Mo ule

1 DC Circuits
Contents
Electrical circuit elements (R, L and C), voltage and current sources, Kirchoffs current
and votage laws, analysis of sinple circuBts with do excitation. Superpositdon, Thevenin's
and Norton's Theorems. Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits.

POINTSTO REMEMBER
Electricty : The invisible energy which constitutes the flow of electrons in a closed circuit
to do work is called e<ectriclty.,
Differencs betaen AC & DC :

Vorl
R

Flg. 1. Dc Circuit

Va

Fig. 2. AC Circuit

1
 2
LODS Easic Electrical Engineerlng
DC
1. DC is AC
2 The
abbreviated as Direct current 1. ACis abbrevialed as Allemaing currenL
curtent which ahways ows in one 2. The currert which
Grecton in the elecical cirout is kncwn itschanges recion
as drect Current as periodicaly when fiows through an
shown in fig (a). electical circuit is known as AC. as
3. shown in fig (b).
magnitude is usually constart 3. s magnitude changes regularly or
Ditferert electrical parameters : irregularty.
1.
Vokaga/Potental ditterence: The derence in the electric poBential of the two
bodies is caled polential ference. It is charged
Electric current: A coninuous Powrepresented
2 by symbol V ts S.l. unit ls Voir
of electrons In an electic
Current is represented by symbol T ife S.l. unt is circult ls called electic
Coventional direclon of fiow of currant : Arnpere.
Conductor rFiow of eletrons
Fow of coventoral
arent

DC. batry

The covenbona! direcion of fow ol Fig.is3

cel (batery) to negative terminal throughcurrent frorm Alo B Le. from posltive terminal of the
the extemal chcuit, which is opposite lo the fiow of
elecirons due to lenz's law.
Resistance : The opposition offered, to
resistance. It is represented by symbo! ' andtheis flow
unit
of currant (free electrons) s
ls ohm.
called
Laws of resistance : The resistance (R) of a
glven below : wire depends upon the various factors
) t is diecty proporional to its length i.e.
R«!
() h is inversely proporional to its arsa of cross secion i.e.R«
() t dapends upon the nature of the malerial of
(w) t also depends upon the lemperaturs of the whlch the wire is made (p)
wirs.
L.e.
R=p a
1: length of conductor
a: Cro88 area of conductor JCurrent
p: Proporionality constant called resistivtty of the
wire material. Its value depends
upon the nalure of the wirs material.
DCaraults
Unit of resistivty :

Rxa ohm x m P{ohm) x a(r)

= ohm m

It is also caled specific resistance.

Conductance : The ease to the fow of current called conductance. is
resistance. t is denoted by letier G. Its unit is mho or Sienens (S). raciprocad
G=
8
Conductlvity : The reciprocal of pis caled condyctivity. It is represanted by symbo s)
IIs unit is mham.
Ohm's LW: tstates that the current Bowing between aryy tro points or lemale
conductor (or circuit) as shown in fig. 4 is directy proportional to the potenial
dtererce
across them, provided physical conditions Le. lempgrature or prassUre etc rermain oonstart
R..
KAmp)

Fig. 4 #g. 5. V charactertstics

Mathernalically :

T= constant or .. Const.)

T=R (constant)
It can also be written as V= IR
Temperatura effects :The amblent ternp of albody is the temperature surounding t
When the anmbient temp. of a resistor s varied, achange in reslstance la noted whieh is
govened by the following relationship i.e.
R= Ro (1 + o (T1- T))
Where Ro s the resistanca at temperature To +0°C
R, Is the reslstarce al lermperature T,oC.
a = positve temperature co-efficient.
Rz= Ro (1 + o (T2- T)
From eg (0) &() we get
 LOD Baskc Electcal Englneerlng

1+agl
Slmllarty lor speciic resistance
Pi Po (1 + ao l)
inductance:The electrical element which stores energy in associatkon with a fow o!
current is caled an inductance. They aro usually made ol marny tums of fire wire wound In a
oolas shown in fig. 6.
For an ideaj inductance, the voltage ís propoional lo the rate of change of the curent.
The proportionality constant is caled the inductance. It Is represented by symbol 'L' and Rs
S. unit is Henry. Mathematicaly,.

Flg. 6

V() Volage drop cross Industance L

4 Curent flowing through coil.

Energy stored in the inductor, W is given by : W =

Capecitance : An electrical element which stores energy due to vollag across it and la
independent cf the current through i, is called capacitor., It is represented by symbol 'C' and
its S.J. uni ls Farad.
in the ideal capacitor, the voltage is propotional to the charge or tlo the integral of current.
Le.

or
dt
Where C’ Constant of proporionality cafled capacitor.
Ve Volage drop across capacitor
e’ Curent flow hrough capacitor
in case of paralel plate capacitor as shown in ig. 7.

C
Where d’ distance betweern two charged plate Flg. 7
A’ Cros8 secion area of plale
 DCCrauits

¬’ abolute Permitvity of spacs

Eo’8.85x 10-12 (dielectro constant of vacuum)

e,+ Relative permittivity
Unlt of absolute permittvty e = CFarad) xd(netre)
- Flm
A(metres)
|Note : e,= 1.0(For Vacuum)
= 1.0006 (For air)
Energy stored in the capacltor ls given by :
Wc =cve
2
Joule
() Series connections:
(a) Current is same
(b) Voltage 0s differenl
The total votage drop across the circuit as shown in fig. 8.
R R R

V=V,+V,
= l¡1+ lR2 + Rs (as per ohm's Law)

Flg. 8
Let Req is the total resistance of the circuit, thew
IR = (R +Rg+ Rg)
Reg =R, +Rz+ Rg
The above expression Indicates that when resistances are connecled in series, the
equlvalent reslstance or total resis tance of due circuit is given by the arithmetlc sum of their
individual resistance.
() Parallel connections :
(a) Votage is same
(b) Current is different.
The total current drawn by he Clrcult as shown in fig. 9. R,
V V
(Acc. to Ohm's Law) R
Løt R be the total or effective raalslance of the circuit, Lhen
V

Fig. 9
 LORDS Baslc Electrical Engineering
1
R A, R, R,
The above exprosslon indicatos thal when roslstancos aro connected in parallel, lho
Iprocal of equtvalont rouistanco or tolal resislance is glvon by tho arithmouo sum of the
Iprocals of thelr Indivkdual resistances.
() Serles Parallel Clrcult : Tho circuit in whlch serio0 and parallel circulta are connocted
sories ls called series parallel circult as shown in lg. 10.
R

Lw
Flg. 10

Current dlvislon Law :

According to Ohm's Law from fg. 11.
1,R, =l,Rz=V
or

Total effecthve resisance (R) = R, xR

R, +Rz Flg. 11

R, +Rz R+Rz
Simlarty
R+Rz
Voltsge Law:
R,
A R

Flg. 12
 DC Crauits
Tolal effectve resistance (g) = R, + Rz + Rg
Rz R,
V=V*R.+R+R2= Vx;R, +Rz +R Vy= V*A,+Rz+Rg
Kírchhoffl's Law :
KVL:(KIrchhoff's Second Law) :1tstales thal, ln a closed clrcult or mesh, the aloabrale
Bum of all tho emfs and the akgebrako sum of all the voltagp drops (.e. product of current ant
resislances) is zero
Mathemaically, EE +EV =0
Where E ls the algebraio sum of all emfs
Vis the vollage drops
KCL: (Kirchhoff's lst Law) : The algebraic sum of al the
currents meoling at a pt or junclon is zero as shown in f. 13.
Mathermalically ; Zl = 0
Fig. 13
or I,+l, + l6- lz+ l-Is =0
Steady state and translent response : Aclrcult having constarnt sources (Voltage or
current) Is sakd to be In steady state If the currents and voltage do not change with time. If the
voltage or current behaviour changed from one slage to anbther,wlth tume is called the transient
slate. The tlme taken by any clrcut to change from one state to another is called the transien!
time.
DC response of an R-L circult :
Consider a circuit having realstance and inductanc connacled in series as shown in
fRig. 14.
R
Where
Vg ’Supply Voltage,
6’Supply current
R ’ Reslstance,
’ Inductance

Flg. 14
According to KVL
Vg= IR+Lds
dt
The value of current, Irom above eq : s

The solution of current , is consisls of two parts

(A(steady stale parta) and translent
part (ho)
 O ast Bectis Brgineerng

()

Rg 15
De onsa at ar R-C Cut : Carsiter a c t
hevrg sisce &capacance

Vs Sapy voitage
R= Resis'sce
C= Capectancs
7= Suppiy curent
Rg 16
Accorsing KV.

The weue ct cument s om abcve

equssor is

in he sciuticr, ha quanity RC is ime constant and it Is denoted by t.

:=RC sec

4
Tme congant

Fig. 17
 DC Gnts

QUESTION-ANSWERS
Q1. How doss the reslstance of metal, semiconduclor and ineuletors vares witt
temperature & why ?
Ans : Tha rasistance of metal ncrease with increase in temperature because e
emperature coefficlent L.e. a o metal s positive. On the other hand the resistance of
semiconductocnsuiatos decreases with ihcreasY h temperahture because ts lemp. coecer!
s nsgative.
Q2 What is the etlect of tempersture on resistivity ?
Ans. Tha resistvity to) bllows the same pattem as resistance folow with rastect t>
temparaturs.
Le.
P = resisitvity at temp t,
Po = sisltivty at temp
@g = temp coefbicdent
Thereiore or matals resistivity hcreases with ncraase in temp. and for semi conductors
insulators it decreases with increase in temp.
Q3 What Is actlve and passive elements ? (PTU, May 2019)
Ans. Acthve elements : The eloments which supplies energy to the cirout caled actve
elements:
Ex :Votage source,aurent sourca, acuum tubes, transisiors etc.
Passive elements:The elements wich recatves energy are caled passive elements:
Ex:Resistance, Inducance, Capacitance.
Q4. What Is Ilnear and non-inear elements ?
Ans. LInear elements :An element is said to be insa, II its voltage-cursnt
characlsristcs
Le. V graph at all times a stralght line through he orgin or an elemant which lollow ohm's
Baw Is called linear elements.
Non-llnear elements : The element which dossn't ollow ohms law is caled non-ingar
elements.
Ex : Rectifier, Vacuum diodes, electrotyle, semiconductors etc.
Q5. Glve relatlonship between wats, oules and horse power.
Ans. Electrical energy =Vx Q=VxIxt= RRt
Where V= Voltage; I= Curent
R= Resistance ; t= tme
Q Charge
The S.l. unit of electrical energy 0s watsec or
kilowats
" (a) 1 KWh =3.6x 105 Joules
(b) 1 H,P (Horse Power) = 73S.5 watts
(c) 1 KWh = 860 Kcal
(d) 1Calorles = 4.18 Joules
 LORDS Basic Electrcal Englneerlng
Q 6. HoW can we coivert a voltade source Into an egulvalent curront source or
ce-versa. Explain with the help of an example. (PTU, Dec. 2020)
Ans. Energy sources are elther voltage sources or current sOurces. Some time l is
Cessary to convert current to a vollage source and vice-versa to make simple network.
Ry

Covert

Voltage source Current source

Vs ’ Supply voltage I_ =VRy CUrTent
Ry ’ Intermal reslstance of voltage Ry = R= Internal resistance of curent
R ’ Load resistance R Load resislance.
Ry

Convert
R
2

Current source Voltage source

Vs = Supply vollage
Ry
Ay = R Internal resistance of voltage
R, Load resistance
Q7. In the above network find curent flowing through reslstance 3 ohm.
Ans. Glven network
rCovart cument sourca
to voltago sourca
2 ohm 2 ohm

2 ohm lFamp
2 ohm 3 chm 2ohm S2 ohm 3ohm
6V lamp

After converslon :
C 2(1,+1,)

R2
FV,=2
DC Craults 11
Vs =lx R=1x2 =2 Volt
Rg = R=2 ohm
Apply KVL at loop ABCDEFA we get
6=21, +2(l, +l4) +3 (1, +13)
6=2l, +21, +31 +2l2 +32
6=7l + 5l2 ..)
Apply KVL at loop FCDEF we get
2 =2l,+2 (l, +1) +3 (,4 l2)
2 =5l, + 7l
Solve equalion () &() we get
I, 4/3 amp l, =-2/3 amp
Current flowing through resislance 3ohm is (, + l) =
(413 - 2/3) = 2/3 amp
Q8. Define ideal and practical voitage and current sOUrcas. (PU, Dec. 2018)
Ans. The ldeal voltage sourca has a constant voltag¬ ¿oross the terminal, irespective of
the current drawn from the source. While the practical voltage source can supply only imited
amount of current to the load. SImilarty kdeal current source is a curent source that supplies
constant curent to a circull despite any other conditkon present In the circuit.
Q9. Give symbolle respresentations of various types of dependent and independent
voltage and current sources.
Ans. Independent voltage or current sources : In (ndependent type of sources, the
value if current/volage is fixed.
For example : V= 12 volts
]=2 ap
Symbolic representations
R

Voltage source Current source

Dependent sources : In dependent type of sources he value of currentvoltage is not
fixed, but dependent at some other locatlon in the circuit.
Example:V= 12 _ Volts, I= 5Vs amp.
The dependent sources are further of following types :
()Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) like :V=Vs
() Voltage controlled voltage Gårrent (VCCS) ike :V =5lg volts
(liü) Currant controlled voltage source (CCVS) like:l=V, amp
(lv) Current controlled voltage current (CCCS) like :i=6g amp
 12
LODS Baskc Electrial Engineering
Symbolic Representatkon':

Voltage source Current source

given reslstance
o10. Derive an expression for equlvalent resistance In star from the
connected in delta connectlons In a S-d system. (PTU, May 2019)
Ans. Ghven

R,
Convert

2
Rg
Delta connection Star connectlon

1Me source translomation, star della transtormation is anothertachnique useful In solving

complex circuits.
The above two circuits are equal if their respective resistance from the terminals 12, 23
and 31 are equal.
In case of della the resistance belween the terminals 12, 23 and 31 are:
Rj=R12 (Az + R31)= R12 (Rz+Rg)/A2 +(Rzg t Ra1)
R =Rza I| (A12 + R1) = Rz (R2 + Rai Rzg + (R12 + Rgi)
Rq Ag1 I (A12 +RzR1 (R2+ RzVRg1 +(Rzg +R)
In case of STAR the resistances between the terminals 12, 23 & 31 are:
R12 =Ry +Rz. Rz3 =Rg +Rg &Rg1 =Rg +R,
Now, equate the resistances of star& della we get
RzRg +Rg) = R, + Rz ...)
R2 +Rz +Rg1
R(A, +Az)
+ +Rg,) =Rg +Rg
Rzg (g ..()

R,R2 +Rza)
R, +(Ryz +Rg) =R, + Rs ...(ui)
Subtract eq () Irom eqn (0) we get
RrR +R) R2+Ry)
Rzg +(Rig +Rgi) = (R, + Az) - (Rz +Ry)
DC Graults 13

(R,R +RpR¡1-RRg-RRa)= (R, + Rz-Rz-R)

(A1z +Rzg tRyi)
(RR-RR) - (R,-Rs).
Rz+Rg +Rgi)
Add eqn (ül) &(v) we get

(R2 +Rz +Rys) R,,+Rn +R) R;+Ra) +(R-R-)

(RR-RRa +Rgz+Hg
(R2 +R +Rg) -A, +R, +Ri-Ry
2(RRi)
Rg +Rz +Ryi) =2R

R = (RR)
(A2 +Rg +Rg)
Similarty, we can derive

R2 = RRza
(Rz +Rz +Ryi)

Rg =
(Ruz +Rzg +Ryi)
Q11. What ls the differenco between loop and
mesh ?
Ans. Loop : A loop la a closad path in a cdrcuit whose starting &end polnt is
Mosh : Amesh ls a loop that dossn't contain any other koop Inside it. In same.
loop with no other oops inside It. other words, a

So In the glven Network above :

Loop : ABCDEF, ABEFA, BCDEB
Mesh : ABEFA, BCDEB
From the above discusslon we can say that every mesh may be
not be meeh. loop bul every loop may
14 LORDS BasBc Electrkcal Engineeing
Q 12. State and explain superposition theorem. (PTU, Dec. 2020, 2019)
or more energy soure8s
Ans. This theorem states that in any linear nehwork lhavlng two calculated |by
the response in any element is equal to the agebralc sum .of the responses
individual sources actng alone, whill the other sources on oparative.
Note : (1) This theorem is valid only for inear systeacs.
(2) This theorem is applicable only for computing voltbge &current responses not Valla To
power responsas.
(3) For non-operative response
Voltage source replaced by Short circuit
Curent source replaced by Open circuit
Q 13. In this circuit calculate current lowing thrpugh reslstance 2 Ohm.

6vota 20

Ans. According to Superposition theorem we will consider one energy source al one ime
and while other sources will make de-acive.
Step 1: Consider 6volts voltage sourco : De-adtivata 6 amp current source so gven
circult wil be as shown below :

)
OR

We can neglect 3Ohm branch because no current wil flow through that branch.
6
6=,(4+2)
Now
4+2
=1amp V=lxR
|According to ohnts law
So, due to 6V, famp current is fowing through 2 hm resiatance.
Step 2: Consider 6amp current source :6 Vots otage source short circuit so resutant
circuit w be as shown below:
DC CArcults
At noda a the 6 amp current will be dlstributed intd two
brancheswe4natOhm 16
Appy curent divlsion law to calculata current In 2Ohm branch &2 Ohm.
4
lz= 6*4amp
So, due to 6 amp current source. 4 amp current
ig Nlowing through 2 ohm
3 reslslanca.
6v) 1amp 4amp
O&amp

From the above circuit it is clear that net current (14 +l) =1+4
5ampols
2 ohm resistance.
Q14. Flnd the value of voltage drop across resiztance
flowing throurh
theorem. 3ohm using the super positlon
Ans.

O21

Step 1: Consider 14 vots voltage source and de-eclive 21 volts voltage

circuit will be : source so resuant

14vO

Equvalent resistance Req =4+ (3||4)

3x4
=4+
12

48+1260
12
=5 OhmS

= 2.8arnp
 16 LODS Basic Electrical Engineerlng
To calculsle current owing through 3 ohm apply current divislon law :
14 4 8
= 1.7 amp

reslslance.
So, due to 14 volts, 1.6 amp current is fiowing through 3 Ohm
Step 2: Consider 21 volts. voltage source and de-active 14 volts voltage source.

Equvalent resistance A=4 + (3114)

12

60
=5 Ohms
12
21
= 42 amp

Agaln apply current division law :

4
=2.4 amp
So, due to 21 volts, 2.4 amp Current ls lowing through 3 ohm resistance.

14v0 O21volts

From the above circuit it is cear that nel current ( + I z 1.6 + 2.4) = 4 amp is fowing
through 3ohm resistance.
So, V3 =3x(0;+2)
=3x 4= 12 volts
Q15. State thevenin theorem. What arp the varlous steps follow to solve a clrcuit
using thevenin's theorem. (PTU, Dec. 2018)
OR
State and explaln thevenin's theorem.
Ans. Thevenin's theorem states that any linear network havlng a number of voltage, current
DC rcuits
17
and resistance can be replaced by a simple equivalenl cicuit called
clrcuit in whkh a single voltage source in seres with a single rasistancethevenin's
Is
equivalent
conniected celed
thevenin's equivalent resistance.
R

Glven Network
Thenenin's equlvalent circult
Vs =
R, Ra and R3 are resistance Supply voltage
R = Load resistance
V= thevenin's eqn voltage
R= Thevenin's egn resistance
R_ = Load
Method to calculate Vh &Rg from the resistance
given Network.
Suppose Vs =6V, A,= R=2 Ohm, R =1 Ohm & A=3 Ohm. Therefore:
2 2

Step 1 :Calculate R thevenin's equivalent resistance is the resistanca measured

the glven terminals wllh all the energy sources are replaced by thelr between
If intermal resistance of
energy sources are not given below then: Intemal resistances.
Voltage source’ Short circuit
Current source ’ Open circuit
In a given network no
intermal
source is replaced by short circult :resistance voltage source is glven therefore vollage
of

eSee rom
this sde

Rab= R= (2||3) +2

2x32e 16
5 ohm
 18 L09D) Baskc Electrical Engineerng
Step 2: Calculate V: Value of equvalont voltage , Is the open clrcuit Voliage across
the two glven terninals (ab) of the network.

(: neglect 2ohm reslstance

because no current Is flowing
through that branch]

Ig= Vg/(2 +3) = =12hmp

Vg= Voltage drop across hsistance 30hm.
V3=lg x 3 = 12 x3 =3.6 Yots
V3 =V=V=3.6Vofs
R3.2ohm
W

Thevenin's equlvalhnt
Q 16. Determine the thevenin's equivalent circt across 'ab' for the glven circuit
shown below : (PTU, Dec. 2018)
Solution :

Glven Network
Thehenin's equlvalont clrcuit
DC Crcults 19
Calculate Rh: De-active all the energy sources in a glven circuit :
2 1

2
’

2x1
R = Rn= (2||1) = 2+1 3
ohm
Calculate.Vy i
1

Apply KVL, we get

6+ (2 + 1) Ig +3 =0
3lg 3 lg1amp.
We are Interssted to calculate Vab, V
1

)3

AppBy KVLat smal kaop, we get

6 =2x ls +Vab
6 =2x1+Vab
Vab =Vw =6-2 = 4 Volts
Thevenin's equivalent circuit is :
R23
20 LORD) Baskc Electrical Engineering
Q 17.Use thevenin's thoorem to flnd the current through to 2 ohm reslstor.

sov b
R

Solutlon : Calculate Rn :De-active all energy sourcas in a given clrcult.

15

10 16
W

Rn = Rab = (10||6) + (15||8)

6x10, 15 x8
16 23
=3.75 + 5.22 = 8.97 Ohm
Slep 2: Calculate Vni

10 15

Vw ’
10 15
a

50 50
I, = 10+6 =3.125 Amp, l, = n7=2.173 amp
Vollaga drop across 6 Ohm(Ve) = 6x l,
=6x 3.,125
18.75 Volts
Voltlage drop across 8 Ohm (V¡) = 8xh=8 x 2.173
= 17.38 Volta
DC CIrcults 21
Voltage drop across Ihe leminals ab is Vab = V- Va R.97
= 18.75 -17.38
= 1.37 Volta
V1.37 20
(Ra +2)
137
8.97 +2 = 0.124 Amp
a 18. State and explaln Norton's theorem.
Ans. Norton's theorem states thal any linear Network having a number of voltage, current
&resistance can be replaced by a simple equlvalent circuit called Norton's equivalent in
which an equlvalenl circuit consisting ofa single current source In parallei with a reslstance
caled noion's equivalenl reslstance.
R,

R, ’

Glven Network
Thenenin's equivalent circuit
Vg =Supply voltage I Norton's equivalent current
R,R2 &A, are resistance Ry = Norton's equvalent resistance
RL= Load resistance A Load resistance
Method to calculale I & R from the glven Network.
2

Step 1 : Calcutate Ry: Northon's equivalent resistance is the

the given terminals with all the energy sources are resistance measured between
replaced by their intermal resistances. If
Intermal resistançe are not glven then repláce
Votage source ’ Short circult
Current source ’ Open circuit
2

See from this side

b
 22 LOOS Baslc Electrical Engineering
2x1
Rab =RN (2|1) = 2+1 23Ohm
Step 2 : Calculato l : Value of equtvalent curent l ls the short circuit current between
the two terminals of the circuit given.
2
W

ab branch is in parallel wth branch 3Ohm branch whdpaver any ahort circuit path occur in
paralal with any branch, atways neglect that branch In comparison to short circult branch
because GUrent ahways follow least resistence pa!
=3 amp

b
Norton's equlvalent cifcuit
a 19. Determine the Norton's equlvalet circut tor the clrcult given below:
2.

10v 10

Ans. Step 1 : Calculate R De a B ere wo g

2

ESoe from this side

3x4 12+14_ 26
R =(3|14) +2 =-Ohm
DCGrcuts 23
Step 2: Calculate I : In ordar to caBculate short clrcut the given terrninals of the cir

1oV

Reg (4||2) +3 = *+3-0 2613ohm

3
10
Reg 10x33Amp
13 13

Apply curent Division law to calculale current lowing through branch 2

Ohm.
4 30 4 120
= 1.53 amp
78
So Northon's equivalent circuit is

4+

I1.53amp ) 100

Q20. Uslng superposltlon theorem. Find the value of output voltage VAe for the
glven Network. 60

2 amp

4 ohm 2 ohm
Ans. In a gven Network convert current source into voltage source we get.
80

4
1

Step 1 :Consider 4 volt sourca and de-actve other energy source.

80

2
A
24
LORDS Basic Electrical Engineering
Apply KVL, we get
4V+ 6l, + 60, = 0
661, = 4 lh= - 0.06 amp
66
Step 2: Consider 8 Volt source and de-active other energy sources.

Apply KVL, we get

-8+ 65l2=0 h= 66 0.12 amp

Step 3: Consider 2 Volts source and de-active other energy sources.
60

2
B
-2V + 60l, + 6l = 0
2
66l,= 2 h= =0.03 anp
66
80

Net current fiowing through 4 &2ohm

resistanca is (I, + I,- l) = (0.06 + 0.03-0.12)
= (0.07 -0.12) = -0.05 amp
VAB =(4 x 0.05) - 8V- (2 -0.05) + 2V
=0.2-8V-0.1 +2
VAg=-6.1
a21. Explain the operatlon of serles RL
circult with slngle phase AC supply.
Ans. In AL circult if (PTU, Dec. 2018)
V= Vmay sin ot then
l= Imar Sin(at - ) where
DC arcuits 25
ol
=tan
Pa Vl cos = 2R
Powar factor; cos= Lagging)
Q
22. For the clrcuit shown In fig below, find the resistance between A&Dpotnts.
20 40
Ax

Ans. The above circult can be represenled as :

AXC
Reg 8||2040
20x 40 ++320+160
8x20x 40

800+320+160 1
8x20x40
BÝD Reg =.5 Ohm
23. A serles RL clrcuit with R= 30 W and L= 15 H has a constant votage V= 30OV
Q
applied at t = 0 as shown below. Determine the current , the voltage scross reslstor
and the Voltage across the Inductor :
300

30V S1sH

Ans. Apply KVL, we get

Vs= i_l + Ldydt
30 =ig 30 + 15 dl/dt
30 = 15 (2ls + dl/dt)
2ig + di/dt =30/15 =2
2lg + dl/dt = 2
The soln ot abova eq" ia :lg=|-R amp