a certain
company or business establishments

Disadvantages:
❖ Its very complex to design, install and maintain
❖ The most expensive among all other topologies
❖ The whole infrastructure needs bigger maintenance and
more manpower to oversee the network.
 NETWORKS
DEVICES AND IT’S
FUNCTION

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 NETWORKS DEVICES AND IT’S FUNCTION

There are a lot of terms appearing on

various websites if you are going to
search “ networking devices” which is
really confusing even to some other
people working in the information
technology environment. Technically,
people in this field somehow are
knowledgeable of how a certain
networking device works and perform its
role in a network but fail to identify the
correct name of the device.
 NETWORKS DEVICES AND IT’S FUNCTION

❑ Hub is an obsolete networking device

that connects multiple hosts and
performs data transfer in terms of
packets.

❑ Switch on the other hand is a device is

more intelligent than a network hub,
unlike the latter, this device manages
the flow of data across a network by
transmitting a received network packet
only to the one or more devices for
which the packet is intended. It can
read the hardware addresses of
incoming packets to transmit them to
the appropriate destination.

SWITCH
 NETWORKS DEVICES AND IT’S FUNCTION
MODEM
❑ MODEM- Brings the internet into your
home or even in business. It is the device
that establishes connection and
communication between your Internet
Service Provider and your computer.

❑ ROUTER- Is a device that routes or

passes your internet connection to
multiple devices in your home or at your
office. It usually comes in the form of box
with multiple ports at the back portion of
it allowing you to connect multiple
desktop computers at a time
 NETWORKS DEVICES AND IT’S FUNCTION

❑ Networking Bridge- is a networking

device that is commonly used in breaking
a bus topology into two segments. Like a
network switch, it has the capability of
handling MAC Addresses of different
computers connected to the latter
topology

❑ Network Repeater- is a device

amplifies signals receives and
transmits it to a higher level or a
higher power so that signals can
cover and travel longer distance.