PARKING OCCUPANCY MONITORING AND ANALYZING SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
By
RAM KUMAR E (Register No. 37140702)
JOTHISHANKAR K R (Register No. 37140040)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

i
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of RAM KUMAR E

(Register No. 37140702) and JOTHISHANKAR K R (Register No. 37140040) who

Carried out the project entitled “Parking occupancy monitoring and analyzing

System” under our supervision from December 2020 to April 2021.

Dr. M S SANGEETHA
Internal Guide

Dr. V. SIVACHIDAMBARANATHAN
Head of the Department

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on_____________________

Name:

Signature:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

We RAM KUMAR E (Register No. 37140702) and JOTHISHANKAR K R (Register No.

37140040) hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “Parking Monitoring and analyzing
System” done by us under the guidance of Dr.M.S.SANGEETHA is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Full Time) degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

DATE:05.04.2021

PLACE:Chennai SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to the Board of Management

of SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing
it successfully. We are grateful to them.

We convey our thanks to Dr. N. M. Nandhita., Dean, School of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, and Dr.V.Sivachidambaranathan, Head of the Department,
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for providing us necessary support
and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our Project
Guide Dr.M.S.SANGEETHA for his valuable guidance, suggestions, and constant
encouragement paved way for the successful completion of our project work.

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering who were helpful in many ways
for the completion of the project.

iv
ABSTRACT

Car parking is a major issue in modern congested cities of today. There simply are
too many vehicles on the road and not enough parking spaces. We led to the need for
efficient parking management systems. This we demonstrate the use of IoT based
parking management system that allows for efficient parking space utilization using IoT
technology. To demonstrate the concept we use IR sensors for sensing parking slot
occupancy along with a dc motor to simulate as gate opener motors. We now use a Wi-
Fi modem for internet connectivity and a microcontroller for operating the system. We
create a webpage for online connectivity and IoT management GUI design. The various
steps involved in this operation are vehicle identification, free slot detection, and payment
calculation. Vehicle identification is carried out using RFID, free slot detection is carried
out using display, and payment calculation is done based on the period of parking.
Automatic vehicle license plate recognition is an important component of modern
intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The extracted information can be used with or
without a database in many applications, such as electronic payment systems toll
payment, parking fee payment, and freeway and arterial monitoring systems for traffic
surveillance

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO
Abstract v

List of figures vi

List of tables viii

List of symbols and abbreviations ix

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General introduction 1

1.2 Literature survey 2

2 PRESENT INVESTIGATION
2.1 Aim of the present investigation 9

2.2 Scope of the present investigation 9

2.3 Proposed methodology 9

2.4 Proposed block diagram 10

2.5 Demerits of existing system 11

2.6 Merits of proposed system 11

3 HARDWARE

3.1 Hardware requirements 12

3.1.1 IR sensor 12

3.1.2 RFID reader 13

3.1.3 LCD 14

3.1.4 Dc motor 17

vi
 3.1.5 Node MCU 18

19
3.1.5.1 Uses of NodeMCU(ESP8266-01)
20
3.1.5.2 ESP-12E Module
3.1.5.3 ESP-12E Chip 20

4 SOFTWARE

4.1 Software Requirements 21

4.1.1 ESP8266 Development platforms 21

4.1.2 Arduino example: blink 21

4.1.2.1 Warning 23

25
4.1.3 ESP8266-01 features
4.2 Program algorithm 25

4.3 Flow chart 26

4.4 Program to interfacing ir sensors with Node MCU 27

4.5. Simulation results 29

5 RESULTS

5.1 Results of proposed prototype 31

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 40

6.1 Conclusion 40

6.2 Future scope 40

Geo-tagged Photo 41

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

NO

2.1 Block diagram of parking occupancy and 10

analyzing system
3.1 IR Sensor 12
3.2 IR Sensor Detecting method 13
3.3 RFID Reader Module 13
3.4 RFID Reader working explanation 14
3.5 16X2 LCD pinout DIAGRAM 15
3.6 DC Motor 17
3.7 Principle explanation of DC motor 18
3.8 NodeMCU 18
4.1 Module selection in Arduino software 22
4.2 Port selection in Arduino software 23
4.3 Code uploading to NodeMCU through data cable 24
4.4 When IR 1 sensor detects none 29
4.5 When IR 1 sensor detects an obstacle(car) 29
4.6 When IR 2 sensor detects none 30
4.7 When IR 2 sensor detects an obstacle(car) 30
5.1 When the user’s RFID is read 31
5.2 Web page when there no car is parked 31
5.3 LCD Updation, When IR sensor 1 detects an 32
obstacle

viii
5.4 Web page Updation, When IR sensor 1 detects 32
an obstacle
5.5 LCD Updation, When IR sensor 2 detects an 33
obstacle
5.6 Web page Updation, When IR sensor 2 also 33
detects an obstacle
5.7 LCD Updation, When IR sensor 3 detects an 34
obstacle
5.8 Web page Updation, When IR sensor 3 also 34
detects an obstacle
5.9 LCD Updation, When IR sensor 4 detects an 35
obstacle
5.10 Web page Updation, When all 4 IR sensor 35
detects an obstacle
5.11 LCD Updation, When User Exiting from the slot 36
5.12 Web page Updation, When a parking charge 36
generated
5.13 Web page Updation, When the User exited from 37
the slot
5.14 Car parking prototype, while no vehicles in 38
entry/exit (Gate closed)
5.15 Car parking prototype, when vehicles come 39
entry/exit (Gate opened)

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 LCD pinout Explanation 16
3.2 NodeMCU PIN names 19

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S. No ABBREVIATIONS EXPLANATIONS
1 IoT Internet of Things
2 IR Infrared
3 Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
4 GUI Graphical User Interface
5 RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
6 ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems
7 LCD Liquid Crystal Display.
8 Node MCU Node Microcontroller Unit
9 MCU MicroController Unit
10 ESP8266 Low-cost Wi-Fi microchip
11 DC Direct Current
12 GPIO General-Purpose Input / Output
13 IC Integrated Circuit
14 API Application programming interface
15 IDE Integrated development environment
16 ESP Electronic stability control
17 FTDI Future Technology Devices International
18 LM Linear monolithic

x
19 TX Transmitter
20 Rx Receiver
21 D0, D1 Diodes
22 SW switch
23 GND ground
24 VCC Voltage Common Collector
25 SOC System on a chip
26 RISC Reduced instruction set computer
27 RTOS. Real-time operating system
28 XML Extensible Markup Language
29 LDO Low Dropout
30 Vin Input voltage
31 Vout Output voltage
32 ADC Analog to digital converter
33 UART Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter
34 PWM Pulse width modulation
35 SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
36 I2C Inter integrated circuits
37 I2S Inter IC Sound
38 RST Reset
39 CPU Central processing unit
40 SAR Specific Absorption Rate
41 CTS Clear to Send
42 SDIO Secure Digital Input / Output
43 EN Enable
44 SDK Software Development Kit
45 EMR or EM Electromagnetic radiation
46 Op-amp Operational Amplifier
47 CRT Cathode Ray Tube

xi
48 AC Alternate Current
49 ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
50 RGB Red Green Blue
51 UV Ultra Violet
52 JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
53 CMOS The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
54 USB Universal Serial Bus
55 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
56 UVC Ultraviolet C
57 VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
58 PC Personal Computer
59 Mac Address Media Access Control Address
60 IDE Integrated Development Environment
61 HTML Hypertext Markup Language
62 Linux Lovable Intellect Not Using XP
63 MSP Max Signal Processing
64 AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
65 ATmega328 Microcontroller chip on Arduino
66 UNIX or UNICS Uniplexed Information Computing System
67 PGI Parking Guidance and Information
Car Parking Monitoring and Management system
68
CPMMS called
69 ITS intelligent transportation systems
70 GPS Global Positioning System
71 V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
72 I2V Infrastructure-to-Vehicle
73 PC Personal Computer
74 SPSS Mart Parking System

xii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Car parking is a major issue in modern congested cities of today. There simply are
too many vehicles on the road and not enough parking spaces. We led to the need for
efficient parking management systems. This we demonstrate the use of IoT based
parking management system that allows for efficient parking space utilization using IoT
technology. To demonstrate the concept we use IR sensors for sensing parking slot
occupancy along with a dc motor to simulate as gate opener motors. We now use a Wi-
Fi modem for internet connectivity and a microcontroller for operating the system. We
create a webpage for online connectivity and IoT management GUI design. The various
steps involved in this operation are vehicle identification, free slot detection, and payment
calculation. Vehicle identification is carried out using RFID, free slot detection is carried
out using display, and payment calculation is done based on the period of parking.
Automatic vehicle license plate recognition is an important component of modern
intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The extracted information can be used with or
without a database in many applications, such as electronic payment systems toll
payment, parking fee payment, and freeway and arterial monitoring systems for traffic
surveillance.

The parking system is controlled by the cloud. Nowadays car parking is congested
in cities. So we go to an easy method using the IoT parking system. In this project we are
using the IR sensor to detect the slot is occupied or available and the data are sending to
the microcontroller. The microcontroller is sending the data’s to the cloud server (web
page). Before this project, we want to park the car in any parking issue for cities. Now this
project is very helpful to park the car in any parking using this system. This allows users
to check for available parking spaces online from anywhere and available hassle-free
parking. Thus the system solves the parking issue for cities and gets users an efficient
IOT based parking management system.

1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

A parking lot guidance system was introduced in Japan in the ancient city of Nara
in 1982. This system was part of a plan to relieve congestion caused by the tourist traffic
attracted by the many shrines and Buddhist temples that dot the area around Nara Park.
It was a simple, small-scale system that collects information on how filled up the four
parking lots around the park are and displays this information for individual parking lots
on variable road signs on the road. In the six years since then, similar systems have been
introduced in six cities to relieve traffic congestion exacerbating urban traffic problems
brought about as a deleterious effect of motorization. But as urban traffic problems have
become even more complex, the simple, small-scale systems used heretofore are no
longer adequate for solving urban traffic problems caused by the lack of parking spaces
as cars driven by would-be shoppers, office workers, and tourists drive around looking for
an empty lot or parking spot. These problems have created a demand for highly
sophisticated large-scale systems that collect and disseminate parking lot information
over an entire urban area. Such large, high-function systems were introduced in 1988 in
the three cities of Toyota, Kurashiki, and Takasaki. Among these, what is described here
is the "Advanced Toyota Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) System" (PGIS), which
collects and presents not only parking lot information but also urban area congestion.

This "age of the automobile" has also become an age of competition between cities as
the area served by large stores and other commercial establishments expand in size. As
a strategy to survive to the next generation, the city of Toyota is aiming to become a "civic
amusement center for families to enjoy," by promoting "the business of providing
comprehensive urban amenities" and by (1) becoming a model city for traffic management
(with the provision of urban infrastructures such as highways and parking lots) and (2)
making the city center more attractive (the concentration of urban functions by
redevelopment, etc.). As part of this effort, the PGI system was planned as a support
system to further enhance the urban infrastructure such as roads and parking spaces. To
make a smooth transition to the "highly information-oriented society" expected to arrive
in the 21st century, Toyota is following the promotional policy of the Teletopia basic plan
(to create a utopian highly information-oriented society and city through

2
telecommunications) and making use of the new information and communications means
referred to as "new media" in furthering an agreeable regional society on the theme of
"Toyota, the motor city brimming with vitality and neighborliness." Here too the PGI
system is proposed as a "driver information system" that broadens how automobiles can
be used. Toyota's PGI system was built as a "support system" for making more effective
use of parking facilities and because there are two train stations in the covered area, for
the park-and drive. To make it (1) easy to find a parking spot, (2) easy to know where
parking places are, and (3) easy to utilize parking lots, this PGI system aimed to increase
the efficiency with which parking lots are used, which will ultimately do away with the
useless traffic caused by driving around looking for a spot to park and relieve the traffic
congestion and confusion caused by cars waiting for an empty spot in a parking lot.

With the growing number of vehicles, Car Parking problems at University campuses
upsurge which not only results in confusion, annoyance, and wastage of time but also the
information about the responsible persons for damaging (like scratches, dents, scraps,
etc.) other people’s cars inside a campus remain anonymous. The problem is getting
more severe day by day because the number of student enrollments is increasing year
by year and a huge percentage of students and faculty own cars with a limited number of
parking lots. An important issue in car parking is that people while parking their cars
improperly may block the other parked cars in the parking lots. Due to this, the blocked
car owners cannot find the responsible persons and remain stuck and frustrated until they
get the car out of the parking lot. The security guards at the parking lots are unable to
help in this regard because of the lack of any monitoring and management enforcement
systems and policies. Due to this, it takes much time in pursuing the responsible person
which consequently results in the wastage of precious time of students as well as faculty
and staff members. Another critical problem (that arises due to the reserved and limited
number of car parking lots) is that students (for whom no reserved parking is available)
may damage other parked cars while improper and wrong car parking. The damaged car
owners remain unsuccessful in finding out the responsible persons for damaging their
cars and no one can help out in this concern because there is no proper monitoring
system that can keep a record of the in and out information (i.e. entrance and exit) of the
vehicles and parking information (like parking location, parking duration) of vehicles.

3
Moreover, students, faculty, and staff members often forget where they have parked their
cars in the parking lots. So, finding out a car in such a scenario without any automated
management system is a difficult and time-consuming task which finally results in anger,
exasperation, and wastage of time. The existing car parking management system at the
university is fully manual which only allows the authorized vehicles that are registered by
having the entrance sticker. The whole university area including entrance and exit gates,
academic area, administrative and parking zones are all under video surveillance. But
this can only serve for video capturing and storing and is not connected to any proper
management and monitoring systems. To overcome the above-mentioned problems
encountered while car parking in the parking area of the University campus, we propose
an Automated Car Parking Monitoring and Management system called (CPMMS). Our
proposed system has strong hardware and software components. This system can assist
the security department to handle the parking problems more effectively such as locating
the car if a person forgets its exact parking location or to locate and pursue the liable
person for damaging or blocking someone's car while wrong car parking in the parking
lot. A survey based on a quantitative questionnaire is also conducted to investigate the
problems encountered by the students, faculty, and staff members. The survey’s results
confirm the above-mentioned problems that the students, faculty, and staff members are
facing and thus our proposed system fulfills all the requirements that need to be
addressed by providing appropriate solutions to these problems.

The realization of such a “smart parking” system relies on four main requirements. 1)
Parking Space Detection: First of all, the system relies on the availability of real-time
parking information, based on which it makes and upgrades allocations for drivers. As
already mentioned, current sensing technologies provide several options to monitor
parking spaces. Moreover, whenever the system must make an allocation, it requires
location information on all vehicles with pending requests. Based on this information, it
estimates the traveling time to an allocated spot and provides driving directions to it.
Current vehicle tracking devices/systems provide solutions to this problem. Vehicle
tracking systems combine GPS tracking technology with flexible advanced mapping and
reporting software. A vehicle tracking device is installed on a vehicle, which collects and
transmits tracking data via a cellular or satellite network. The system receives real-time

4
vehicle tracking updates, including location, direction, speed, idle time, start/stop, and so
on. This technology has been widely used in bus systems. 2) V2I and I2V Communication:
The second requirement involves effective two-way communication between vehicles and
the allocation center (infrastructure): vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and infrastructure-to-
vehicle (I2V). In our “smart parking” system, V2I communication involves drivers sending
their parking requests, providing driver information, and confirming reservations to the
system. I2V communication includes the DRPC sending allocation results, driving
directions, and payment details back to vehicles. Cellular networks (CNs) are usually
applied in V2I and I2V solutions, i.e., drivers interact with the system through their mobile
phones. In our implementation, we have developed a smartphone application through
which drivers interact with the “smart parking” system. Using the application, drivers may
log in the system with a unique ID, associated with which is a driver’s general information,
such as license number, credit card number, car size, etc. The ID is registered by the
driver, and the DRPC maintains a database to store the driver’s basic information. In the
application, drivers also have the option to choose their destination, walking-distance
preference, and parking cost tolerance. After the driver finishes all settings and sends out
the request, the system will send back parking allocation results based on his parking
preferences and the state of the system. There are three kinds of allocation results as
follows: 1) If the system fails to find a parking space for the driver, then a notification asks
the driver to wait for the next allocation time. A detailed explanation is also provided
regarding the failed allocation; for example, there are no vacant parking spaces, the
driver’s requirements are too strict, or the driver is too far away from his destination. The
driver may then either release his parking request by changing his preferences to
increase the chance to be allocated or simply do nothing but wait. 2) If a parking space is
allocated to the driver but he/she is not satisfied with it, then he/she can reject the
allocation and adjust his requirements. However, by doing this, he/she takes the risk that
he/she may not be allocated a space at the next decision time. To prevent drivers from
constantly rejecting successful allocations and adjusting requirements for better parking
spots or to prevent drivers from always providing extremely strict conditions at the
beginning and gradually relaxing them later, the system may charge an increased fee if
the number of requests exceeds a certain threshold. 3) If the driver is satisfied This article

5
has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as
presented, except pagination. 4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS with the result, then the system reserves that space for
him, and the application shows the driving directions to the reserved parking space. While
he/she is driving, the system may notify him of a better parking spot based on his real-
time position. The driver needs to respond and tell the system whether he/she accepts it
or not. When the driver arrives at the parking spot, he/she needs to confirm parking at the
allocated spot. All these driver responses are simply done by pushing a button in the
application. When the car leaves the parking spot, a summary of charges is sent to him.
Notice that both V2I and I2V communication are implemented through a smartphone
application, and data are transmitted through the CN. Drivers may reserve a parking
space before a trip and interact with the system by simply pushing buttons on the
smartphone, thus not causing distraction from driving. 3) Reservation Guarantee: Parking
reservations are a key feature of the “smart parking” system. To implement this function,
when a parking spot is reserved by the driver, the system must guarantee that this will
not be taken by other vehicles. For off-street parking resources, it is relatively easy to
prevent drivers with no reservation from taking the spot that has been reserved by
someone else. The system can do ID checking (with RFID technology) at the gate of a
garage or a parking lot. If the driver has made a reservation, then the gate opens, and a
space number is provided to him. If the driver made no reservation, then he/she either
may be allowed to park if there are empty unreserved spaces or is blocked from entering.
For on-street parking resources, the reservation scheme is more complicated because
there is no central ID checking location so that drivers may park at any space if it is vacant.
One method is through wireless technology interfacing a vehicle with hardware that
makes a space accessible only to the driver who has reserved it. Examples include gates,
“folding barriers,” and obstacles that emerge from and retract to the ground under a
parking spot; these are wirelessly activated by devices on-board vehicles, similar to
mechanisms for electronic toll systems. However, this method is relatively expensive, and
the hardware is not easy to install and maintain. A “softer” scheme is to use a light system
placed at each parking space, where different colors indicate different parking space
states. In our system, we use a GREEN light to indicate that a vacant parking spot is

6
available for any driver, a RED light to indicate that the spot is reserved by other drivers,
a YELLOW (or blinking YELLOW for increased visibility) light to attract a driver in the
vicinity who has reserved that space, and a blinking RED light to notify a driver who is
parking at a space reserved by someone else. An LED light with these three colors is
connected to and controlled by an IRIS sensor node (also referred to as “mote”) placed
at each parking space. When a driver is approaching the parking space reserved for him,
this is automatically detected by the GPS data sent from his smartphone through our
“smart parking” application. (Alternatively, the driver can explicitly notify the system.) The
system then sends a command to the IRIS mote, which switches the light at his reserved
spot from RED to YELLOW (or blinking YELLOW). The driver should then be able to
recognize his reserved spot and park there. After parking, the light goes off until the car
leaves, and it returns Fig. 2. Queueing model for dynamic resource allocation. to its
GREEN or RED state if the parking space is reserved. If a driver violates the rule and
parks at a space reserved by someone else, then the blinking RED provides a warning,
and the driver should leave. If he/she does not leave, the system knows which space is
occupied and will tow the car or issue a ticket; in the meantime, the system makes a new
assignment for the driver who had reserved that spot. If the second assignment is worse
than the previously assigned spot, then the driver receives some compensation, which
may come from the violator’s fine. 4) Optimal Allocation: One of the benefits of the “smart
parking” system is that it determines the best parking space for each driver. This is done
through an efficient allocation algorithm executed at the SPAC (see Fig. 1). In what
follows, we will concentrate on the methodology that enables us to make optimal parking
space allocations and reservations.

In the development of traffic management systems, an intelligent parking system was

created to reduce the cost of hiring people and for optimal use of resources for car-park
owners. Currently, the common method of finding a parking space is manual where the
driver usually finds a space in the street through luck and experience. This process takes
time and effort and may lead to the worst case of failing to find any parking space if the
driver is driving in a city with high vehicle density. The alternative is to find a predefined
car park with high capacity. However, this is not an optimal solution because the car park
could usually be far away from the user's destination. In recent years, research has used

7
vehicle-to-vehicle [21] and vehicle-to-infrastructure [23] interaction with the support of
various wireless network technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID),
Zigbee, wireless mesh networks [22], and the Internet. This study aimed to provide
information about nearby parking spaces for the driver and to make a reservation minutes
earlier using supported devices such as smartphones or tablet PCs. Furthermore, the
services use the ID of each vehicle in booking a parking space. However, the current
intelligent parking system does not provide an overall optimal solution in finding an
available parking space, does not solve the problem of load balancing, does not provide
economic benefit, and does not plan for vehicle-refusal service. To resolve the
aforementioned problems and take advantage of the significant development in
technology, the Internet-of-Things technology (IoT) has created a revolution in many
fields in life as well as in smart-parking system (SPS) technology [20]. The present study
proposes and develops an effective cloud-based SPS solution based on the Internet of
Things. Our system constructs each car park as an IoT network, and the data that
includes the vehicle's GPS location, the distance between car parking areas, and the
number of free slots in car park areas will be transferred to the data center. The data
center serves as a cloud server to calculate the costs of a parking request, and these
costs are frequently updated and are accessible any time by the vehicles in the network.
The SPS is based on several innovative technologies and can automatically monitor and
manage car parks. Furthermore, in the proposed system, each car park can function
independently as a traditional car park. This research also implements a system prototype
with wireless access in an open-source physical computing platform based on Arduino
with RFID technology using a smartphone that provides the communication and user
interface for both the control system and the vehicles to verify the feasibility of the
proposed system.

8
 CHAPTER 2

PRESENT INVESTIGATION

2.1 AIM OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

To develop a Parking occupancy monitoring and analyzing system

. Car parking is a major issue in modern congested cities of today. There simply are too
many vehicles on the road and not enough parking spaces. We led to the need for efficient
parking management systems.

2.2 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

• This project presents the generic concept of using cloud-based intelligent car
parking services in smart cities as an important application of the Internet of Things
(IoT) paradigm

• The proposed system consists of detecting the parking lot vacancy using an IR
sensor.

• whenever the user leaves that slot that time for that id payable amount is generated
depending upon the parking time.

• Also, we can Monitor the parking lots through the web.

• Manpower is reduced by this automation.

• Reduces cost for users by knowing the time-wise cost.

• Reduces fuel consumption and time delay.

2.3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The power supply is taking from the Laptop and given to the Hardware. A web page is
designed to monitor car parking. In this car parking, there are 4 slots are available to park
the cars. There is a barrier gate, which works when RFID is read by an RFID scanner.
9
The RFID tag will work as a FASTag. When the user’s RFID reads, the parking time will
start. After scanning, the gate will open and the user can park the car in the available
slots, which can be viewed by the web page and LCD, which is at the car parking. When
the user entered the gate, the LCD will display “User Entry”. Once the user parked in the
parking slot then the IR sensor will detect the car as an obstacle. Then that particular slot
will be Occupied, the same will be updated in both web page and LCD as slot Occupied.
After completing the user's work the user will come and take the car from the parked slot.
When the user came out from the parking slot, the IR sensor will detect none. So it will
be updated as “slot Empty”. Then the user has to read RFID to go out. When the same
RFID reads again the parking timing will stop. And based on the parking time, the inbuilt
program will calculate the amount for the parking. Then it can be viewed by the user. This
amount will be deducted from the RFID, as it is working as a FASTag reader. Then the
gate opens and the user can go out. This same operation will occur every single car,
which is coming for the parking.

2.4 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig:2.1: Block diagram of parking occupancy and analyzing system

10
2.5 DEMERITS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

• There is no automatic system to park the car in the parking slot. They were
collecting the amount from the car owner. Then only they will allow parking in the
parking slot.

• In the existing system, there is no full automation or RFID used for parking Lots.

• Manpower is required to maintain the car parking.

• The driver doesn’t know the exact free lots available in the Parking space.

• Time delay, fuel consumption is more in manual car parking.

2.6 MERITS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

• The proposed system consists of detecting the parking lot vacancy using an IR
sensor.

• whenever the user leaves that slot that time for that id payable amount is generated
depending upon the parking time.

• Also, we can Monitor the parking lots through the web.

• Manpower is reduced by this automation.

• Reduces cost for users by knowing the time-wise cost.

• Reduces fuel consumption and time delay.

11
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 IR Sensor

The IR sensor detecting the parking lot vacancy. Then the IR sensor is detected
and whenever he leaves that slot that time for that id payable amount is generated,
whenever next time that person will park his vehicle on any slot. We are using the IR
sensor to detect the slot is occupied or available and the data are sending to the
microcontroller.

Fig:3.1: IR Sensor

12
 Fig:3.2: IR Sensor Detecting method

3.1.2 RFID Reader

Vehicle identification is done by RFID sensors and id is generated for that user,
when a user parks his vehicle in a parking slot. When the same RFID is read by the RFID
reader at that time only an amount is updated for that id.

Fig:3.3: RFID Reader Module

13
 A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to gather
information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects. ... RFID is a
technology similar in theory to bar codes. However, the RFID tag does not have to be
scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader

Fig:3.4: RFID Reader working explanation

RFID is a technology similar in theory to bar codes. However, the RFID tag does
not have to be scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader. The RFID tag
must be within the range of an RFID reader, which ranges from 3 to 300 feet, to be read.
RFID technology allows several items to be quickly scanned and enables fast
identification of a particular product, even when it is surrounded by several other items.

3.1.3 LCD

The vacancy information of the parking lot can be obtained through a webpage as
well as an LCD. Also, user entry and exit status will be displayed.LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) screen is an electronic display module and finds a wide range of applications. A
16×2 LCD is a very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi-segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation

14
of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations,
and so on.

A 16×2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD each character is displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.

Fig:3.5: 16X2 LCD pinout DIAGRAM

15
Table:3.1: LCD pinout Explanation

Sr.
Pin No. Pin Name Pin Type Pin Description Pin Connection
No
Connected to the
This is a ground pin of
1 Pin 1 Ground Source Pin ground of the MCU/
LCD
Power source
Connected to the
This is the supply
2 Pin 2 VCC Source Pin supply pin of the
voltage pin of the LCD
Power source
Connected to a
Adjusts the contrast of
3 Pin 3 V0/VEE Control Pin variable POT that
the LCD.
can source 0-5V
Connected to an
MCU pin and gets
Toggles between
either 0 or 1.
4 Pin 4 Register Select Control Pin Command/Data
Register 0 -> Command Mode

1-> Data Mode

Connected to an
MCU pin and gets
Toggles the LCD
either 0 or 1.
5 Pin 5 Read/Write Control Pin between reading/Write
Operation 0 -> Write Operation

1-> Read Operation

Must be held high to Connected to MCU
6 Pin 6 Enable Control Pin perform Read/Write and always held
Operation high.

16
 In 4-Wire Mode

Only 4 pins (0-3) is

Pins are used to connected to MCU
Data/Command
7 Pin 7-14 Data Bits (0-7) sending commands or
Pin
data to the LCD. In 8-Wire Mode

All 8 pins(0-7) are

connected to MCU
Normal LED like
8 Pin 15 LED Positive LED Pin operation to illuminate Connected to +5V
the LCD
Normal LED-like
operation to illuminate
9 Pin 16 LED Negative LED Pin Connected to ground
the LCD connected with
GND.

3.1.4 DC MOTOR

The entry and exit gate of the car parking lot works automatically using a DC motor
when the RFID tag is read by the RFID reader.

Fig: 3.6: DC Motor

17
 Fig:3.7: Principle explanation of DC motor

When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences

a torque and tends to move. In other words, when a magnetic field and an
electric field interact, a mechanical force is produced. The DC motor or direct
current motor works on that principle. This is known as motoring action.

3.1.5 NODE MCU

In this part, acquired data is processed using Node MCU. The Wi-Fi modules
esp8266 are inbuilt in the Node MCU. Here we use the C language for programming node
MCU. Node MCU will make decisions based on data given in the sensor.

Fig:3.8: NodeMCU
18
 General-purpose input/output (GPIO) is a pin on an IC (Integrated Circuit). It can
be either input pin or output pin, whose behavior can be controlled at the run time.

3.1.5.1 Uses of NodeMCU(ESP8266-01)

The ESP8266 is a very user-friendly and low-cost device to provide internet

connectivity to the projects. The module can work both as an Access point (can create
hotspot) and as a station (can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload
it to the internet making the Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data
from the internet using API’s hence your project could access any information that is
available on the internet, thus making it smarter. Another exciting feature of this module
is that it can be programmed using the Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user-
friendly. However this version of the module has only 2 GPIO pins (you can hack it to use
up to 4) so you have to use it along with another microcontroller like Arduino, else you
can look onto the more standalone ESP-12 or ESP-32 versions. So if you are looking for
a module to get started with IoT or to provide internet connectivity to your project then
this module is the right choice for you.

Table:3.2: NodeMCU PIN names

Pin Names on NodeMCU Development

ESP8266 Internal GPIO PIN
Kit
D0 GPIO16
D1 GPIO5
D2 GPIO4
D3 GPIO0
D4 GPIO2
D5 GPIO14
D6 GPIO12
D7 GPIO13
D8 GPIO15

19
 Pin Names on NodeMCU Development
ESP8266 Internal GPIO PIN
Kit
D9/RX GPIO3
D10/TX GPIO1
D11/SD2 GPIO9
D12/SD3 GPIO10

The GPIO’s shown in the blue box (1, 3, 9, 10) are mostly not used for GPIO purposes
on Dev Kit.ESP8266 is a system on a chip (SoC) design with components like the
processor chip. The processor has around 16 GPIO lines, some of which are used
internally to interface with other components of the SoC, like flash memory. Now again 2
pins out of 11 are generally reserved for RX and TX to communicate with a host PC from
which compiled object code is downloaded. Hence finally, this leaves just 9 general-
purpose I/O pins i.e. D0 to D8. As shown in the above figure of NodeMCUDev Kit. We
can see RX, TX, SD2, SD3 pins are not mostly used as GPIOs since they are used for
another internal process. But we can try with the SD3 (D12) pin which mostly likes to
respond for GPIO/PWM/interrupt-like functions. Note that D0/GPIO16 pin can be only
used as GPIO read/write, no special functions are supported on it.

3.1.5.2 ESP-12E Module

The development board equips the ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip
having TensilicaXtensa® 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor which operates at 80 to
160 MHz adjustable clock frequency and supports RTOS.

3.1.5.3 ESP-12E Chip

• TensilicaXtensa® 32-bit LX106

• 80 to 160 MHz Clock Freq.
• 128kB internal RAM
• 4MB external flash
• 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi transceiver

20
 CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE

4.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1.1 ESP8266 Development Platforms

Now, let’s move on to the interesting stuff!

There are a variety of development platforms that can be equipped to program the
ESP8266. You can go with Espruino – JavaScript SDK and firmware closely emulating
Node.js, or use Mongoose OS – An operating system for IoT devices (recommended
platform by Espressif Systems and Google Cloud IoT) or use a software development kit
(SDK) provided by Espressif or one of the platforms listed on Wikipedia.

Fortunately, the amazing ESP8266 community took the IDE selection a step
further by creating an Arduino add-on. If you’re just getting started programming the
ESP8266, this is the environment we recommend beginning with, and the one we’ll
document in this tutorial.

This ESP8266 addon for Arduino is based on the amazing work by Ivan
Grokhotkov and the rest of the ESP8266 community. Check out the ESP8266 Arduino
GitHub repository for more information.

4.1.2 Arduino Example: Blink

To make sure the ESP8266 Arduino core and the NodeMCU are properly set up, we’ll
upload the simplest sketch of all – The Blink!

We will use the onboard LED for this test. As mentioned earlier in this tutorial, the D0 pin
of the board is connected to onboard Blue LED & is user-programmable. Perfect!

21
Before we get to uploading sketch & playing with LED, we need to make sure that the
board is selected properly in Arduino IDE. Open Arduino IDE and select NodeMCU 0.9
(ESP-12 Module) option under your Arduino IDE > Tools > Board menu.

Fig: 4.1: Module selection in Arduino software

Now, plug your ESP8266 NodeMCU into your computer via micro-B USB cable.
Once the board is plugged in, it should be assigned a unique COM port. On Windows
machines, this will be something like COM#, and on Mac/Linux computers it will come in
the form of /dev/ tty. usbserial-XXXXXX. Select this serial port under the Arduino IDE >
Tools > Port menu. Also select the Upload Speed: 115200

22
 Fig:4.2:Port selection in Arduino software

4.1.2.1 WARNING

More attention needs to be given to selecting the board, choosing the COM port, and
selecting Upload speed. You may get an espcomm_upload_mem error while uploading
new sketches if failed to do so.

Once you are done, try the example sketch below.

void setup()

pinMode(D0, OUTPUT);

23
}

void loop()

digitalWrite(D0, HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(D0, LOW);

delay(500);

Once the code is uploaded, LED will start blinking. You may need to tap the RST button
to get your ESP8266 to begin running the sketch.

Fig:4.3:Code uploading to NodeMCU through data cable

24
4.1.3 ESP8266-01 Features

• Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module

• Power Supply: +3.3V only
• Current Consumption: 100mA
• I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max)
• I/O source current: 12mA (max)
• Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz
• 512kB Flash Memory
• Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined
• Supports Deep sleep (<10uA)

4.2 PROGRAM ALGORITHM

• Start the program by declaring and initializing the variables.

• Assigning the PINs to the declared variables.
• Then, starting of the loop condition to monitor the parking.
• The LCD starts printing all slot details denoting OCCUPIED or EMPTY.
• If the IR sensor detects an obstacle(car) then the LED will display OCCUPIED. If
not it will show EMPTY.
• This same will be updated on the webpage.
• When the car(obstacle) leaves from the slot, the IR sensor detects none. So LCD
will display as EMPTY. The same will be updated on the webpage.
• Then based on the period of parking, the parking charge will be calculated and the
user(car) can exit from parking. The same will be updated on the webpage.
• This all will happen as a routine for every single car.

25
4.3 FLOW CHART Start

RFID tag
is
scanning
by the
RFID
Reader

User is Entering into the

Parking

If IR
Slot is Empty sensor Slot is Occupied
No Yes
Detection

If Same
RFID tag No
reads

Y
e
s

User Exiting and

Display the parking
Charge

Slot is Empty

26

Stop (When power gets off)

4.4 PROGRAM TO INTERFECING IR SENSORS WITH NODEMCU

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

const int rs = 7, en = 6, d4 = 4, d5 = 3, d6 = 2, d7 = 1;

LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

void setup() {

pinMode(13,INPUT);

pinMode(12,INPUT);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("PARKING");

delay(200);

void loop() {

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("SLOT 1");

if(digitalRead(13) == 1){

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("FULL");

else

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

27
 lcd.print("EMPTY");

delay(200);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("SLOT 2");

if(digitalRead(12) == 1){

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("FULL");

else{

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("EMPTY");

delay(200);

28
4.5. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig:4.4: When IR 1 sensor detects none

Fig:4.5: When IR 1 sensor detects an obstacle(car)

29
 Fig:4.6: When IR 2 sensor detects none

Fig:4.7: When IR 2 sensor detects an obstacle(car)

30
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

5.1 RESULTS OF PROPOSED PROTOTYPE

Fig:5.1: When user’s RFID is read

Fig:5.2: Web page when there no car is parked

31
 Fig:5.3: LCD Updation, When IR sensor 1 detects an obstacle

Fig:5.4:Web page Updation, When IR sensor 1 detects an obstacle

32
 Fig:5.5: LCD Updation, When IR sensor 2 detects an obstacle

Fig:5.6:Web page Updation, When IR sensor 2 also detects an obstacle

33
 Fig:5.7: LCD Updation, When IR sensor 3 detects an obstacle

Fig:5.8:Web page Updation, When IR sensor 3 also detects an obstacle

34
 Fig:5.9: LCD Updation, When IR sensor 4 detects an obstacle

Fig:5.10:Web page Updation, When all 4 IR sensor detects an obstacle

35
 Fig:5.11: LCD Updation, When User Exiting from the slot

Fig:5.12:Web page Updation, When parking charge generated

36
Fig:5.13:Web page Updation, When the User exited from the slot

37
Fig:5.14:Car parking prototype, while no vehicles in entry/exit (Gate closed)
38
Fig:5.15:Car parking prototype, when vehicles come entry/exit (Gate opened)

39
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

Smart parking facilitates the problems of urban livability, transportation mobility, and
environmental sustainability. Smart Parking technology is used for enhancing the
productivity levels and the service levels in operations. It also benefits in terms of lowering
operating costs and increases revenues and facility value. The proposed system has
developed from traditional servicing channels like toll-booth and parking attendants. It
involves the use of an IR sensor, ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi Module, Cloud server. The Internet
of Things integrates the hardware, software, and network connectivity that enable objects
to be sensed and remotely controlled across the existing network. Such integration allows
users to monitor available and unavailable parking spots that lead to improved efficiency,
accuracy, and economic benefit.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The smart parking management system can be broadly applied for many future
applications. Apart from its basic role of parking management of cars, it can also be
applied for plane and ship and fleet management. With the ever-growing field of the
Internet of Things, many concepts can be interfaced along with our system. Smart Parking
system can be modified into fleet management of ship and plane with very few external
hardware changes and almost the same software just replacing the interface fonts of cars
with ship or plane for better Graphic Interface and real-world application based visual
appearance.

40
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Geo-tagged Photo

43