A Module on

THE INTERCONNECTED AGE:

UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZED WORLD

(SOCSC 03-The Contemporary World)

MICHAEL T. SACRAMED
MAVERICK P. ANTONY
ROMNICK R. AGAG

2024
Unit 1: Introduction to Globalization

Our world is very small today. Instant news from beyond, products everywhere in the world on our
doorstep and travel experiences that take us miles away. This connectedness is largely chalked up to
globalization but what really is it? Through a deeper dive into this week's material, join us in exploring
various frames of understanding for globalization and preparing ourselves to define what we mean by
these terms when taking stock on their implications throughout the course.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization,
2. identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization, and
3. agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.

Answer the following questions as concisely yet as clearly as possible.

1. What is globalization?
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2. Think about your daily life. In what ways do you encounter evidence of globalization?
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3. What are some of the effects of globalization on the global economy's development?
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LESSON 1: THEMES and CLAIMS of GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is targeted because it refers to a complex process that involves economic,
cultural, technological and political dimensions. Understanding globalization Why does the modern-
day corporation have to be more than a commercial success?

Some central claims typically made about globalization include the following:
1. Economic interests grow interdependent and more global. This is illustrated by the growing
internationalization of trade, investment and capital flows along with global production networks or
multinational firms. Markets unity reduce barriers by expanding resource allocations and Also increase
market access for goods services.
 2. You frequently read that globalization drives cultural convergence-a somewhat boring, largely homogenized
global culture. For example, movies, music, fashion and fast food created in mainly western or American
culture are experienced by people all over the globe. Detractors have suggested that it could hasten the loss
of indigenous cultures and local traditions.

3. One of the grand claims made for globalization is that technology and innovation can be spread. The advent
of communication and transportation technologies, due to the Internet or air travel for instance means
distances dissolve completely and information shall be exchanged instantly. This leads to a faster diffusion
by technology of around the globe, improves connectivity and ability for cross border collaboration.

4. Promotion of similar ideology: Globalization can lead to the promotion or encouragement, even forceful
implementation (if superpowers), of world politics based on very narrow ideals such as democracy and
liberalism. Political reforms in countries are also affected by international institutions and non-governmental
organizations which promote human rights, good governance and democratic principles.

5. The irony is that this forces globalization to step in and reinforce the inequality, as well between nations.
Globalization, we know of the obvious, can create economic growth and development prosperity in return
for a less equal distribution. At the margins, developed countries and wealthy individuals would likely
benefit more from militarized resources, while poorer nations and less privileged groups might be at a
disadvantage or could even end up targeted for exploitation.

6. Globalization has detrimental effects on the environment. More production, consumption and
transportation - more environmental degradation and polluting. Globalization, on the other hand spreads
environmental consciousness - as depicted by initiatives such as international conservation work.

Such are the core claims that inform both supportive and resistant arguments concerning
globalization, suggesting its mixed current advantages as well as liabilities.

Activity 1-1: A Story of Gio, Latiff and the Laksa

Direction: Watch the story entitled “A Story of Gio, Latiff and the Laksa” on YouTube. Then complete
fill out the table below. Look for evidence in the video that supports each claim of globalization.

Claim of Globalization Evidence from the Video

1. Global economic integration

2. Homogenization of cultures

3. Technological Advancement

4. Political Convergence

5. Inequality and Disparity

6. Environmental Impact
LESSON 2: CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF GLOBALIZATION

A. Economic Globalization
Economic globalization refers to a phenomenon whereby national economies are growing
integrated via international trade, investment flows, capitals movement and human labor migration as
well as technological progress. Technology writer Thomas Friedman argues in his book The World Is
Flat (2005) that modern globalization is the notable driver of social freedom. By "flattening," he means
the barriers to commerce and communication are lifted, creating levels of competition and
collaboration that could never have existed before. Friedman's argument comes straight out of
classical liberal economics; it hinges on the belief that free trade and innovation are what reshape
global markets towards efficiency. He claims that the spread of globalization has a democratizing effect
in creating more possibilities globally, open to every summertime sun dodger. Key drivers include:

1. Trade Liberalization: This will help in the cause as it eases the flow of goods and services
by reducing tariffs and barriers which block them getting across borders. International
institutions, including the World Trade Organization (WHO), are key to this process.

2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Here businesses or assets are acquired and investments
made by companies that help in the transfer of capital, technology as well as expertise.

3. Continue reading on Enterprises * See all Enterprise Articles multinational Corporations

(MNCs): These are such types of enterprises that work in different countries and take
extensive production places, marketing pro...

4. Global financial markets provide for the quick and continued movement of capital from
one nation to another respectively concludes able integration of functionaries-related with
finance accompaniments.

Globalization The important economic views concerning globalization are -

1. Free Market Globalization: This view, which owes much to the traditions of classical liberal
economics, paints globalization as a benign force rooted in free markets. It emphasizes the
value of free trade, lowered barriers to commerce and capital mobility. But supporters argue
that by reducing government interference and promoting competition, efficiency, and
innovation growth in the global economy occur.

2. Efficient use of resources: This implies that a country will put its scare resources into the
areas it is most efficient at producing to grow their economy.

3. Better quality of life: Economies generally grow, which increases people's incomes and
overall well-being.

This thought is based on what later became known under Adam Smith’s invisible hand, a
socioeconomic theory that linkage individual self-interest in the free market by an unseen mechanism
of exchange with the general well-being for society and David Ricardos usually stated principle:
Countries are supposed to gain from specializing production where they hold comparative advantage
axis (it works).

2. Global Capitalism:
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx review, a famously polemical text viewed as the first
great state-of-the-world address of modern times, there is no escape just how expansively capitalist he
was: specifically in his critique. In Marx's perspective, globalization is an aspect of capitalism where
the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) needs ever more-extensive markets to generate profits. According to
Marx, this process exploits the labor and resources of less developed regions leading to further
inequality and class divisions. His starting point is that of a deep and critical view, in his opinion
globalization represents an instrument to universalize the existing inequities within capitalist system.
According to this Marxist perspective, globalization is nothing, but the third stage of capitalism
generated by global oligopolies with their multinational corporations and establishing
transnational/intermediate production network (Hirst,1997).

Critics contend that this system is conducive to:

Exploitation of labor and resources — multinational corporations may seek to lower costs by
moving production to countries with weaker labor regulations or paying less than subsistence wages,
hence the reason many western products are labelled “Made in China” where working conditions can
be significantly worse.

Developed countries (the "Global North") also may gain the most from globalization, whereas
less developed nations or developing countries often suffer substantial deleterious consequences such
as income loss and higher rates of unemployment. · To reproduce global inequalities

This view is rooted in Karl Marx's critique of capitalism and pointing out that people who own
capital get their wealth simply from having ownership, while workers need to work for a living. It
highlights the processes of capital accumulation, imperialism (the power relations between one nation
and another), as well as the unequal balance of forces prevailing in a globalized economy between
central nations (developed countries) and peripheral ones (developing ones).

B. Cultural Globalization
This is referred to as Cultural globalization; it involves the spread of values and culture across
national borders which in turn creates a shared global culture. Orientalism by Edward Said The war
of the world for Said is to change people’s minds, this really makes sense because so many wars are
bought in on a way; from propaganda, like he states through his Oriental conceptions. Said contends
that globalization often means enforcing Western standards and perspectives on non-Western
societies (cultural homogenization), believing such impositions will do away with local identities.
Drawing from postcolonial theory, his position shows that cultural globalization should be considered
with caution for it implies a (neo) imperialistic and dominating process of center versus periphery in
favoring Western culture. Said highlights a great truth that we all must understand in this period of
globalization, which is the fact that it becomes more urgent now for us to respect cultural differences.
It is characterized by:

1. Media -The US is the only global producer of television, film and internet content- as a
result non-American markets have an overwhelming predominance of American cultural
tropes (referred to pejoratively by some critics as "Westernization").

2. International: Meanwhile, English has achieved global lingua franca status and is used as a
medium of international communication.

3. Food and Lifestyle: Globalization has brought the availability of convenient food from
different cultures as well changes in lifestyle.

Cultural globalization occurs through two main angles:

Westernization or Americanization - Through this lens, globalization is a process of

Western culture, including capitalist values and consumerism. Many times, this is to the detriment of
local cultures and customs. This perspective is informed by critical theory and postcolonial studies.
Theodor Adorno and Edward Said or other thinkers criticized the cultural imperialism and
commodification that may accompany this process.
 Cultural Hybridization (Global Cultural Exchange)-According to this view globalization
fosters cultural hybridity, where different cultures are brought into contact and engage in shared
blending processes that result of the production new forms-new what might be called 'hybrid' forms.
Instead, it stresses a two-way dialogue as opposed to one-sided enforcement. It comes from a
postmodern point of view and one that obviates the notion of cultural relativism, with highlights
celebrating diversity as well diffusion in multicultural contexts. This is where the writings of Homi
Bhabha and Stuart Hall come in.

C. Technological Globalization
Globalization of Technology: PDQ (Pretty Darn Quick) Business Sense is the rapid spread
across international borders of productivity-enhancing technologies and business methods. Key
elements include:

1. Information and communication technology (ICT): The web and mobile technologies in
the chain of information flows within organizations is changed radically.

2. Innovation & Research: International collaboration on research and development has fueled
our technological progress.

3. Digital Divide refers to the fact that developed nations enjoy tech access and use notably
more than undeveloped ones.

The idea of the "global village" is one lens through which to understand technological
globalization. The world is becoming a global village. Thinker Marshall McLuhan coined the term to
refer to technological developments in communication and information technologies that overcome
geographical boundaries. Knowledge may, in a hyperconnected environment, spiral out - up and down
the scales at which we interact-faster a wider by connecting us all to each other and making
interdependency both an integral limitation-and asset. This perspective is based on technological
determinism - the belief that technology has an inherent power to influence society and how people
engage with one another.

Technological Globalization: Its Effect

The globalization of technology does more than just make the world feel like a smaller place.
It is the diffusion of technology across national boundaries, and with it changes in productivity,
communication modes, opportunity structure or level of innovation. Here are some elements of this
happenstance:

 ICT (Information Communication Technology): Internet and mobile technologies have

changed how we share information or do business. Today, global communication and data
exchange has become so seamless that it is influencing big companies about the way they work
and people who connect with one another.

 Invention and Studies: partnerships are simpler. These international efforts result in a much
faster progress regarding technological development Scientists, researchers of all kinds get
ideas and data to share in a much easier way across the borders that moves breakthroughs
faster than anything else as well.

 Digital Divide — Therein lies the rub of course. Developed countries have superior
technology than developing nations. This phenomenon is better known as the digital divide.
It leads to a digital divide, where some areas of the world have access and are connected by
technology, but others do not.
D. Political Globalization
Political globalization is the process by which institutions other than states, such as companies
or international organizations, influence and develop global politics. This includes:

1. International Organizations: Such as the UN, IMF and World Bank contribute to global
governance cyclicality and economic policies.

2. Global Governance: Global responses are necessary to address transnational issues such as
climate change, terrorism and pandemics.

3. Sovereignty and Local Governance – The influence of some supranational organizations is

considered to violate many essential factors that define a nation as sovereign.

By contrast, in his definition of Globalization, David Held includes an understanding that

represents the different facets: there is an economic globalization, a political one and cultural (Breuilly
2016) or social-global-one-what-ever-you-want (Held). Sophical in as much as Bornschier admits to
the risks and transnational character of these global processes that increasingly transcend national
boundaries but condition local practices. Held argues for a kind of global governance which can enable
the problems globalization has unleashed-inequality, environmental degradation and security threats-
to be countered. But Malloch maintains a liberal internationalist, and cosmopolitan viewpoint
encouraging cooperative global frameworks arid institutions.

Political globalization refers to the increasing visitors at every corner of earth in political
interconnectedness between different parts. This model covers various important topics including:

a. International Organizations and Agreements: the UN, IMF, World Bank etc.: Important
institutions impacting global governance or economic policies International Organizations
that Codify Treaties which Impact Trade, Development and Security

b. Global Governance: Challenge of complex, transnational problems like Climate Change,

Terrorism and Pandemics - all require solutions that cross national borders. That is why
political globalization is the one that encourages international cooperation to try and address
such issues in which they are met with a global answer.

c. Sovereignty and Local Governance - As international organizations have increased in power,

the concept of national sovereignty comes increasingly into conflict with global civic action
groups. Others would be critical of these institutions’ limitations in allowing countries to
govern themselves as they wish. That in turn, raises even more troubling questions about the
future of local governance amidst a globalized world.

Political globalization has many different dimensions, and there is not easy divisions Germany:
Political Globalization Contrasting approaches to the nature of political globalization There is a wide
range of contrasting viewpoints regarding both what kinds of change should be considered as
instances in it.

i. Global Governance Perspective: This perspective underscores the sovereignty based

relational capabilities to build cooperation and coordination of nation-states among
different international organizations or treaties. Global justice and international law. What
the argument amounts to is that Global Left emanates from liberal internationalism,
grounded in cosmopolitan persuasion.

ii. Anti-Globalization Perspective: An anti-globalization perspective would consider

globalization as a danger to national sovereignty and local autonomy. The film talks about
the necessity of standing up against what it sees as forces threatening to smush distinct
 local cultures into a single, globalized whole. Why this is wrong: This position borrows
elements from nationalism, protectionism and critical theory.

The influence of technological advances on political globalization Technological determinism om

the other hand argues that technology itself is a neutral driver for change and global relations. This
serves as a demonstration of technology's power, and its ability nudge political frameworks activating
communication across borders.

Activity 1-2: Case Study: Apple Inc. open a new manufacturing plant in India.
As reported by Apple Inc., the company has recently opened a new manufacturing plant in India. This is in line with
its strategic aim to limit its manufacturing base to China and reduce operations’ dependence on China. The plant will
employ thousands of local workers and draw huge investments into the area, greatly assisting the local community. For
the following questions, address the impact on local labor, economic development, and international trade trends as
detailed above. Does this action:
1. Demonstrate the core concepts and philosophies of economic globalization?
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2. List both the positive and adverse aspects of Apple’s strategy from the Free-Market
Globalization and Global Capitalism perspectives.
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LESSON 3: THEORIES and CRITICISMS
There are many theoretical definitions of globalization, such as Economic Globalization,
Cultural Globalization, Technological Globalization and Political Globalization this broader process
they not focusing any single possibility. While hyperglobalists argue that globalization is causing states
to crumble and the disappearance of a bordered global economy with international markets becoming
more important than national policies. Skeptics, who believe that globalization is not a new or all-
powerful process and question the very concept of "the global economy," distinguish between history
and enterprise under such labels as contemporary capitalism or modernity; they emphasize long cycles
of economic development in which nation-states play at least an equal if not stronger role compared
to multinational corporations for multinationals represent their interests only. Transformationalists
take a more sophisticated position, conceiving of globalization as an essentially fluid and complex
process altering economic structures, political systems and social patterns-in highly unpredictable
ways-without necessarily pointing towards some preordained destination.

Globalization theories give us multiple ways to structure our minds around the myriad
processes that contribute to this world. Wallerstein proposes another economic approach where
capitalist expansion and exploitation patterns are central in World System Theory. World Polity
Theory emphasizes political and cultural incorporation, while World Culture Theory acknowledges a
more complex version of cultural variety and change. These theories help us to make sense of how
both past and present planetary linkages impact economic formations, political arrangements, as well
cultural expressions. Any of these theories would help us better understand globalization, but each
emphasizes a different facet: together they produce the more comprehensive vision.

Other theories of globalization - Lechner (2015)

-World System Theory
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the namesake of World System Theory: "Globalization takes
a variety of forms but refers to economic activities that bring distant places into closer contact". The theory
was formulated as early as the 16th century when Europe extricated itself from a narrower orbit and linked
up with Asia, Africa, and America establishing what would be later referred to as the capitalist world
system. The system of the world economy is considered a uniform one, as it represents overall one single
market and an aerial division of labor. Wallerstein delineates the world into core, peripheral and semi-
peripheral countries.
Core countries - mostly the United States and Western European nations, core are economically
dominant, exploit periphery through trade, resources etc. These are underdeveloped areas around the
periphery of most developing countries where labor costs, supplies for raw materials and exploitation as
an open marketplace. Semi-periphery: Industrializing capitalist countries that are positioned between the
periphery and core. for example, China India Brazil The primary objective of the world system is capital
accumulation on behalf capitalists, which reproduces itself through a cycle expansion and contraction
among firms.
An example: the theory finds an echo in this era of global supply chains. Trade Explanation Core
countries create and market products, but they may manufacture components that support those core
goods in peripheral regions where labor costs are lower. For example Notice how many goods which are
designed in the U.S. or Europe, have to be assembled in China (a semi-periphery),of all places -or
Vietnam(peripheries instead) This theory was further elaborated by Karl Marx with the idea of class
struggle: history consists in a fight between (on one side) bourgeoisie, owner of production means and (on
another ) proletariat that sale his work.

-World Polity Theory

World Polity Theory highlights the presence of a global-level political and cultural structure that
impacts how states and people act. Globalization in this way includes the dissemination of a world polity
and its related social orders. A common global culture influences the structure and policy of states, as well
as international organizations. The diffusion of global norms and values is greatly influenced by
international institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
For example, World Polity Theory explains the global diffusion of human rights standards.
Countries may also implement human rights laws and practices that reflect those of international
 organizations, such as the United Nations. This expanded view demonstrates a global cultural frame that
can affect national policy and practice.

-World Culture Theory

There is still some force for globalization within world culture theory, even though it suggests a
global society that isn't quite all-inclusive. Through this theory, global culture comprises more than one
cultural practice and perspectives; mostly they differ from each other. These local cultures put these global
cultural elements through a unique lens, which makes it so that the landscape of culture becomes more
complex in each territory.
This is an example of World Culture Theory in that fast food, specifically McDonald's has spread
internationally. Although McDonald's is a global brand, it has been found out that its menu varies
according to the tastes of individual country locals for people from different locations have distinctly
unique taste palates which pose as a characteristic blend of cultural elements (both globally and locally).
The McAloo Tikki in India is another example, as well is the Teriyaki Burger in Japan.

Despite its advantages, globalization has many good reasons to serve. Concerns One principal
issue is the rate and form of globalization will have impact on economic inequality as global integration
can affect a high level between rich and poor, in individual countries along with globally. A further
criticism is the support of cultural homogenization, which means that local traditions and identities
give way to a universal global culture, predominantly sustained by Western media. The ecological
problem is also crucial, as the growth of industry itself and global transportation have a detrimental
effect not only on nature but human health (air pollution, climate changes). Labor exploitation, too,
becomes an important issue as end products are assembled using global supply chains which can often
mean terrible working conditions in third world countries where labor protections might be weak or
under enforced.

Lesson 1-3: Essay on Impacts and Differing Perspectives of Globalizations

Direction: Analyze each situation through the lens of each perspective.
1. A single large company, Clothing, from Country A decided to transfer production to low-wage
and low regulators’ country B. Closes factories lead to thousands and millions of job losses in
Country A. Moreover, it also exposes hundreds of thousands of people in Country B to poor
working conditions. Under the perspective of how one would view the problem: a
hyperglobalist, a skeptic, and a transformationalist respectively:
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2. The platform of a popular social media originated in Country X gets huge popularity in
Country Y. Most of the content displays the culture and frameworks of the country of the
origin of the source. While some people of Country Y consider their culture obscured by
others, some overlook the situation as the opportunity for mixture and borrowings. How the
described globalization contributes to the event taken in the text:
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 Globalization occurs in many aspects such as culture, economics and also politics which helps
global businesses to work more effectively across borders. The integration can take several forms:
Firstly, it has meant the proportional increase of economic and trade activities between corps; And
secondly, also remarkably imposed costs by some distant crust through taxes or regulations. Different
theoretical perspectives include the liberal economic view that globalization is a beneficial force driven
by free markets and leading to increased efficiency in resources, access to goods, services and living
standards, as well as the Marxist critique of international capitalism. On the level of culture,
globalization play a facilitating role in process that ideas and values as well as practices are adopted
around the globe which can contribute to both cultural homogenization (ex: where dominant cultures
push local traditions to margins) and hybridizations (creation of new forms through two or more
different elements combine). In technological terms, it means the diffusion of new knowledge and
communications technologies (KNCTs), enabling global connectivity in markets and production are
being created with their own specific digital divide between developed and developing countries.

In terms of global governance, globalization changes the nature of international organizations

and agreements with a greater reach that can deal with more transnational issues like climate change
or pandemics at large which sometimes come into conflict with national sovereignty. Core concepts
The debate continues over whether and to what extent globalization leads to cultural homogenization
or a hybrid of cultures; with pro-process think-tanks such as the Center for Global Development (the
successor organization in spirit, if not in kind, to Brandt's North-South Commission), an international
development policy think-tank claiming that neoliberal market-oriented prescriptions are essential
universal - shared by all nations who practice good politics - which will converge otherwise divergent
nation-state policies into one world economic system however others say it is little more than
standardization at best supporting Politiculture. Globalization is a continuation of capitalist market
expansion that has been condemned by anti-globalization activists, due to its challenging impacts on
economic inequality(richest and poor country income gap), cultural homogenization, environmental
degradation,[6]and labor exploitation in LDCs (Less Developing Countries)wherein universal-
character worker protections are non-existent or unenforced. These different opinions help to
demonstrate the difficulty of expanding a concept as broad and abstract as globalization across
multiple aspects of human experience.
A. Directions: For each question, choose the best of the choices provided for your answer
1. What is the major approach of globalization that highlights economy and markets intertwined to
combine factors better use economically?
a. Cultural Convergence due to Globalization c. Globalization fosters the diffusion of
b. Increased economic interdependence political values
among countries due to globalization d. Globalization is destructive for the world,
ecologically speaking

2. Which specific claim about globalization highlights the way technology and innovation can be
diffused through advances in communication and transportation?
a. Global village Homogenization of culture. c. It can increase global economic inequalities
b. Globalization help develop the spread of d. Globalization as the spread of technology
political values and innovation

3. What, in Thomas Friedman's view, is the core feature of economic globalization?

a. National economies becoming integrated c) Extension of Political Values & Systems
through trade, investment and capital flow. d. Promote Local Governance Patterns
b) Cultural globalization by use of media

4. Which view of globalization underlines lower trade barriers and more free trade as a silver lining.
a. Global Capitalism c. Free Market Globalization
b. Cultural Hybridization d. Cultural Homogenization

5. Whose criticisms of globalization challenge capitalist imperatives to globalize, and illustrate the
inegalitarian impact on the world as well?
a. Edward Said c. Adam Smith
b. Thomas Friedman d. Karl Marx

6. Which idea best explains cultural globalization as the dissemination of Western ideas in place of
local culture?
a. Cultural Homogenization c. Western Imperialism
b. Cultural Hybridization d. Global Cultural Exchange

7. Which important technology globalization characteristic has dramatically changed the way we share
information and conduct business?
a. Digital Divide c. Information and Communication
b. Innovation and Research Technology
d. Global Village concept

8. Which part of globalization presents challenges like climate change and terrorism that need to be
dealt with by global cooperation?
a. Global Governance c. Trade Liberalization
b. Multinational Corporations d. Sovereignty and the Political Process

9. Which argue for global governance in response to the problems of globalization (inequality and
environmental degradation)?
a. Thomas Friedman c. Karl Marx
b. David Held d. Edward Said
10. What is the diffusion of technology across borders which greatly amplify productivity and
innovation?
a. Technological Determinism c. Economic Liberalism
b. Global Capitalism d. Cultural Hybridization

11. Globalization is thought to transform how economic, political and social structures work -
according to which theoretical perspective?
a. Hyperglobalists c. Skeptics
b. Transformationalists d. Postmodernists

12. How does economic globalization open a global class divide - this is the single most source of
worry for critiques about globalization.
a. Cultural homogenization c. Environmental impact
b. Labor exploitation d. Economic inequality

13. Another critique points to what negative outcome of globalization, arguing that some global
cultures oppress local traditions?
a. Environmental degradation c. Labor exploitation
b. Cultural homogenization d. Global market integration

14. For its part, which major issue does globalization lenses pollution and climate change.
a. Labor exploitation c. Environmental impact
b. Economic inequality d. Political tension

15. Which point of view considers cultural globalization to be the expansion and circulation of
Western culture across the globe?
a. Theodor Adorno c. Edward Said
b. Homi Bhabha d. Stuart Hall

16. What is the primary focus of free market globalization when it comes to lowering trade barriers?
a. Accelerating cultural uniformity c. Favors labor exploitation
b. Promoting free trade d. Imposing political values

17. According to the theory of which economist, countries are better if they specialize in and export
goods for which they have a comparative advantage?
a. Karl Marx c. David Ricardo
b. Adam Smith d. Thomas Friedman
b. Global Cultural Exchange
18. Under globalization, what has colonized c. Westernization
culture in various cultures together? d. Postcolonialism
a. Cultural Homogenization

19. Which theorist suggest globalization can wear the nation state down and diminish territorial
borders in a borderless world economy?
a. Transformationalists c. Skeptics
b. Hyperglobalists d. Karl Marx

20. Why is the following NOT a dimension of globalization?

a. Economic c. Personal
b. Social d. Political
B. Direction: In a separate clean sheet of paper, answer the following questions:
A. Compare and Contrast the perspectives of economic globalization drawn from Thomas
Friedman and Karl Marx. How do their similarities and points of contention come about on
both the influence of globalization on economic opportunity and economic inequality?
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B. Explain the concepts of cultural homogenization and cultural hybridization within the ideas
of cultural globalization? How do Edward Said’s criticisms of culture nationalism fit within
these frameworks?
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C. Define the concepts of international organization and agreements within the idea of political
globalization? What are the differences between how the perspective of global governance
and the perspective of anti-globalization view these organizations?
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After a thorough understanding of the lesson, is globalization going too far, not going far enough, or
moving in the wrong direction?
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