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Crystal Field Theory

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15 views2 pages

Crystal Field Theory

Uploaded by

khadkau614
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Crystal field theory

Bethe and Von-Vleck (1928) has been proposed a theory to defined a


metal-ligand bonding in a coordinate compound, which is known as crystal field
theory ( ligand field theory).

According to VBT, the bond between the metal and the ligand is covalent, but
crystal field theory completely neglects covalent bonding and assumes that the
bond is purely electrostatic or ionic. This theory is first applicable for the ionic
species that’s why it is known as the crystal field theory.

Q. What is crystal field splitting?

The transition metals has five degenerate d orbitals (equal energy) but under the
influence of the combining ions or ligands, the degenerate 5d orbitals do not have
equal energy, so the d orbitals of the central metal split into different energy
levels. This phenomenon is called Crystal field splitting (CFT).

Crystal field splitting in Octahedral complex

In the case of an octahedral coordination compound having six ligands


surrounding the metal atom/ion, the repulsion occurs between the electrons in d
orbitals and ligand electrons. This repulsion is experienced more in the case of

dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals as they point towards the axis along the direction of the
ligand. Hence, they have higher energy than average energy in the spherical
crystal field.

On the other hand, dxy, dyz, and dxz orbitals experience lower repulsions as they are
directed between the axis. Hence, these three orbitals have less energy than the
average energy in the spherical crystal field.

Lower-energy dxy, dyz, and dzx orbitals are known as t2g orbitals, while
higher-energy dx2–y2 & dz2 orbitals are known as eg orbitals. Crystal field splitting
energy or crystal field stabilisation energy is the difference in energy between the
two sets of d- orbitals (CFSE). It is denoted by the letter ΔO, which stands for the
octahedral complex. The eg orbitals have an energy level of +0.6 Δ0 or 3/5
Δ0 above the average, whereas the t2g orbitals have an energy level of – 0.4 Δ0 or
–2/5 Δ0 below the average.

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