Marine Georesources & Geotechnology

ISSN: 1064-119X (Print) 1521-0618 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/umgt20

Numerical approach to predict ground

displacement caused by installing a horizontal jet
grout column

Zhi-Feng Wang, Xia Bian & Ya-Qiong Wang

To cite this article: Zhi-Feng Wang, Xia Bian & Ya-Qiong Wang (2016): Numerical approach
to predict ground displacement caused by installing a horizontal jet grout column, Marine
Georesources & Geotechnology, DOI: 10.1080/1064119X.2016.1273288

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2016.1273288

Accepted author version posted online: 27

Dec 2016.
Published online: 27 Dec 2016.

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MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2016.1273288

Numerical approach to predict ground displacement caused by installing

a horizontal jet grout column
Zhi-Feng Wanga, Xia Bianb, and Ya-Qiong Wanga
a
Department of Geotechnical and Tunnelling Engineering, School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; bGeotechnical Research
Institute, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu, China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

When horizontal jet grouting is conducted in fine-grained soils, the injection of large volumes of fluid Received 1 August 2016
with high injection pressure into the ground may cause ground surface upheaval and the lateral Accepted 13 December 2016
movement of subsoil. This paper provides a numerical approach to calculate the ground displacement KEYWORDS
caused by installing a horizontal column based on determination of the influencing radius of injection Ground displacements;
pressure and the volumetric expansion strain caused by fluid injection. During the course of this study, horizontal jet grouting;
the relationship between the influencing radius, column radius, volumetric expansion strain, and jetting influence range; numerical
parameters is established. The proposed numerical approach is applied to analyze a case history approach
conducted in Shanghai soft soil deposits, which include the monitoring of vertical displacement of the
ground surface and lateral displacement of the subsoil during construction. A comparison of the results
between the simulated values with the Mohr Coulomb model and field data demonstrates that the
numerical approach can yield a reasonable prediction of these field measurements when the influencing
radius is six times the radius of the column. The influence range of the horizontal jet grouting activity is
also discussed by numerical analysis with respect to two soil models (the Mohr Coulomb model and the
hardening soil model).

Introduction Horizontal jet grouting is used in the improvement of

umbrella roof of tunnel, connection tunnel between tunnels
With the rapid economic development of Shanghai, many
and metro station to commercial buildings, and entrances of
underground facilities, such as metro tunnels and deep excava-
shield-in-shaft tunnels. Recently, horizontal jet grouting was
tions, are necessarily constructed in the soft deposits of
applied in urban region for underground construction
Shanghai (Tan and Li 2011; Tan and Wei 2012; Ni, Cheng,
(Coulter and Martin 2006; Shen et al. 2013c). Horizontal jet
and Ge 2013; Lai et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2015; Cheng, Ni, and
grouting technology is commonly adopted for stabilizing soils
Shen 2016; Shen et al. 2016). The quaternary deposit in
in tunneling construction, including in forming jet-grouted
Shanghai has a high water content, high compressibility, and
umbrellas for supports. Ochmański, Modoni, and Bzówka
low shear strength. To improve safety during underground
(2015a) adopted two- and three-dimensional finite element
construction, the soft deposits of Shanghai can be improved
method (FEM) models to analyze the complex interaction
with soil–cement mixing and/or grouting technologies (Han
between the soil and structural elements of a tunnel built with
et al. 2007; Ho 2009; Shen, Han, and Du 2008, 2013a, 2013b,
provisional jet-grouted reinforcement during the tunnel con-
2013c; Ni and Cheng 2014), among which the jet grouting
struction. As horizontal jet grouting involves the injection of
method has been proven by various engineering projects to
large volumes of water or grout into the soils, significant
be a useful and effective technique (Modoni and Bzòwka
disturbance of the surrounding soil may occur. The most fre-
2012; Modoni et al. 2016; Yuan et al. 2016). Jet grouting tech-
quent disturbances during horizontal jet grouting are upheaval
nology is based on injection of high-velocity fluids through
(Shen et al. 2013c; Wang et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2014) and
small-diameter nozzles to erode the soil and mix it with
settlement of the ground surface (Eramo, Modoni, and Arroyo
injected grout to form a soil–cement column. Based on the
Alvarez de Toledo 2012). The stress redistribution around a
different methods of fluid injection, jet grouting technology
borehole can lead to outward ground movement (manifested
can be classified as (a) single-fluid system (grout only), (b)
on the ground surface as upheaval) or inward movement
double-fluid system (grout þ air) or (c) triple-fluid system
(settlement of the surface). Upheaval is a defect during jetting
(water þ grout þ air) (Croce and Flora 2000; Poh and Wong
occurring mostly in the fine-grained soils, while the ground
2001; Burke 2004; Fang et al. 2006; Flora et al. 2013). In
surface settlements are generally observed for very large col-
general, according to the injection direction of fluid, the jet
umns. In general, when jet grouting is performed near existing
grouting technology can be divided as: (1) vertical jet grouting
structures (mostly when they are sensitive to movements), the
technology and (2) horizontal jet grouting technology.

CONTACT Zhi-Feng Wang zhifeng.wang@chd.edu.cn; wzhf_x@163.com Department of Geotechnical and Tunnelling Engineering, School of Highway,
Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/umgt.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
2 Z.-F. WANG ET AL.

monitoring of the ground movements is obligatory. The be applied directly to the case for horizontal columns nor
ground displacements induced by the jet grouting process can it consider the effect of different soil layers. The numerical
may result in additional earth pressures being imposed on simulation method is known to be a powerful tool which is
existing building foundations or utilities, causing detrimental able to address irregularities in geometry and materials,
effects. Hence, it would be necessary to determine the magni- including embedded structures and the natural layering of soil
tude of such additional loads as well as the anticipated dis- deposits. However, since the horizontal jet grouting process is
placement occurring in the subsoil and the ground surface very complex, there is no suitable numerical simulation
heave. When jet-grouted columns are installed in fine-grained method to determine the ground displacement at present.
soils horizontally, the impact on the surrounding soil is more Hence, it would be necessary to develop a numerical approach
pronounced due to the vertical orientation of the jet and is to determine the ground displacement caused by installation
therefore of greater concern for geotechnical engineers. of horizontal jet grout columns.
However, recent advances in jet grouting technology have
mainly focused on the strength of hardened columns and
the evaluation of achievable column size (Shibazaki 2003; Numerical approach
Modoni, Croce, and Mongiovi 2006; Ho 2007; Wang, Shen, General consideration
and Yang 2012; Flora et al. 2013; Shen et al. 2013d; Och-
mański, Modoni, and Bzówka 2015b). There is very little During the installation of a horizontal jet grout column at a
literature on ground displacements due to horizontal jet grout depth (h), the high-pressure fluid is injected through small-
column installation. Based on the cavity expansion theory, diameter nozzles placed on the monitor, which are continu-
Vesic (1972), Chai, Miura, and Koga (2005), Chai, Miura, ously rotated at constant slowly withdrawn rate as shown in
and Koga (2007), and Chai et al. (2009) proposed a semi- Figure 1a. As jet grouting involves the injection of large
theoretical method to estimate the lateral displacement caused volumes of water or grout into the soil, significant ground dis-
by the installation of soil–cement columns. However, Chai’s placements of the ground can be expected. The main mechan-
method was developed for the case of installation of vertical isms causing ground displacement are expansion and possible
soil–cement columns and cannot be applied directly to the hydraulic fracturing in the ground by the injection pressure
case of installing the horizontal jet grout columns (Wang and the addition of extra material into the ground. Therefore,
et al. 2013). it is difficult to determine the ground displacement due to the
In this paper, a numerical method based on PLAXIS v.8 complexity of installing process of a horizontal column.
software is provided to determine ground displacements In PLAXIS v.8 software, there exists an option to impose an
(upheaval of ground surface and lateral movement of the sub- internal volumetric strain in soil clusters, and this option can
soil) caused by installing a horizontal jet grout column in fine- be used to simulate the mechanical process that results in volu-
grained soils. A case history conducted in Shanghai is intro- metric strains in soil, such as grouting. Based on this, a
duced and analyzed by the proposed numerical method, and numerical approach is proposed for the determination of
the influence range of horizontal jet grouting installation is ground displacements caused by installing a horizontal col-
also discussed. umn, which can be divided into three stages: (1) determination
of the influencing radius by injection pressure, (2) determi-
nation of the volumetric expansion strain caused by fluid
Brief review of literature injection, and (3) obtaining the ground displacement by estab-
Now, the methods for predicting the ground displacement due lishing the finite element model with the consideration of
to horizontal jet grout column installation can be divided into stages 1 and 2 in PLAXIS v.8 software, as indicated in
three parts: (1) the empirical method, (2) the semitheoretical Figure 1b. In this study, the situation is assumed to be a plane
and semiempirical method, and (3) the numerical simulation strain problem for simplification, which means that the volu-
method. The empirical methods were developed based on metric expansion of the ground along the length of the jet-
observations derived from horizontal jet grouting field trials grouted column is assumed to be equal.
and do not have a clear physical application. The empirical
coefficients were derived for specific ground conditions, and
Influencing radius by injection pressure
it would be difficult to apply them for other jet grouting pro-
jects in which the ground conditions are different. The semi- The influencing radius Rf is affected by the injection pressure
theoretical and semiempirical methods are mainly developed of fluid, where the larger the injection pressure, the larger the
based on the cavity expansion theory in an infinite soil mass. influencing radius. The injection pressure of fluid is a main
With these methods, the installation process of jet grout col- factor influencing the radius of jet grout column. Field experi-
umns can be effectively described. Chai, Miura, and Koga ence involving jet grouting in different soils also shows that for
(2005, 2007) and Chai et al. (2009) proposed a semitheoretical the same construction parameters and soil strength, a smaller
method to estimate the lateral displacement caused by the injection pressure correlates with a smaller achievable column
installation of soil–cement columns. In Chai’s method, the radius. Obviously, the influencing radius is related to the
radius of the cavity (Ru), one of the key parameters, was radius of jet grout column, where if other conditions are the
empirically determined by analyzing several field tests using same, the larger the column radius is, the larger the influen-
the slurry double mixing method, dry jet mixing method, cing radius will be. However, there is currently no meaningful
and wet jet mixing method. However, Chai’s method cannot expression for Rf in terms of radius of the column. For the
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 3

Figure 1. Illustration of simplification of ground surface upheaval due to horizontal jet grouting.

practical purposes, the following linear equation is proposed to 3. According to the calculated values of Rf and β, establish the
estimate Rf in this study: finite element model using PLAXIS v.8 software and obtain
the ground displacement caused by installation of one
Rf ¼ aRc ð1Þ horizontal column.
where Rc is the radius of jet grout column; α is the calibration
factor.
Analysis of a case history in Shanghai soft soil
deposits
Volumetric expansion strain caused by fluid injection Soil conditions and field construction
Considering the influencing radius and volume of injected Shen et al. (2013b) described a field test of the single-fluid sys-
fluid, the volumetric expansion strain caused by fluid injection tem located near the Huangpu River in the Pudong New
β can be determined under equivalent volume conditions: Development Area, China. The soft deposit of Shanghai is a
multiaquifer–aquitard system with a high groundwater level
DV
b¼ ð2Þ (Shen and Xu 2011; Shen et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2015; Zhang
V et al. 2015; Shen et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2016).
QL The groundwater level fluctuates within a depth range varying
DV ¼ ð3Þ
vs from 1 to 2 m below the ground surface. Figure 2 shows the
V ¼ pR2f L ð4Þ geotechnical profile and soil properties of this case history.
As seen, the subsoil profile mainly consists of five soil layers:
where β is the volumetric expansion strain caused by fluid
backfill, silty clay, soft clay, stiff clay, and silty sand. The unit
injection; ΔV is the volume of injected fluid; V is the volume
weight of the soil is within the range of 17.4–18.9 kN/m3, and
of influencing zone by injection pressure; Q is the flow rate of
the natural water content of the soil in this test site ranges
fluid; vs is the withdrawal rate of the rod; L is the length of the
from 27 to 46%. The initial void ratio e0 varies from 0.75 to
column, which is taken as 1.0 m in this study.
1.34, according to the results of physical properties by labora-
tory test on soil samples. The compression index Cc obtained
from laboratory oedometer tests varies within the range of
Calculation procedure
0.15–0.735 (Huang and Gao 2005; Xu et al. 2013; Wu et al.
1. Collect the construction parameters and soil properties, 2016).
then calculate the radius of the column through an existing The vertical displacement of ground surface and lateral dis-
prediction method of column diameter, e.g., Modoni’s placement during the installation of a horizontal jet grout col-
method (Modoni, Croce, and Mongiovi 2006), Flora’s umn were monitored. Figures 3 and 4 present the plan and
method (Flora et al. 2013), Shen’s method (Shen et al. sectional view of the layout of settlement gages and incli-
2013d), and/or Ochmański’s method (Ochmański, Modoni, nometer for this case history, respectively. Six settlement gages
and Bzówka 2015b). with a spacing of 3.0 m (labeled as O1–O6) were installed, and
2. Calculate the influencing radius Rf using Eq. (1). Then, one soil inclinometer was set at the depth of 15 m. The hori-
calculate the volumetric expansion strain caused by fluid zontal jet grout column was installed at a depth of 6.5 m.
injection β by Eqs. (2)–(4). The single-fluid method was used to form the horizontal
4 Z.-F. WANG ET AL.

Figure 2. Geotechnical profile and soil properties for the case in this study.

column, and the main jetting parameters of this field test were
as follows: the injection pressure (p) is 30 MPa; the flow rate
(Q) is 90 L/min (9.0 � 104 cm3/min); the withdrawal rate of
rod (vs) is 15 cm/min; the observed radius of horizontal
column is approximately 0.5 m.

Finite element modeling

Mesh and boundary conditions
Based on the information described above, the symmetrical
plane strain model with respect to column axis was established
using PLAXIS v.8 software. The length and width of model
were 50 and 35 m, respectively. The depth of the column cen-
ter was 6.5 m below the ground surface. In the finite element
model, all the soil layers were represented by the 15-node ele-
Figure 3. Plan view of the layout of settlement gages and inclinometer for the
ments. Figure 5 presents the mesh adopted in this study. A
case. very fine mesh generation with a total of 1,034 elements was
used in the study. Groundwater level was set at 1.5 m below
the ground surface. At the left-hand boundaries, the horizontal
displacement was fixed, and at the bottom boundary, both
horizontal and vertical displacements were fixed. Each bound-
ary was modeled under drained conditions.

Model parameters
In the FEM calculation, the soft subsoil was divided into five
layers, i.e., backfill, silty clay, soft clay, stiff clay, and silty sand.
Parameters of these soft soils are shown in Table 1. The mech-
anical behavior of subsoils was represented by the Mohr
Coulomb model which has been embedded in the PLAXIS
package (Brinkgreve 2004). Model parameters for each layer
are listed in Table 1. Overconsolidation ratio (OCR), effective
cohesion of the soil (c0 ), and effective friction angle of the soil
(ϕ0 ) were derived from triaxial tests (Huang and Gao 2005).
Figure 4. Sectional view of the layout of settlement gages and inclinometer for Poisson’s ratio ν and constrained modulus Es for the subsoil
the case. were selected based on the published literature (Huang and
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 5

Figure 6. Comparisons of predicted and measured values of ground surface

upheaval.

Figure 5. Finite element mesh adopted in this study.

may be the length of horizontal column and the rheological
properties of grout, which have some effect on the vertical
displacement of the ground surface and are not considered
Gao 2005; Shen et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2016; Yin et al. 2016). in this study.
The lateral earth pressure coefficient at rest K0 was calculated The comparisons of the predictions by numerical analysis
using the equation proposed by Mayne and Kulhawy (1982) and field data for lateral displacement at the inclinometer
0 are presented in Figure 7 (α ¼ 4, 6, 8). It is shown that
K0 ¼ ð 1 sin /0 ÞðOCRÞsin / ð5Þ
when the calibration factor α is equal to 6 (the value of
where K0 is the lateral earth pressure coefficient at rest; ϕ0 is the influencing radius Rf is 3.0 m and the value of the
the effective friction angle of the soil; OCR is the overconsoli- volumetric expansion strain β is 3.2%), the variations of
dation ratio. Using Eq. (5), calculated values of K0 for each soil predictions of the depth can essentially reflect the ground
layer are tabulated in Table 1. The initial stress in the FEM response due to the installation of a horizontal column in
calculation was derived from K0. reality. The predicted values of lateral displacements are very
close to the measured data. Figure 8 shows the total ground
displacement nephogram in the numerical simulation. As
Comparisons of predictions and field measurements illustrated in this figure, the total ground displacements caused
by installation of a horizontal column are symmetrically
Figure 6 plots the comparisons of predicted and measured distributed along the column center. It is suggested that the
values of ground surface upheaval caused by installing the maximum value of total ground displacement has reached to
horizontal column (α ¼ 4, 6, 8). As seen, when the calibration 47.5 mm, which occurred above the column center.
factor α is equal to 6 (the value of the influencing radius Rf is
3.0 m and the value of the volumetric expansion strain β is
3.2%), the numerical predictions are in agreement with the
measured ground surface upheaval. Figure 6 shows that the
measured maximum displacement of the ground surface is
approximately 47 mm, which occurred at the position above
the column center, while the simulated maximum displace-
ment of ground surface is approximately 41 mm. The reason
for the discrepancy between the measured and predicted data

Table 1. Soil parameters used in the finite element model.

Soil layer Thickness (m) γt (kN/m3) c0 (kPa) ϕ0 (°) ν Es (MPa) OCR K0
Backfill 2.5 20 0 35 0.3 6.0 3 0.8
Silty clay 4.5 18 20 32 0.3 3.0 1.5 0.58
Soft clay 11 17.5 15 25 0.3 2.5 1.5 0.69
Stiff clay 4.5 18.3 20 35 0.3 7.0 2.0 0.63
Silty sand 12.5 19 0 35 0.3 14.0 1.5 0.63
Note: c0 , effective cohesion; ϕ0 , effective frictional angle; ν, Poisson’s ratio; Es,
constrained modulus; OCR, overconsolidation ratio; K0, lateral earth pressure Figure 7. Comparisons of predicted and measured values of lateral
coefficient at rest. displacement.
6 Z.-F. WANG ET AL.

Figure 8. Total ground displacement nephogram in the numerical simulation.

Discussion on influence range of horizontal jet displacement of ground surface decreases rapidly with an
grouting increase in distance r. If we designate that the change of vertical
displacement of ground surface is to be less than 0.5%Dc
There exists less data in the published literature on the range of
(5 mm), then the influence range on the ground surface during
influence due to horizontal jet grouting installation. Neverthe-
installation of a horizontal column would be approximately
less, it is an important consideration for engineering design,
16Dc for the case with Mohr Coulomb model. Meanwhile,
especially when horizontal jet grouting is conducted in urban
the ground surface upheaval has a reduction due to the use
areas. The governing factors can be divided into two aspects:
of hardening soil model, and the influence range on the ground
(1) geological conditions and (2) operational parameters, such
surface during installation of a horizontal column would be
as injection pressure and withdrawal rate of the rod. To analyze
approximately 9Dc.
the influence range, the hardening soil model is also adopted to
In this study, the lateral displacement at the depth of con-
simulate the ground deformation caused by installation of one
struction site (6.5 m) (δL) obtained by numerical analysis with
column. The soil parameters are summarized in Table 2. Using
the Mohr Coulomb model and the hardening soil model are
the soil parameters and the three equations: Eoed ref
¼ pref =k� ,
normalized with respect to the diameter of column Dc and
Eref ref
ur ¼ 3p ð1 2vur Þ=j� , and E50 ref
¼ Eref ref
ur =3, where Eoed is a
ref
reference stiffness modulus; E50 is a reference secant stiffness
ref
modulus; Eur is a reference unloading/reloading stiffness para-
ref
meter; p is a reference pressure (100 kPa in this study); vur is
unloading/reloading Poisson’s ratio (default setting 0.2), the
ref
input parameter (Eoed , Eref ref
50 , Eur ) can be obtained. The simula-
tion results by the Mohr Coulomb model and hardening soil
model are plotted in Figures 9 and 10. In Figure 9, the vertical
displacement of the ground surface (δv) obtained by numerical
simulation is normalized with respect to the diameter of col-
umn Dc and is plotted as a function of normalized distance
r/Dc (Dc is equal to 1.0 m in this study), where r is the horizon-
tal distance to the column center. As seen, the vertical

Table 2. Soil parameters for hardening soil model.

Soil layer Thickness (m) γt (kN/m3) e0 ν κ* λ*
Backfill 2.5 20 0.7 0.3 0.026 0.046
Silty clay 4.5 18 0.8 0.3 0.010 0.096
Soft clay 11 17.5 1.3 0.3 0.049 0.128
Stiff clay 4.5 18.3 0.8 0.3 0.014 0.029 Figure 9. Normalized relationship between vertical displacement of ground
Note: λ*, modified compression index; κ*, modified swelling index. surface and distance from column centerline with two soil models.
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 7

(2) determination of the volumetric expansion strain

caused by fluid injection, and (3) calculation of the ground
displacement by numerical simulation. The relationship
among the influencing radius, column radius, volumetric
expansion strain, and jetting parameters is established.
2. The proposed numerical approach is applied to analyze a
case history conducted in Shanghai soft soil deposits, which
involved the installation of a single horizontal jet grout col-
umn. A comparison of results between the values simulated
with the Mohr Coulomb model and field data shows that
the numerical approach can yield a reasonable prediction
of these field measurements when the influencing radius
is six times the radius of column.
3. The influence range due to horizontal jet grouting is ana-
lyzed by numerical analysis with two soil models (the Mohr
Coulomb model and the hardening soil model). The results
Figure 10. Normalized relationship between lateral displacement at the depth of numerical simulation with two soil models can provide a
of construction site and distance from column centerline with two soil models.
meaningful reference to the ground response due to the
horizontal jet grouting activity and needs to be further veri-
are also plotted as a function of normalized distance r/Dc fied by more experimental data in future.
(Figure 10), where r is the horizontal distance to the column
center. Figure 10 indicates that lateral displacement decreases
Funding
with an increase in r/Dc. At the same depth below the ground
surface, the calculated values of lateral displacement (lateral The research described in this study was funded by the China Postdoc-
displacement of the subsoil is in fact the horizontal displace- toral Science Foundation (2015M570803 and 2016T90877). These finan-
ment) are symmetric with respect to the column axis. As seen cial supports are gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to
express their sincere gratitude to the editor and anonymous reviewers
from Figure 10, the simulation results from the hardening soil for their valuable comments and suggestions, which are helpful to
model are larger than that with the Mohr Coulomb model, and improve the technical soundness of this paper.
if we also designate that the change of lateral displacement is
to be less than 0.5%Dc (5 mm), the influence range at the
depth of construction site (6.5 m) for these two models are References
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