Subtopic :

2.1 Linear motion

2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion
2.3 Projectile motion
 At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

2.1 Linear motion 2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion

a) Define a) Apply equations of motion with uniform
i. instantaneous velocity, average velocity acceleration.
and uniform velocity; and 1
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
ii. instantaneous acceleration, average 2
1
acceleration and uniform acceleration. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 s=2 𝑢+𝑣 𝑡

b) Interpret the physical meaning of

displacement-time, velocity-time and 2.3 Projectile Motion
acceleration-time graphs. a) Describe projectile motions launched
c) Determine the distance travelled, at an angle , θ as well as special case
displacement, velocity and acceleration when θ = 0º
from appropriate graphs. b) Solve problems related to projectile
motion.

2
 Kinematics
Description of the motion of objects without consideration of what
causes the motion (mass or force).

1 dimension (1D)
2 dimension (2D) Projectile motion
(linear/straight line)

Horizontal uniform Launched horizontally Launched at angle 𝜽

accelerated motion 𝜽=𝟎

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 2.1 Linear motion

Distance, 𝒅 Displacement, s
o Is defined as o Is defined as
total path shortest
length distance
traversed in (straight line)
moving from between initial
one location to and final point.
A 3m A 10 m
another. o Vector quantity. B
o scalar o can be positive, 2m 2m 5m
quantity. negative or B
o always zero 3m 10 m

positive. Distance = 10 m Distance = 25 m

Displacement = 5 m (Downward)
Displacement = 0 m

SI unit : meter (m) 4

 Speed, 𝑣 Velocity, 𝒗
This car is traveling
at a speed of 20 m s‒1
o Is defined as o Speed in a
distance particular
traveled per direction
unit time o Is defined as
interval. time rate of This car is traveling at a
velocity of 20 m s‒1 to
change of the right
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑑 displacement
𝑣=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝒔 Speed = 25 m s‒1 Speed = 25 m s‒1
𝒗= Velocity = -25 m s‒1 Velocity = +25 m s‒1
o scalar 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡
quantity. o Vector quantity.

SI unit : m s‒1
5
 Instantaneous velocity Average velocity Uniform velocity
Velocity at a specific The rate of change of Constant velocity
instant of time along the displacement over a ( for object moves with uniform
path of motion finite interval of time velocity, its instantaneous
∆𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∆𝑠 𝑠2 −𝑠1 velocity equals to the average
𝑣= lim = 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = velocity at any time)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡2 −𝑡1
1 : initial point ; 2 : final point

If the body speeds

up or slows down
during the
9.4 m
displacement, then
the average
velocity is not the
same as the
velocity at a given
instant of time
4.3 s
4.3 s 3.6 s during the motion
Average velocity Instantaneous velocity
defined by the change between two points Velocity at a point - the slope of the tangent line

∆𝒔 𝟗. 𝟒 𝐦 𝒅𝒔 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕 𝐦
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 𝐯= = = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 6
∆𝒕 𝟒. 𝟑 𝐬 𝒅𝒕 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐬
Acceleration, 𝒂
o Is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
o vector quantity
o S.I unit is m s−2.

o Velocity is vector quantity,  a change in velocity may

thus involve either or both magnitude and direction.

o An acceleration may due to change in:

1) speed (magnitude),
2) direction or
3) both speed and direction.

7
o Acceleration Accelerate in forward direction
(increasing
speed /
speeding up).

o Deceleration
(decreasing Decelerate in forward direction
speed/ slowing
down) should
not be confused
with the
directions of
velocity and Decelerate in opposite direction
acceleration

Accelerate in opposite direction

8
Average acceleration, 𝒂𝑎𝑣
o Is defined as rate of change in velocity.

Where 𝒂𝑎𝑣 : Average acceleration

∆𝑣 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ∆𝑣 : Change in velocity
𝒂𝑎𝑣 = = ∆𝑡 ∶ time interval
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑣2 : Final velocity
𝑣1 : Initial velocity
𝑡2 : Final time
𝑡1 : Initial time

o Direction of 𝒂𝑎𝑣 :
 Same direction as direction of motion if an object accelerates
(increase in magnitude of velocity)
 Opposite direction to direction of motion if the object decelerates
(decrease in magnitude of velocity)
9
Instantaneous acceleration, 𝒂 Uniform acceleration, 𝒂
o Is defined as the acceleration at a o An object moves in a uniform
particular instant of time. acceleration when
∆𝑣 𝑑𝒗
𝑎= lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝒗
𝒂= = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
The gradient of
v the tangent line at magnitude of velocity changes at a
point Q = the
instantaneous constant rate and along fixed direction.
acceleration at
time, t = t1 o For object moves with uniform
acceleration its instantaneous
Q
v1 acceleration equals to the average
acceleration at any time.

0 t1 t 10
 Graphical representation of motion
Displacement−time (𝒔 − 𝒕)
Gradient = velocity, 𝒗
(Slope)
Uniform
o Horizontal line − zero 𝑣 (fast) Stationary or
stop (𝑣 = 0) Uniform 𝑣
velocity /at rest

Displacement, 𝑠
returning to
/stationary/stop starting point

o Straight line slope −

uniform (constant) Uniform 𝑣 (slow) moving
velocity away from starting point
o Curve line − changing time, 𝑡
velocity
 Steeper slope  fast
 Genter slope  slow
11
 Graphical representation of motion
Velocity, 𝑣 (m s−1) Forward direction (+𝑣𝑒) opposite direction (−𝑣𝑒)

Uniform 𝑣 (𝑎 = 0)

Slow down - rapid deceleration

velocity−time (𝒗 − 𝒕) Accelerates quickly

Gradient = acceleration, 𝒂 Turn back

(change
Accelerates slowly
direction)
stopped
Area under graph = Time, 𝑡 (s)
distance,𝑑 OR
Speed up
displacement, 𝒔 (accelerate)
Speeding up, in opposite Slow down
accelerating direction (decelerate)
Positive slope implies +𝑎 in opposite
Negative slope implies −𝑎 Uniform 𝑣 in direction
Horizontal line (zero slope) implies 𝑎 = 0 opposite direction
12
Steeper slope  greater 𝑎
 Graphical representation of motion
acceleration−time (𝒂 − 𝒕)
Area under graph = change of velocity, ∆𝒗

Positive Positive
acceleration acceleration
acceleration, a (m s−2)

Zero Zero
acceleration acceleration

Time, 𝑡 (s)

Negative acceleration
13
Question 1

Average velocity is define as

A. rate of change of displacement.

B. instantaneous rate of change of displacement.
C. rate of change of velocity.
D. rate of change of acceleration.

Answer : A
14
Question 2

Which is correct about uniform acceleration?

A. Object move with a = 0 m s−2

B. Velocity is constant
C. Acceleration changes with time
D. Velocity changes with constant rate

Answer : D 15
 2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion
Uniform (constant) accelerated Four kinematics equations
motion  velocity changes at a 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
uniform rate. 𝟏
Consider the motion for an object 𝒔= 𝒖+𝒗 𝒕
𝟐
under uniform accelerated motion: 𝟏 𝟐
− + 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
① ② 𝟐
(initial) (final)
𝑎Ԧ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔

𝒔, 𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒂 are vector quantities, must taking into

𝑡1 = 0
𝑠Ԧ account direction of these quantities when do
After time, 𝑡 𝑡2 = 𝑡
substitution into the kinematics equations.
Where Implicit data in problem(s) :
𝑢 : initial velocity Initially at rest  𝒖 = 𝟎
𝑣 : final velocity Decelerate or brake  −𝒂 (*𝒂 has negative sign)
𝑎 : acceleration Finally stop  𝒗 = 𝟎
𝑠 : displacement uniform velocity  𝒂 = 𝟎 16
𝑡 : time taken
 Derivation of the 4 kinematics equations
velocity Displacement after time, s = shaded area under the graph
= the area of trapezium
v
s  u  v t
1
(2)
2

s  u  u  at t
u
1
By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2):
time 2
0 t
1 2
Gradient of 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph = acceleration, 𝑎
s  ut  at (3)
2
v u 1 v u
a s  (v  u)( )
t 2 a
v  u  at (1) Substituting 2 𝑎𝑠 = (𝑣 + 𝑢)(𝑣 − 𝑢)
into eq. (2)
vu v 2  u 2  2as
t (4)
17
a
 2.3 Projectile motion

Definition
Projectile motion is a form of motion
experienced by an object or particle (a
projectile) that is thrown near the
Earth's surface and moves along a
curved path under the action of
gravity only (in particular, the effects
of air resistance are assumed to be
negligible).

The path of the motion is a parabolic

arc. 18
o Two cases in projectile motion:

Launch horizontally
Launch at angle θ
θ = 0º

 u
Note:
u θ is measured
from horizontal
 axis

 19
o As the object moves upwards or
downward it also moving horizontally.
o Comparison of acceleration and velocity
for component in the projectile’s
motion:
Horizontal Vertical motion
motion (𝒚 direction)
(x direction)
Acceleration Yes
(present? – Yes or No) ( g is downward
No
(if present, what at 9.81 m s−2)
direction?)
Velocity Changing
(constant or changing?) constant (by 9.81 m s−1
each second)

20
 uy = u sin θ u

Resolve 𝒖 into 𝒙 ax = 0 m s–2

and 𝒚
Maximum a = −g
components ay = – g
Height, H
ux = u cos θ vx At any
position, the
θ velocity is
Horizontal Range, R always
composed
of 𝒙 and 𝒚
Where components
θ = launch angle
u : initial velocity
ux : initial component-x (horizontal) velocity
vy v
uy : initial component-y (vertical) velocity
v : velocity at time t
vX : velocity component-x (horizontal) at time t
vy : velocity component-y (vertical) at time t 21
o Maximum height, 𝑯 is a characteristic of the vertical part of motion.
o When a projectile reaches maximum height, the vertical component of its velocity is
momentarily zero (𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎 m s−1). However, the horizontal component of its velocity is
not zero.
y
v = vx
𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔

uy u
H
 x
ux  vx
R v
𝑢
vy

o Range, 𝑹 is the horizontal distance traveled between launching and landing, assuming the
projectile returns to the same vertical level at which it was fired.
o Range depends on the angle 𝜽 at which the projectile is fired above the horizontal.
o The maximum range results when 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓° 22
 𝟏
③ 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
① 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝟐 EQUATIONS OF PROJECTILE
② 𝒔 = 𝒖 + 𝒗 𝒕 ④ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
𝟐
MOTION
o Because projectiles TREAT 𝒙 AND 𝒚 MOTION SEPARATELY
move differently in
the 𝑥 and 𝑦 y component
directions, there are Quantity x component (Horizontal)
(Vertical)
two separate sets of
equations for Acceleration (a) ax  0 ay  g
modeling projectile
motion: one set for Initial velocity (u) u x  u cos θ u y  u sin θ
the 𝑥 axis one set
Displacement (s) 1 20 1
for the 𝑦 axis sx  uxt  axt  s x  u xt 𝑠𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
o x and y don’t talk to The subscript “𝑦” or 2 2
each other. “𝑥” tells you that the
quantity relates to 0 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
o Only variable that go motion in the 𝑦 or 𝑥 vx  ux  axt  vx  ux
into both is time, t. direction. 𝑣𝑦 2 =𝑢𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑦

vx 2  v y 2
o Always include +/– Velocity at any Magnitude :
sign to indicate the v
time (v)
direction for 𝑠, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎 (final velocity at time t)
1  y 
Direction : *𝜃 is measured from
+𝑦 v
θ  tan   horizontal axis (Between
+𝑥  vx  the velocity vectors and
horizontal)
23
 Launch at angle θ = 0º
+𝑦
u A u sx
+𝑥
vx
vy v
h sy s
x B

 Horizontal component along path AB.

velocity, u x  u  v x  constant
displacement, 𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥
 Vertical component along path AB.
initial velocity, u y  0
displacement, s y  h 24
Question 1 Question 2

A projectile is launched A ball is thrown upward

at several angles above at an angle, 45° from a
the horizontal. Which of rooftop. If the air
the following angle gives resistance is negligible,
a projectile with which physical quantity
maximum range? will remain constant
during the motion?
A. 0°
A. velocity
B. 15°
B. impulse
C. 45°
C. acceleration
D. 90°
D. kinetic energy
Answer: C 26
Answer: C
END OF TOPIC 2
THE NEXT TOPIC 3 : DYNAMICS OF LINEAR
MOTION

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