ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (800-1180)  Arches: Curved structures that span an opening,

supporting weight above it. Common types include

• “Roman-like” round Roman arches and pointed Gothic arches.
• Populated the landscape of the Middle Ages
 Groin and Barrel Vaults:
• Heavy articulated masonry construction with narrow
openings, round arches, barrel vaults, and sparse  Groin Vault: Formed by the intersection of two
ornament. barrel vaults at right angles.
 Barrel Vault: A continuous, semi-circular arch
• Churches gradually changed to cross-shaped plans that forms a tunnel-like structure.
formed by wings called transepts and the choir.
 Blind Arcade: A series of arches that are decorative
• has towers at the west and east ends and the crossing and do not have openings behind them (they are
of nave and transepts "blind").
• known in England as Norman Architecture
 Absidioles: Small, secondary apses that are typically
• Influenced by Roman architecture as well as elements found around the main apse in a church.
of Byzantine Architecture
 Ambulatory: A walkway around the apse of a church,
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER often allowing access to chapels.
Characterized by:
 Square Towers: Towers with a square plan,
 towering round arches supporting the roof commonly seen in Romanesque and Gothic churches.
 massive stone and brickwork
 small windows  Columns:
 round “blind arches” used extensively for
 decoration inside and outside of the structure  Paired Columns: Two columns placed side by
 inclination for housing art and sculpture side.
 depicting biblical scenes  Attached Columns: Columns that are built into
 Harmonious proportions or attached to a wall.
 stone barrel vault or groin vault  Decorated Columns: Columns with
 thick, heavy walls and pillars ornamentation, carvings, or reliefs.
 nave with side aisles
 Tympanum: The semi-circular or triangular
Architectural Character: Sober and Dignified decorative wall surface over an entrance, often filled
with sculptural elements.
System of Construction: Arctuated

Structures: Churches With Monasteries  Historiated Capitals: Capitals (tops of columns) that
are carved with figures or scenes, often depicting
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER biblical stories.

• Heavy articulated masonry construction  Underground Vaults: Subterranean rooms or

• Narrow openings chambers with arched ceilings, often used for storage or
• Round arches burials.
• Barrel vaults
• Sparse ornaments  Westwork: The monumental, west-facing entrance
Walls: corbel arches, pilasters section of a church, typically featuring towers and
elaborate decorations.
Window: wheel window
BUILDING USES
Doors: Main-projecting porches
This imposing style of architecture accounted for most
Roof: Vaulting of the churches and political buildings throughout
medieval Europe.
Columns: coupled
Since Romanesque designs were a by-product of dark
Mouldings: Sculptures ages, it often doubled up as defensive structures.
Ornaments: pre-fresco Structures were also made fire-resistant to some extend
OTHER ROMANESQUE FEATURES by replacing timber construction with masonry vaulting.

 Recessed Arch Entrance: An entrance set back into a

wall, framed by arches that are often layered.
DIFFERENT PERIODS TOWERS

Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque o Towers which were earlier constructed as a

defensive measure became a regular feature in
• thick rubble walls the Romanesque Architecture.
• smaller windows o Usually circular, octagonal or square in shape.
• vault-less roofs
• rhythmic ornamental arches BUTTRESS

Mature Romanesque Architecture o A buttress is a vertical support member that

rests on a wall to provide additional support.
• more refines style o Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat
• increased use of the vault and dressed stone
square profile and do not project a lot beyond
DEVELOPMENT the wall.

• Romanesque developed due to a series oF causes: PLANS

o The end of Barbarian invasions o Abbey and Cathedral churches generally follow
o The decomposition of Cordoba the Latin Cross plan which is in the shape of a
o The establishment of peace in the Christian cruciform.
World, with the development of the cities o The simplest Romanesque churches are
commerce and industry aisleless halls with a projecting apse.
o Religious rules become more known and
widespread PIAZZA DEL DUOMO, (presently Piazza dei Miracoli),
o The Crusades Pisa; Tuscany, Italy
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANESQUE CHURCH Italian Romanesque. In addition to the cathedral itself,
the Pisa Cathedral Complex includes a church, a
• THICK WALLS
baptistery, a cemetery and one very famous campanile
o Massive supporting walls had a few and or bell tower- better known as the Leaning Tower of
comparatively small openings and arches had to Pisa
be constructed for larger openings.
Key features and highlights of Pisa Cathedral include:
o To hold the heavy roofs covered with vaults
o To lessen the damage caused by fires Romanesque architecture:
ROSE WINDOW (English) • The cathedral showcases the classic elements of the
Romanesque style, such as round arches, thick walls,
CATHERINNE WINDOW (named after St. Catherine of
and ornate sculptures.
Alexandria, who was sentenced to be executed on a
Bronze doors:
spiked breaking wheel)
• The cathedral's main entrance features intricate
OCULAR WINDOW or OCULUS (Italian)
bronze doors depicting scenes from the Old and New
WHEEL WINDOW Testaments.

o circular windows divided into segments Interior:

o became a popular characteristic • The interior is adorned with beautiful frescoes and
o commonly used in Gothic period but scattered mosaics, including a famous cycle depicting the life of
examples of decorated circular windows existed Christ.
in the Romanesque period
o The origin of the rose window may be found in Pulpit:
the Roman Oculus. These large circular
openings let in both light and air, the best • The pulpit is a masterpiece of Romanesque sculpture,
known being that at the top of the dome of the featuring intricate carvings and biblical scenes.
Pantheon. Geometrical patterns similar to those
Leaning Tower of Pisa:
in rose windows occur in Roman Mosaics.
• While not part of the cathedral itself, the Leaning
ROOFS
Tower is an integral part of the complex and a major
o It was made from wood, then stone. tourist attraction.
o Vaulted roofs generally featured barrel- vaults
and groin vaults made of stone or brick.
o Eventually, these evolved into the pointed
ribbed arch used in Gothic Architecture.
THE CATHEDRAL COMPLEX OF PISA • Main Architect was Buscheto; he was buried in the
last blind arch on the left side of the façade.
PLAN
• Façade is made out of marble.
• BAPTISTERY
• Resembles an Early Christian Basilica with a timber
A space, area or separate building of a church or roof, columnar arcade and clerestory
cathedral, containing a font where baptism takes place.
• Broadly projecting transept with apses, crossing dome
• CAMPANILE and the façade’s multiple arcaded galleries are the key
features of Romanesque Architecture
Bell tower, freestanding or attached to a building
• Bottom section of the façade has tall blind arcades
• CAMPOSANTO
with pastel colored marble inlay and three portals with
A cemetery surrounded by a colonnade, serves as a bronze doors. N Above are four (4) rows of open
place of worship for the bishop of the diocese and is arcades with delicate columns rising to the top of a
often associated with significant religious events and gable that is much taller than the cathedral roof.
ceremonies.

• CATHEDRAL
CAMPANILE
serves as a place of worship for the bishop of the
• Construction begun in 1773
diocese and is often associated with significant religious
events and ceremonies. • Final Structure to be erected in the complex

• Settling of foundations and resulting lean became

apparent before it was even finished- after only three
BAPTISTERY
(3) stories were completed.
Construction began:
• The engineer believed to be Bonnano Pisano, tried to
- Romanesque Style: 1153 under Diotsalvi compensate by making the new stories a little taller on
one side However, the extra materials caused the tower
- 1277-1297: Nicola and Giovanni Pisano gave the to sink even more.
upper part a Gothic transformation
• Made of gleaming white and pastel marbles
- 1300s: Cellino di Nese added the Gothic dome
Completed in 1363 Considered as Italy’s largest • Has a diameter of 52ft (16m) at the base and would
baptistery stand 185ft (56m) high if it were straight

- 54.86m tall • Currently leans 5.5 degrees which amounts to 15ft or

4.5m from the vertical
- 104m in circumference

GLUOCESTER CATHEDRAL
CEMETERY
INTERIOR
o Known as Campsanto Monumentale or
Camposanto Vecchio Situated in the northern In Britain, the Romanesque style became known as
side of Pisa Cathedral Complex “Norman” because the major building scheme in the
o Legend says that any person buried in this 11th and 12th centuries was instigated by William the
ground will decay within 24 hours Conqueror, who invaded Britain in1066 from Normandy
o Building surrounding the burial ground was in northern France.
constructed by Giovanni in 1278 • PRE-ROMANESQUE
o Exterior wall of the building has forty-three(43)
blind arches and two (2) doorways • NORMAN ARCHITECTURE

• Known for its intricate details and historical

PISA CATHEDRAL significance, this cathedral has stood for centuries

• Construction began in 1093 GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL (Cathedral Church of St Peter

and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity) formerly St. Peter’s
• Pisa Cathedral is large, with nave and four aisles, and Abbey Gloucester, England
is one of the most impressive and majestic of all
Romanesque Churches Key features and highlights of Gloucester Cathedral
include:
• Pisans wanted their Bishop's church not only be a
monument to the glory of God but also to bring credit o NORMAN CRYPT
to the city.
One of only four apsidal crypts in England, offering a
glimpse into the cathedral's early history.
 o 15TH CENTURY CLOISTER GERMAN ROMANESQUE

Renowned for its beautiful fan-vaulting, a unique DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

architectural feature.
• Style bears a strong resemblance to North Italian
o TOWER Architecture

Rising to a height of 225 feet, it offers panoramic views • Octagonal turrets, in conjunction with polygonal
of the city. domes

• ROYAL BURIALS • Arcaded Galleries under eaves

The cathedral is the resting place of Edward II, a • Richly ornamented doorways and capitals
significant figure in English history.
• Vaults
• HOGWARTS LOCATION

Gloucester Cathedral has gained popularity as a filming

location for the Harry Potter series, attracting fans from HIGH CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER IN TRIER, Trier,
around the world. Germany

German Romanesque. Oldest church in Germany,

largest religious structure in Trier; Notable for its long
MONREALE CATHEDRAL life span and grand design.

Santa Maria Nuova CENTRAL EUROPE

• Arab-Norman cathedral WORMS CATHEDRAL, Worms, Germany

• dedicated to the Virgin Mary German Romanesque. Castle-like; claimed to be the

representative cathedral of the period.
• In 1174, the Norman King William commissioned the
construction of this massive building.

• He claimed that the Madonna herself appeared in his EARLY CHRISTIAN (200-1025)
dream and asked him to build her a temple.
• ▪ The final phase of Roman architecture.
• Originally was part of a complex of buildings • ▪ Christianity became the state religion.
consisting of a royal palace, a Benedictine Monastery • ▪ House-churches, early venue for religious
and the Church itself. practices.
• ▪ Roman basilica form was adopted as the
• The church and the monastery have been preserved. ground plan for most churches: rectangular plan
and a nave with two side aisles.
• ▪ Basilican churches were constructed over the
FRENCH ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE burial place of a saint.
• ▪ Facades faced east.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
BASILICA
• Thick walls with small windows
San Clemente, Rome.
• Rounded arches
An early Christian church, characterized by a long,
• Long nave with barrel vaults rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a
clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof.
• Use of groin vault at the intersection of two barrel
vaults Main Parts of an Early Christian Basilica

L’ABBAYE AUX HOMMES, (1120AD) Caen, France ▪ Apse, sanctuary.

Men’s Abbey; One of the most importaant Romanesque ▪ Bema, stage for clergy
building in Normandy. The original Romanesque Apse
was replaced to complete with rose windows and flying ▪ Altar, under the baldacchino
buttress
▪ Nave, central aisle
L’ABBAYE AUX DAMES, (1083AD) Caen, France
▪ Atrium, forecourt
Ladies’ Abbey, Abbey of Saint. Trinity; First Benedictine
▪ Narthex, for the penitents
nunnery in Saintes in Charente-Maritime, France. The
abbey was founded in 1047 by Geoffrey II, Count of ▪ Choir, enclosed by a cancelli
Anjou, and his wife Agnes. Agnes later retired to the
nunnery and died there. ▪ Ambo, pulpit
Baptistery Dosseret. A thickened abacus or supplementary capital
set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an
Baptistery, Ravenna. arch; also called a pulvin, impost block or supercapital.
A space, area or separate building of a church or Basilica di SanVitale
cathedral, containing a font where baptism takes place.
Octagonal structure having fine mosaics representing Ravenna, Italy.
the baptism of Christ.
A Byzantine centralized church .Prime example of
On a canonical sense... Byzantine architecture in the West.

▪A basilica is the name given to certain churches St. Mark’s Basilica

granted special privileges by the pope or the Vatican.
Venice, Italy.
▪The criteria are based on special spiritual, historical,
and/or architectural significance. ■ Greek cross plan

▪This is the highest permanent designation for a church ■ Golden mosaics (Church of Gold)
building.
■ It lies at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco,
adjacent and connected to the Doge's Palace.

Major basilica Hagia Sophia

Highest-ranking Roman Catholic churches; Papal ▪ “Sacred wisdom” in Greek.

basilicas.
▪ Constructed by Emperor Justinian; designed by
 Archbasilica of St. John in the Lateran Anthemios of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus.

 St. Peter's Basilica ▪ The interiors were beautified by richly colored marble
pavements in opus sectile or opus Alexandrinum.
 The Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls
▪ Used as a church, mosque, and presently a museum.
 Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Spatial configuration.

A 30-meter square forms the center. At the corners,

Minor basilica piers rise up to support four arches, between which are
pendentives that hold a dome scalloped with forty ribs.
There are 13 minor basilicas in the Philippines as of Windows line the base of the dome, making it seem to
2015. float.
 Basílica Minore del Santo Niño, Cebu

 Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (1050-1530)

 Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate “Style Ogivale”
Conception, Manila
▪ Progressive lightening and heightening of structure
 Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila (made possible by the flying buttress)
 Basilica of Our Lady of Manaoag, Pangasinan ▪ Use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault.

▪ Richly decorated fenestration.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (300-1450) Cathedral
▪ Circular or polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and A large and principal church of a diocese (district under
baptisteries. the pastoral care of a bishop), cathedra, the seat of a
bishop.
▪ Characterized by masonry construction, round arches,
shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the Gothic compound pier
extensive use of rich frescoes, and colored glass mosaics
to cover whole interiors. Colonettes facing the nave continue upward to reach all
the way to the vault, whereas the colonettes on the
▪ Facades faced west. inside become part of the ribs of the vaults in the side
aisles.
19 basket capital;
Rib or Ribbed vault
20 dosseret and basket capital;
A vault constructed of structural arched stonemembers
21 dosseret and trapezoidal capital.
or ribs with an infill of masonry.
Parts of a Rib Vault ▪ Perpendicular tracery (use of a lacework of vertical
glazing bars), fine intricate stonework, and elaborate
▪ Diagonal Rib (G) fan vaults.
A rib crossing a compartment of a rib vault on a French Gothic
diagonal.
Three Phases of French Gothic
▪ Ridge Rib (L,M)
▪ Primarie: a lancettes, pointed arches and geometric
traceried windows.
A horizontal rib marking the crown of a vaulting ▪ Secondaire: rayonnant, circular windows, wheel
compartment. tracery.
▪ Boss (N) ▪ Tertiaire: flamboyant, flowing and flamelike tracery.
An ornamental, knob-like projection at the intersection
of ogives.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (1420-1550)
▪ Lierne (K)
Developed during the rebirth of classical art and
A tertiary rib in a vault often for decorative rather than learning in Europe.
structural purposes.
▪ Initially characterized by the use of the classical
▪ Tierceron (H) orders, round arches, and symmetrical proportions.
A subsidiary rib which connects a point on the ridge rib ▪ Pure Renaissance architecture was based on regular
or central boss with one of the main springers or order, symmetry, and a central axis with grandiose
supports. plans and impressive facades.

▪ Personality of the architect has increased in

importance. Silhouettes were clean and simple, with flat
ENGLISH GOTHIC
roofs.
1. Early English
▪ Walls of large dressed masonry blocks (rusticated
2. Decorated Style masonry) gave buildings an imposing sense of dignity
and strength.
3. Perpendicular
▪ Emphasis on horizontality.
FRENCH GOTHIC
▪ Ornamentation was based on pagan or classical
1. A lancettes mythological subjects.

2. Rayonant ▪ Sgraffito, scratched and colored plaster.

3. Flamboyant

Phases

English Gothic Early, High, and Late Renaissance

Early English Early Renaissance

▪ Also known as Lancet, First Pointed or Early Adoption of Classical detail and ornamentation.
Plantagenet.

▪ Use of lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery (tracery

using masonry into which shapes has been cut). Brunelleschi

Decorated Style Riccardi Palace.

▪ Also Geometrical and Curvilinear, Middle Pointed, The Dome of Florence Cathedral (Duomo) was
Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet. Brunelleschi's principal work.

▪ Rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, and Other works, such as the Riccardi Palace, are examples
refined stone-cutting techniques. of the massive rusticated buildings with heavy crowning
cornice for which the Florentine style is noted.
Perpendicular
Formulated the pictorial device of linear perspective.
▪ Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian.
Window types:

arcade (round arch and column in between),

architrave (consoles on either side support a horizontal Michelangelo Buonarotti
or pediment cornice),
Farnese Palace.
order (column on each side supporting an entablature
above). A famous Florentine sculptor, and painter of the roof of
the Sistine Chapel in Vatican.
Leon Battista Alberti
He finished the Farnese Palace, and carried out the
Santa Maria Novella. Dome of St. Peter.

Helped promote architecture from an artisan’s trade to St. Peter’s Cathedral

a profession.
▪ Officially the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano;
Wrote the book, "De Re Aedificatoria," which largely
influenced men's minds in favour of the revived Roman ▪ Architects increased the importance of the dome by
style. lifting it boldly from its substructure and placing it on a
"drum.“
Santa Maria Novella is one of the first churches in which
consoles were placed in the façade over the side aisles Synopsis of the history
to connect them with the nave.
▪ 1506. Bramante, the original architect, formulated a
Leon BattistaAlberti design in the form of a Greek cross with entrances at
East end.
Sant’Andrea, Mantua.
▪ 1513. Giuliano da Sangallo, Raphael, and Fra Giocondo
A type of modern Renaissance churches, consisting of a were entrusted with superintendence of the work.
single nave with transepts, the interior ornamented Division of opinion existed as to altering original plan to
with a single order on pedestals supporting a barrel a Latin cross.
vault.
▪ 1536. Antonio da Sangallo the younger proposed a
High Renaissance central dome and lofty campanili.

The pinnacle of classical simplicity and harmony in 1546. Michelangelo restored the design to a Greek cross
Renaissance art and architecture. and planned and commenced the construction of the
great dome.
Donato Bramante
▪ 1564. Vignola added the cupolas on either side of the
Tempietto of San Pietro. great dome.
Martyrium, place of martyrdom or a shrine with relics ▪ 1605-1612. Carlo Maderna lengthened the nave to
dedicated to a martyr. form a Latin cross and erected the present façade.
This is the site where St. Peter is said to have been ▪ 1629-1667. Bernini erected the fourfold colonnades
crucified. inclosing the piazza and erected the baldachino under
the dome.
It is considered one of the first HighRenaissance
buildings in Rome. Mannerism
Late Renaissance A reaction against the classical perfection of the High
Renaissance; it either responded with a rigorous
Featured a general relaxation of the severe simplicity
application of classical rules, or flaunted classical
and order of the High Renaissance
convention, in terms of scale and shape.
Andrea Palladio
Baroque
Villa Rotonda.
French word meaning bizarre, fantastic, or irregular. It
The Four Books of Architecture - emphasized the was deliberate in its attempt to impress, and was most
systematization of the ground plan and its relationship lavish of all styles, both in its use of materials and in the
to the section and elevation of a building. effects it achieves;

Villa Rotonda, transforming a house into a classical A reaction to the ‘artificiality’ of Mannerism; Attempt to
temple. make art more natural (life-like); sensual.

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola Robust proportions; rich colors (variety of variegated

marbles
Gesu Church.
Rococo
Author of "The Five Orders of Architecture.“ Gesu
Baroco; Final phase of the Baroque; It was associated with
church, the Jesuit mother church, in Rome. Other works
lightness, swirling forms, flowing lines, ornate stucco work,
include the Sant’andrea in Rome and the two small
and arabesque ornament.
cupolas at St. Peter.
Lighter proportions; lighter colors (white with gold trim);