CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and Co-ordination in Animals: Nervous system and endocrine system.

In animals, the nervous system and hormonal system are responsible for control and co¬ordination.

Receptors: Receptors are the specialized tips of the nerve fibres that collect the information to be conducted
by the nerves. Receptors are the sense organs of the animals.
These are classified as follows :

 Phono-receptors: These are present in inner ear.

Functions: The main functions are hearing and balance of the body.
 Photo-receptors: These are present in the eye.
Function: These are responsible for visual stimulus.
 Thermo-receptors: These are present in skin.
Functions: These receptors are responsible for pain, touch and heat stimuli.
These receptors are also known as thermoreceptors.
 Olfactory-receptors: These are present in nose.
Functions: These receptors receive smell.
 Gustatory-receptors: These are present in the tongue.
Functions: These helps in taste detection.

Nervous System: The nervous system is composed of specialized tissues, called nervous tissue. The nerve
cell or neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. It is the nervous system which is mainly
responsible for control and coordination in complex animals.

Functions of the nervous system

 Nervous system receives information from the environment.

 To receive the information from the various body.
 To act according to through muscles and glands.

A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Neuron: Neuron is a highly specialized cell which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses.
The neuron consists of the following parts
(i) Cyton or cell body: The cell body or cyton is somewhat star-shaped, with many hair like structures
protruding out of the margin. These hair-like structures are called dendrites. Dendrites receive the nerve
impulses.
(ii) Axon: This is the tail of the neuron. It ends in several hair-like structures, called axon terminals. The
axon terminals relay nerve impulses.
(iii) Myelin sheath: There is an insulator cover around the axon. This is called myelin sheath. The myelin
sheath insulates the axon against nerve impulse from the surroundings.

Types of neuron

 Sensory neuron: These neurons receive signals from a sense organ.

 Motor neuron: These neurons send signals to a muscle or a gland.
 Association or relay neuron: These neurons relay the signals between sensory neuron and motor
neuron.

Synapse: The point contact between the terminal branches of axon of one neuron with the dendrite of
another neuron is called synapse.

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): NMJ is the point where a muscle fibre comes in contact with a motor
neuron carrying nerve impulse from the control nervous system.

Transmission of nerve impulse: Nerve impulses travel in the following manner from one neutron to the
next :
Dendrites → cell body → axon → nerve endings at the tip of axon → synapse → dendrite of next neuron.
Chemical released from axon tip of one neuron, cross the synapse or neuromuscular junction to reach the
next cell.

Human Nervous System: The nervous system in humans can be divided into three main parts
1. Central Nervous System: The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The
brain controls all the functions in the human body. The spinal cord works as the relay channel for signals
between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

2. Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system is composed of the cranial nerves and spinal
nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The cranial nerves come our of the brain and go to the organs in
the head region. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal nerves come out of the spinal cord and go to
the organs which are below the head region.

3. Autonomous Nervous System: The autonomous nervous system is composed of a chain of nerve
ganglion which runs along the spinal cord. It controls all the involuntary actions in the human body. The
autonomous nervous system can be divided into two parts :

 Sympathetic nervous system.

 Parasympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous nervous system heightens the activity of an
organ as per the need. For example, during running, there is an increased demand for oxygen by the body.
This is fulfilled by an increased breathing rate and increased heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system
works to increase the breathing rate the heart rate, in this case.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous nervous system slows the down the
activity of an organ and thus has a calming effect. During sleep, the breathing rate slows down and so does
the heart rate. This is facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system. It can be said that the
parasympathetic nervous system helps in the conservation of energy.

Human Brain: Human brain is a highly complex organ, which is mainly composed of nervous tissue. The
tissues are highly folded to accommodate a large surface area in less space. The brain is covered by a three-
layered system of membranes, called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is filled between the meninges. The
CSF providers cushion the brain against mechanical shocks. Furthermore, protection. The human brain can
be divided into three regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Parts of Human Brain :

 Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum.

 Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus.
 Hind-brain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblongata.

Some main structures of the human brain are explained below :

Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brains. It is divided into two hemispheres called
cerebral hemispheres.

Functions of cerebrum
  The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions.
 It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory perceptions.
 It is the seat of learning and memory.

Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake cycle
(circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.

Cerebellum: Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole structure. It coordinates the
motor functions. When you are riding your bicycle, the perfect coordination between your pedalling and
steering control is achieved by the cerebellum.

 It controls posture and balance.

 It controls the precision of voluntary action.

Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem, along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and continues
into the spinal cord. The medulla controls various involuntary functions, like hear beat respiration, etc.
It controls involuntary actions.
Example: Blood pressure, salivation, vomiting.

Pons: It relays impulses between the lower cerebellum and spinal cord, and higher parts of the brain like the
cerebrum and midbrain, also regulates respiration.

Spinal cord: Spinal cord controls the reflex actions and conducts massages between different parts of the
body and brain.

Reflex Action: Reflex action is a special case of involuntary movement involuntary organs. When a
voluntary organ is in the vicinity of sudden danger, it is immediately pulled away from the danger to save
itself. For example, when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away your hand in a jerk. All
of this happens in flash and your hand is saved from the imminent injury. This is an example of reflex
action.

Reflex Arc: The path through which nerves signals, involved in a reflex action, travel is called the reflex
arc. The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc.
Receptor → Sensory neuron → Relay neuron → Motor neuron → Effector (muscle)
The receptor is the organ which comes in the danger zone. The sensory neurons pick signals from the
receptor and send them to the relay neuron. The relay neuron is present in the spinal cord. The spinal cord
sends signals to the effector via the motor neuron. The effector comes in action, moves the receptor away
from the danger.

The reflex arc passes at the level of the spinal cord and the signals involved in reflex action do not travel up
to the brain. This is important because sending signals to the brain would involve more time.
Although every action is ultimately controlled by the brain, the reflex action is mainly controlled at the level
of spinal cord.
Protection of brain and spinal cord
Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shocks absorber and enclosed in cranium (Brain
box)
Spinal chord is enclosed in vertebral column.

Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments, called actin and
myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal, a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions
enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a
muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement in the related organ.

Endocrine System: The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is
called endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are
produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones assist the nervous
system in control and co-ordination. Nervous do not react to every nook and corner of the body and hence
hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control,
hormonal control is somewhat slower.

Hormones: These are the chemical messengers secreted in very small amounts by specialised tissues called
ductless glands. They act on target tissues/organs usually away from their source. Endocrine System helps in
control and coordination through chemical compounds called hormones.

Endocrine Gland: A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine Gland Location Hormones Produced Functions
Growth hormone
GH stimulates growth.
(GH).
Pituitary gland TSH stimulates the functioning
At the base of the Thyroid stimulating
(also known as the of the thyroid gland.
brain hormone (TSH).
master gland) FSH stimulates the follicles
Follicle stimulating
during ovulation.
hormone (FSH)
Controls general metabolism
Thyroid Gland Neck Thyroxine
and growth in the body.
Prepares the body for
emergency situations and hence
Adrenal gland Above kidneys Adrenalin
is also called ‘Fight and flight’
hormone.
Pancreas Near stomach Insulin Controls blood sugar level
Sperm production, development
Testis (male) In Scrotum Testosterone of secondary sexual characters
during puberty.
Egg production, development of
Ovary (female) Near uterus Oestrogen secondary sexual characters
during puberty.

Iodised salt is necessary because: Iodine mineral is essential part of thyronine hormone so it is important that
we must consume iodised salt as in turn it is essential for thyroid gland as it controls carbohydrate, proteins
and fat metabolism for best balance of growth deficiency of iodine might cause disease called goitre.

Diabetes: Cause : It is due to deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by pancreas that is responsible to
lower/control the blood sugar levels.

Treatment : Patients have to internally administer injections of insulin hormone which helps in regulating
blood-sugar level.

In case of flight or fight reaction to an emergency situation, Adrenal glands → release adrenaline into blood
→ which acts on heart and other tissues → causes faster heart beat → more oxygen to muscles → reduced
blood supply to digestive system and skin → diversion of blood to skeletal muscles → increase in breathing
rate.

Feedback mechanism: A type of self-regulating mechanism in which the level of one substance in body
influences the level of another.

Control and Co-ordination in Plants: Movements in plants and plant harmones.

Co-ordination in Plants: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for
control and co-ordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in plants.
Movements in plants can be divided into two main types :

1. Tropic movement
2. Nastic movement

1. Tropic Movement: The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are
called tropic movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular
direction. There are four types of tropic movements.
(i) Geotropic movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called geotropic
movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i.e. they grow in the direction of the gravity.
Stems usually show negative geotropic movement.

(ii) Phototropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to light is called phototropic movement.
Stems usually show positive phototropic movement, while roots usually show negative phototropic
movement. If a plant is kept in a container in which no sunlight reaches and a hole in the container allows
some sunlight; the stem finally grows in the direction of the sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate
of cell division in the part of stem which is away from the sunlight. As a result, the stem bends towards the
light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased secretion of the plant hormone auxin in the
which is away from sunlight.

(iii) Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow towards the nearest source of
water. This shows a positive hydrotropic movement.

(iv) Thigmotropism Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called thigmotropism
movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil
around a support. The differential rate of cell division in different parts of the tendril happens due to action
of auxin.

2. Nastic Movement: The movement which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called
nastic movement. For example, when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The
drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements usually
happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the cells in the
leaves lose- water and become flaccid, resulting in drooping of leaves.

Plant hormones: Plant hormones are chemical which help to co-ordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment.
Type of plant hormones: Main plant hormones are

 Auxin: (Synthesized at shoot tip).

Function: Helps in growth.
Phototropism: more growth of cells towards the light.
 Gibberellin: Helps in the growth of the stem.
 Cytokinins: Promotes cell division.
 Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, cause wilting of leaves. (Stress hormone)

Control and Coordination in Plants

 Stimuli: The change in the environment to which an organism responds.

 Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to
produce a proper response.
 Phyto-hormones: These are plant hormones.
 Auxin: It is a plant hormone which promotes cell enlargement and growth in plants.
 Gibberellins: A plant hormone which promotes cell differentiation and breaking dormancy of seeds
and buds.
 Cytokinin: A plant hormone which promotes cell division and the opening of stomata.
 Abscisic Acid: It helps in inhibiting the growth of the plant and promotes wilting and falling of
leaves and food.
 Tropism: A growth movement of a plant which determines direction with the stimulus.
 Nastism: A growth movement of a plant which does not determine direction with a stimulus.
 Phototropism: Movement of plants towards a light.
 Geotropism: Movement of plants towards the gravity of earth.
 Chemotropism: Movement of plants towards chemicals.
 Hydrotropism: Movement of plants towards the water.
 Thigmotropism: Movement of plants towards a response to the touch of an object.
Control and Coordination in Animals

 Stimuli: The change in the environment to which the organism responds.

 Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to
produce a proper response.
 Neuron: Functional unit of the nervous system.
 Synapse: A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons.
 Receptor: A cell in a sense organ which is sensitive to stimuli.
 Motor nerves: It carries the message from the brain to body parts for action.
 Sensory nerves: It carries the message from body to brain.
 Olfactory receptor: It detects smell by the nose.
 Gustatory receptor: It detects taste by a tongue.
 Thermoreceptor: It detects heat and cold by a skin.
 Photoreceptor: It detects light by eye.
 Reflex action: Sudden movement or response to the stimulus which occurs in a very short duration
of time and does not involve any will or thinking of the brain.
 Brain: An organ present in the skull which controls and regulates the activity of the whole body and
is known as president of the body.
 Cerebrum: Main thinking part of brain present in the forebrain area which controls all voluntary
actions.
 Cerebellum: It is present in the hindbrain area and helps in maintaining posture and balance of the
body.
 Medulla: It is present in the hindbrain area and helps in controlling voluntary actions of the brain.
 Spinal cord: It is a cylindrical structure of nerve fibres enclosed in the vertebral column which helps
in the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and

Coordination
Before getting into the details of NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And
Coordination, let’s have an overview of topics and subtopics under control and coordination class 10
NCERT questions:

1. Control And Coordination

2. Animals – Nervous System
3. Coordination In Plants
4. Hormones In Animals

Page Number: 119

Question 1
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:

Reflex action Walking

1. It is a response to the information
1. It is the action which is performed
transmitted by nerve to muscles of the legs.
automatically.
In this case, thinking is involved.
2. It is controlled and coordinated by 2. Brain instructs and controls leg muscles
spinal cord. to move.
3. It is an involuntary action. 3. It is a voluntary action.
Question 2
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
The small empty space between two nerve cells is called synapse. At synapse, a chemical substance is
produced at the end of axon of one nerve cell that reaches to the other nerve cell through the dendrite. Thus,
information is transmitted from one nerve cell to other nerve cell by synapse.

Question 3
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body ?
Answer:
Posture and equilibrium of the body are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 4
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick) ?
Answer:
The smell of agarbatti (incense stick) diffuses in the air. It is detected by olfactory receptors present in the
nose. This information is sent to olfactory lobe by sensory nerves located in the forebrain. It responds to the
information.

Question 5
What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?
Answer:
There is no role of brain in reflex action. These involuntary actions are controlled by the spinal cord which
take place immediately without thinking of how to respond to the stimuli.

Page Number: 122

Question 1
What are plant hormones ?
Answer:
Plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Plant hormones are the chemical substances which help in
controlling growth, flowering, height, development of plants and their response to the environment.

Different types of phytohormones are – auxins, gibberllins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene.

Question 2
How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light ?
Answer:

Movement of leaves of sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light

1. It is a tropic movement which
1. It is a nastic movement which does not
depends on the direction of stimulus
depend on the direction of stimulus applied.
applied.
2. The stimulus is touch. 2. The stimulus is light.
3. It is caused by the sudden loss of water 3. It is caused by the unequal growth
from the swellings at the base of leaves. on the two sides of the shoot.
4. It is not a growth movement. 4. It is a growth movement.

Question 3

Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Answer:
Auxin.
Question 4
How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support ?
Answer:
When the tip of a tendril touches a support, then the auxins present in its tip move to that side of tip which is
away from the support. Auxins promote growth. So, due to more auxins in it, the side of tendril away from
the support grows faster (and becomes longer) than the side which is in contact with the support and makes
the tendril twirl (or bend) around the support.

Question 5
Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.
Answer:
Take two glass troughs A and B and fill each one of them two-thirds with soil. In trough A plant a tiny
seedling. In trough B plant a similar seedling and place a c/ay pot inside the soil. Water the soil in trough A
daily and uniformly. Do not water the soil in trough B but put some water in the clay pot. Leave both the
troughs for a few days.

Now, dig up the seedlings carefully from both the troughs without damaging their roots. We will find that
the root of seedling in trough A is straight. On the other hand, the root of seedling in trough B is found to be
bent to the right side i.e., towards the clay pot containing water.
In trough A, the root of the seedling gets water from both sides. But in trough B, the roots get water oozing
out from the clay pot which is kept on the right side. Therefore, the root of seedling in trough B grows and
bends towards the source of water to the right side. This experiment shows that the root of a plant grows
towards water. In other words, the root of a plant is hydrotropism.

Page Number: 125

Question 1
How does chemical coordination take place in animals ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in animals takes place through the hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
Coordination in animals takes place through hormone system as well as nervous system which is called
endocrine system. Endocrine glands secrete animal hormones directly into the blood that reach to the
specific cells. Special type of molecules are present on the surface of cells to detect these hormones. These
cells act according to the information that a particular hormone carries.

Question 2
Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
Answer:
It is advised to use iodised salt because thyroid gland needs iodine to produce thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin
hormone controls all the metabolic activities of our body like metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein
etc. Due to the deficiency of thyroxin a disease called goitre is caused.

Question 3
How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood ?
Answer:
The heart beat increases when adrenaline is secreted into the blood so that more oxygen is supplied to our
muscles. The blood supply to the digestive system and skin decreases because the small arteries around the
muscles of these organs contract. This turns the direction of blood towards our skeletal muscles. The
breathing rate also increases due to the contractions of the diaphragm and rib muscles. All these responses
enable us to face the situations of fear and anger.

Question 4
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin ?
Answer:
Insulin hormone regulates blood sugar levels. If this is not secreted in proper amounts, the sugar level in the
blood rises. This causes many harmful effects.
To treat harmful effects of increased level of blood sugar, the diabetic patients are treated by giving
injections of insulin.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1
Which of the following is a plant hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin
Answer:
(d) Cytokinin

Question 2
The gap between two neurons is called a
(a) dendrite
(b) synapse
(c) axon
(d) impulse
Answer:
(b) Synapse

Question 3
The brain is responsible for
(a) thinking
(b) regulating the heart beat
(c) balancing the body
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(b) All of the above

Question 4
What is the function of receptors in our body ? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise ? [AICBSE 2016]
Answer:
Receptors are specialised cells located in our sense organs like ear, nose, skin, tongue and eyes. The function
of receptors is to detect information from the environment. For example, olfactory receptors detect smell. If
receptors do not work properly, the information obtained from the environment will be delayed to reach the
spinal cord or brain. In this situation, the response to the environmental stimulus will be delayed causing
harm to the body. For example, if skin receptors are damaged, and one accidentally touches a hot object,
then his/her hands might get burn as the damaged receptor cannot perceive the external stimuli of heat and
pain.
Question 5
Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function. [AICBSE 2017]
Answer:
Nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of nervous system. A nerve cell has three parts-
(i) cell body
(ii) dendrite
(iii) axon

Function : The function of nerve cells is to carry information in the form of electrical signals which are
called nerve impulses. Cells receive stimulus to send it to spinal cord and brain and carry the message from
brain to the target organ.

Question 6
How does phototropism occur in plants ?
Answer:
The movement in any part of a plant due to light is called phototropism. The shoot of plant shows positive
phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.
Phototropism in plants occurs due to the hormone auxin. When light falls on one side of a plant, the
secretion of auxin hormone is more in the part away from the light. Hence, auxin causes growth in length of
the cells in shady part. So, the plant appears to bend towards light.

Question 7
Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury ?
Answer:
(i) All the involuntary actions will get disturbed.
(ii) Reflex actions will be disturbed because reflexes are located in the spinal cord. Therefore, the quick
responses required to safe guard the body will not take place.

Question 8
How does chemical coordination occur in plants ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in plants takes place with the help of plant hormones. In most of the regions where
division takes place (meristematic regions) stimuli cells secrete chemical compounds (hormone). These
substances identify the information by stimulating the other nearby cells and communicating the
information.

Question 9
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism ?
Answer:
An organism needs control and coordination system for the following functions :
(i) To save the body of the organisms from the harmful changes in the environment.
(ii) To control the speed of voluntary and involuntary actions.
(iii) To have the capability to think and learn for responding to any stimuli.

Question 10
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other ?
Answer:

Involuntary actions Reflex actions

1. Those actions which occur immediately 1. Reflex action is an immediate
without any thinking are called involuntary response to an event which does not
actions. require any processing by brain.
2. Involuntary actions are controlled by 2. Reflex actions are controlled by
mid and hind brain. spinal cord.
Example: Breathing, beating of heart, etc. Example: Sneezing, coughing, etc.

Question 11
Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism

It is a fast process. It is a slow process.
Arteries and glands are affected. It affects the target organ.
It transmits in electrochemical form. It transmits in chemical form.
It does not control metabolism. It controls metabolism.
Growth is not affected. Growth is affected.

Question 12
What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
movement in our legs ?
Answer:

Movement in a sensitive (mimosa) plant Movement in legs of a human

1. The leaves of a sensitive plant like
1. Leg is in control of nerve muscles.
mimosa are sensitive to touch.
2. It is not controlled by any part of the 2. It is controlled by brain and spinal
plant. cord.
3. In this, cells change their shape on 3. Amount of water has no effect on
changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.
changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.
4. The movement in a sensitive plant are 4. The movement in our leg is due to
nastic movement. voluntary nervous system.

Control and Coordination Class 10 HOTS

Question 1.
What type of plant movement is seen in the diagram of coiling of tendril?

Or

How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support? Describe in brief. (CCE 2012)
Answer:
Thigmotropism or curvature movement that occurs in response to contact. Less auxin is present in the region
of contact. The free side having more auxin shows more growth. This causes the tendril to coil over the
support.

Question 2.
Identify and label the parts shown as A and B in the accompanying figure.

Answer:
Dorsal view of thyroid an parathyroid.
A – Thyroid,
B- Parathyroid.

Question 3.
What are the hormones involved in providing milk to the suckling infant ?
Answer:
1. Prolactin (Maternity Hormone). Production of milk.
2. Oxytocin Ejection of milk.

Question 4.
How does pancreas control glucose level of blood ?
Answer:
Pancreas produces two hormones

1. Insulin from P-cells of islet of Langerhans and

2. Glucagon from a- cells of islets of langerhans.

Insulin is produced when glucose level of blood rises. Insulin helps the cells to withdraw glucose from
blood. It also converts glucose into glycogen in liver and muscles.

Question 5.
Glucagon is secreted when glucose level of blood falls. It mobilises reserve food like glycogen into glucose.
What is pregnancy hormone ? Why is it known so ?
Answer:
Progesterone is called pregnancy hormone. It helps in maintaining pregnancy by non-formation of new ova,
promoting thickening and secretory activity of uterine wall and attachment of embryo to the uterine wall.
Question 6.
What is dormin ?
Answer:
Dormin is the other name of plant hormone abscisic acid. The hormne induces dormancy in buds and seeds.
So it has been called dormin.

Question 7.
(a)

1. Name the parts labelled A and B in the neuron drawn above.

2. Which part acquires the information in the neuron ?

3. Through which part does the information travel ?

4. In what form does this information travel ?
5. Where is the impulse converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission ?

(b) Name the hormone secreted by thyroid. What is the function ?

(c) Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
(CBSE A.I. 2008 Compt.)
Answer:
(a)

1. A-Dendrite, B-Axon
2. Dandrite.
3. Dandrite to cell body or cyton to axon.
4. Electrical impulse
5. In the region of synapse.

Impulse stimulates the release of chemical neurotransmitter from the surface of presynaptic knob or bouton
of axon terminal. Neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) comes in contact with chemoreceptor sites of post-
synaptic membrane of the next neuron and generates a fresh impulse.

(b) Thyroxine:
Function of Thyroxine. It controls

1. Basal metabolic rate

2. Metabalism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
3. Consumption of energy in physical activity and body temperature
4. Development and differentiation.
(c) Iodised Salt: Salt is iodised to provide iodine to thyroid for synthesis of thyroxine which is iodine
containing hormone.

Question 8.
(a) What are plant hormones ? Give one example each of a plant hormone that

1. promotes growth
2. inhibits growth.
3. promotes cell division
4. promotes the growth of a tendril around a support. (CCE 2011)

(b) Name the parts labelled A, B and C in the diagram given below. Write one function of each part. (CBSE
A.I. 2008 Comptt. Delhi 2008 Comptt.)

Answer:
(a) Plant Hormones:
Phytohormones are chemical substances other than nutrients produced naturally in plants which regulate
growth, development, differentiation and a number of physiological processes, e.g., auxin, gibberellins,
abscisic acid, cytokinins.

1. Hormone That Promotes Growth. Auxin/Gibberellin.

2. Hormone That Inhibits Growth. Abscisic acid or ABA
3. Hormone That Promotes Cell Division. Cytokinin.
4. Hormone That Promotes Growth of a Tendril Around a Support. Auxin.

(b) A-Pons Function: Relay centre, pneumotaxic area of respiratory centre.

B-Medulla Function: Reflex centre, cardiac centre, respiratory centre.
C-Cerebellum Function: Maintains equilibrium and coordinates muscular activities

Control and Coordination Class 10 Value Based Questions

Question 1.
How do tendrils reach the support when they do not have any sensory structures.
Answer:
Tendrils do not have any sensory structures but still they are able to find their support just as we grope in the
dark for finding the switch-board. Tendrils perform circumnutation from their apical regions. In this the
terminal parts of tendrils move in all directions. Wherever they come in contact with a support, they stop
performing cicumnutation. Instead, the contacted region shows little growth while the other side grows
rapidly so that the tendril coils over the support.

Question 2.
Name the nervous system which controls the functioning of internal organs. How does this system work ?
Answer:
Autonomous or visceral nervous system. The system does not consult the will of the individual. It works on
its own inputs. Autonomous nervous system consists of only motor nerve fibres that innervate all organs and
glands of the body. Depending upon the input, autonomous nervous system stimulates, slows down or stops
the activity of an organ. For its working, autonomous or visceral nervous system has two components,
sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic nervous system originates from thoracico-lumbar region,
forms two ganglionic chains which send out long nerve fibres to various organs. The sympathetic nerve
fibres activate the organs by release of nor-adrenaline. Parasympathetic nervous system is called cranio-
sacral as it originates from some cranial and sacral nerves. It has long preganglionic fibres and ganglia
attached to organs that are innervated. Its post ganglionic fibres secrete acetylcholine into organs for
moderating or reducing their activity.

Question 3.
Which system is working when you start sweating during exercise ? What is its function ?
Answer:
Reflex activity of the nervous system. Actually 90% of nervous activity is performed through reflexes. It is
automatic, involuntary and spontaneous response to a stimulus without consulting the will of the individual.
Exercise increases body temperature. This can be harmful. Reflex action stimulates the sweat glands for
releasing their secretion. Part of the sweat evaporates and cools, down the body.

Question 4.
You can become moody by simply switching on night bulb daily. How can this happen ?
Answer:
Night bulb reduces the secretion of melatonin hormone. Melatonin controls our day-night or circadian
rhythm, healthy digestive and immune system, sexual cycle and moods. A reduced secretion causes
insomnia and mood changes besides affecting health of our digestive and immune system.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to
plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals, nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex
action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Science
Chapter Chapter 7
Chapter Name Control and Coordination
Number of Questions Solved 26
Category NCERT Solutions

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Question 1
What is the function of receptors in our body?
Solution:
Receptors are usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So
gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell.

Question 2
Draw the structure of neuron and explain its function.
Solution:
The specialised tips of some nerve cells detect all information from our environment. These receptors are
usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So gustatory
receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell. This information, acquired at the end
of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This
impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon,
the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and
start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. This is a general scheme of how nervous
impulses travel in the body. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to
other cells, such as muscles cells or gland. It is thus no surprise that nervous tissue is made up of an
organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialised for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Question 3
How does phototropism occur in plants?
Solution:

Phototropism is a growth movement induced by a light stimulus. Growth towards a source of light is called
positive phototropism, that away from the source is termed negative phototropism. The tips of shoots are
usually positively, that of roots negatively phototropic.
Charles Darwin and his son Francis discovered (in 1880) that the phototropic stimulus is detected at the tip
of the plant.
The Darwins used grass seedlings for some of their experiments. When grass seeds germinate, the primary
leaf pierces the seed coverings and the soil while protected by the coleoptile, a hollow, cylindrical sheath
that surrounds it. Once the seedling has grown above the surface, the coleoptile stops growing and the
primary leaf pierces it.
The Darwins found that the tip of the coleoptile was necessary for phototropism but that the bending takes
place in the region below the tip.
If they placed an opaque cover over the tip, phototropism failed to occur even though the rest of the
coleoptile was illuminated from one side.
However, when they buried the plant in fine black sand so that only its tip was exposed, there was no
interference with the tropism – the buried coleoptile bent in the direction of the light.
From these experiments, it seemed clear that

 The stimulus (light) was detected at one location (the tip)

 The response (bending) was carried out at another (the region of elongation).
 This implied that the tip was, in some way, communicating with the cells of the region of elongation.

Question 4
How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
Solution:
It has been found that the growth of plants is regulated by certain chemical substances which are synthesized
by the plants in very small amounts. These are known as plant hormones or phytohormones.

They are the organic substances which either promote or inhibit growth. A phytohormones can be defined as
a chemical substances which are produced naturally in plants and are capable of translocation and regulating
one or more physiological processes when present in low concentration. Main categories of plant hormones
are:

1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinins
4. Ethylene
5. Abscisic acid

Auxins and Gibberellins stimulate cell elongations, cytokinins stimulate cell division ethylene promotes
transverse or isodiametric growth and abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor.

Question 5
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Solution:
Co-ordination in this sense refers to the regulation or control of body activity.
Plants need very little in the way of a control system. Since growth and reproduction are about the only
things that are regulated, a rapid control system is not required and hormonal control is all they possess.

Animals are continually moving through new environments that may pose all types of changes and
threatening situations to the organism. This requires the rapid and precise control of a nervous system.
Hormones regulate slower activities, such as growth, development and reproduction.

Question 6
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Solution:
All reflex actions are involuntary in nature but all involutary actions are not reflexes as the beating of heart
is an involuntary action but is not reflex action.
Reflex actions are very quick but all involutary actions may not be very fast as in heart beating.
A reflex action may involve any muscle or a gland as we withdraw our hand on touching a hot object but all
involuntary actions involve only smooth i.e., involuntary or cardiac muscles.

Reflex actions are at the level of spinal cord whereas the involuntary actions generally involve brain too.
Nerves and autonomious nervous system can increase or decrease the rate of involuntary actions but reflex
actions can be controlled by great will only and are not usually controllable.

Reflex actions are done to meet emergencies where as an inv.action may or may not be for just meeting an
emergency but may be a critical lie process as circulation of blood, swallowing of food, movement of food
in food pipe, etc.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1.
What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses ? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
(c) Direction of flow of electrical impulse.
Impulse → Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → Release of chemicals that cross synapse → Dendrite of next
neuron.

Question 2.
Three directions in which nerve impulses can travel in the nervous system are listed below:
(i) Away from the central nervous system
(ii) Towards the central nervous system
(iii) Within the central nervous system
In which direction do impulses in sensory and relay (intermediate) neurons travel?

Sensory Relay
Neuron Neuron
(a) (i) (ii)
(b) (i) (iii)
(c) (ii) (i)
(d) (ii) (iii)

Answer:
(d) Sensory neuron transmits impulses towards CNS, (i.e. brain and spinal cord) while, the relay neurons
occur within the CNS and serve as links between other neurons.

Question 3.
In a nerve pathway, the following events take place in a coordinated order.
(i) Activation of muscle
(ii) Activation of receptor
(iii) Passage of impulses along a motor neuron
(iv) Passage of impulses along a sensory neuron
Read the events given and identify the correct order of these events from the table given below:

First → Last
(a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(b) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
(c) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(d) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

Answer:
(b) The sequence of events in a typical nerve pathway is receptor → passage of impulse along sensory
neuron → passage of impulse along motor neuron → activation of muscle (effector). Thus, the correct
sequence is (ii), (iv), (iii) and (i).

Question 4.
The diagram shows a section of the brain and different parts labelled as W,X, Y and Z.

Study the figure and correlate the regions which control balance, heart rate and temperature in human body?

Heart
Balance Temperature
Rate
(a) W Z X
(b) X Y Z
(c) Y X W
(d) Z W Y

Answer:
(b) Out of the options given, the region X, (i.e. cerebellum) controls balance, region Y (i.e. medulla
oblongata) controls heartbeat and region Z, (i.e. hypothalamus) controls temperature in human body.

Question 5.
Which of the following endocrine glands is unpaired? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Adrenal
(b) Testes
(b) Pituitary
(d) Ovary
Answer:
(c) There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney that make adrenaline hormone. Testes are paired
glands present in males and secrete male sex hormone. Pituitary gland is present just below the brain and is
unpaired. It is also called master gland as it secretes a number of hormones. Ovaries are paired glands
present in females and secrete female sex hormones.

Question 6.
Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion of [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
(b) oestrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
(c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary
(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and oestrogen from pituitary gland
Answer:
(c)

Gland Hormone Function

To control the development
Testes of male sex organs and male
(only in Testosterone features such as deep voice,
males) etc., i.e. changes associated
with puberty.
To control the development
Ovaries
of female sex organs and
(only in Oestrogen
female features such as soft
females)
skin, etc.
To control uterus changes
during menstrual cycle and
Progesterone
helps in maintenance of
pregnancy.

Class 10 Science Control and Coordination Mind Map

Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one
another. The neural system & endocrine system jointly coordinate & regulate the physiological functions in
the body. The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick
coordination. The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones.

Animal Nervous System

The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons which can detect,
receive & transmit different kinds of stimuli. They are specialized for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Structure and Function of Neuron

 It is a structural & functional unit of neural system and is composed of three major parts:
 Ceil body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles like nucleus etc.
 Dendrites: Short fibres which branch repeatedly & project out of the cell body. These fibres transmit
impulses towards the cell body.
 Axon is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched and forms nerve ending. Nerve endings
possess synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Transmission of impulses:

 Stimulus or information from the environment is detected by specialized tips of some nerve cells
called as receptors.
 Dendritic tip acquire all these information and sets off a chemical reaction.
 This chemical reaction then creates an electric impulse that travels from the dendrite to the cell body,
and then along the axon to its end.
 At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals
(neurotransmitters). These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse
in a dendrite of the next neuron.
  A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells, such as
muscles cells or gland.

The human neural system is divided into two parts:

 Central neural system (CNS) includes the brain & spinal cord and is the site of information
processing & control.
 Peripheral neural system (PNS) comprises of all nerves of body associated with CNS (brain and
spinal cord). The nerve fibres of PNS are of two types: cranial nerves (arising from the brain) and
spinal nerves (arising from the spinal cord).

Brain

 It is the main coordinating centre of the body. The bra in and spinal cord constitute the CNS. They
receive information from al 1 parts of the body and integrate it.
 The brain is located in bony box called as cranium or skull which protects the brain. Spinal cord is
protected with the help of vertebral column. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid also covers the brain and
the spinal cord which provide the function of shock absorption.
 The brain has three such major parts or regions, namely the fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
 Fore-brain: It is the main thinking part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum, hypothalamus etc.
o Function: interpret information received from sensory receptors.
o Control the movement of voluntary muscles.
o It also contains centre associated with hunger which gives us the sensation of feeling full.
 Midbrain: It serves important function in few involuntary movements, movements of the eye,
auditory and visual processing.
 Hindbrain: It consists of pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
o Function: Medulla controls involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and
vomiting.
o Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and
balance of the body.

Reflex Action

 The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation that occurs involuntarily (without
conscious effort or thought) and requires the involvement of a part of central nervous system is
called a reflex action.
 Reflex action decreases the duration of action by bypassing the thinking and processing step.
 It does so by linking the nerves carrying the signal (say the sensation of heat) directly to the nerves
that move the muscle. These types of linkage or connection between input and output nerves are
formed in the spinal cord.
 These connections are called as reflex arc (sensory/input nerve-* Spinal cord -> motor/ output nerve)

Coordination In Plants

Plants have neither nervous system nor muscles. Their movements or responses are either growth dependent
or growth independent.

Immediate Response To Stimulus Or Growth Independent

The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals,
there is no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction of information.

Secondly, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or
shrinking. In contrast, animal muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses.
Example: folding up and drooping of leaves of chhui-mui (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-not’ plant of the
Mimosa family) in response to touch.

Movement Due To Growth

The movement of a plant in response to the stimulus is called as tropism. The movement in the direction of
the response is called as positive tropism and movement away from the stimulus is termed as negative
tropism.

Types:

 Phototropism: Bending of plant in response to the light e.g. movement of sunflowers in response to
day or night.
 Geotropism: Movement of plant in response to gravity. Shoots show negative geotropism and roots
show positive geotropism.
 Chemotropism: Movement of plant in response to chemical as observed in case of growth of pollen
tube.
 Hydrotropism: e.g. roots beneath the Earth’s surface bend in the direction of underground w^ater.
Other example may include the climbing of tendrils in response to touch. When they come in contact
with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part
of the tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus cling
to it.

Plant Hormones

There are five main types of plant hormones or growth regulators:

 Auxins: Helps in cell elongation and thus phototropism, geotropism, and other plant responses.
 Gibberellins: Stimulate growth of the stem and flowering.
 Cytokinins: They cause cell division, enlargement, and organ formation. They are present in greater
concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
 Ethylene: Promotes ripening of fruits.
 Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves and fruits.

Hormones In Animals

Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers & are produced in trace
amounts. The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms Examples:

 Adrenaline: Secreted from adrenal gland which prepare the body for fight or flight situation.
 Thyroxin: Secreted from thyroid gland and regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism so as
to provide the best balance for growth.
Deficiency of iodine in diet may cause hypo-secretion of thyroxin which results in goiter.
 Growth hormones which regulate growth and. development of the body are secreted from
pituitary gland.
Hyper-secretion may cause gigantism and hypo-secretion may cause dwarfism.
 Testosterone in males and oestrogen in females lead to changes take place during puberty’.
 Insulin produced by pancreas regulates the blood sugar level in the body.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7
Control and Coordination
September 27, 2019 by Veerendra

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And Coordination: In this article, you will
find out everything about NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And
Coordination. Candidates can find everything about control and coordination class 10 extra questions with
answers in this article.

The answer to each and every question in class 10 science chapter 7 notes is provided along with complete,
step-wise solutions for candidates better understanding. This will further help candidates in their home
assignments and as well as practice sessions. Read on to find everything about Control and Coordination
Class 10.

Free download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination PDF in Hindi
Medium as well as in English Medium for CBSE, Uttarakhand, Bihar, MP Board, Gujarat Board, and UP
Board students, who are using NCERT Books based on updated CBSE Syllabus for the session 2019-20.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and

Coordination
Before getting into the details of NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And
Coordination, let’s have an overview of topics and subtopics under control and coordination class 10
NCERT questions:

1. Control And Coordination

2. Animals – Nervous System
3. Coordination In Plants
4. Hormones In Animals

Page Number: 119

Question 1
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:
 Reflex action Walking
1. It is a response to the information
1. It is the action which is performed
transmitted by nerve to muscles of the legs.
automatically.
In this case, thinking is involved.
2. It is controlled and coordinated by 2. Brain instructs and controls leg muscles
spinal cord. to move.
3. It is an involuntary action. 3. It is a voluntary action.

Question 2
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
The small empty space between two nerve cells is called synapse. At synapse, a chemical substance is
produced at the end of axon of one nerve cell that reaches to the other nerve cell through the dendrite. Thus,
information is transmitted from one nerve cell to other nerve cell by synapse.

Question 3
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body ?
Answer:
Posture and equilibrium of the body are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 4
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick) ?
Answer:
The smell of agarbatti (incense stick) diffuses in the air. It is detected by olfactory receptors present in the
nose. This information is sent to olfactory lobe by sensory nerves located in the forebrain. It responds to the
information.

Question 5
What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?
Answer:
There is no role of brain in reflex action. These involuntary actions are controlled by the spinal cord which
take place immediately without thinking of how to respond to the stimuli.

Page Number: 122

Question 1
What are plant hormones ?
Answer:
Plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Plant hormones are the chemical substances which help in
controlling growth, flowering, height, development of plants and their response to the environment.

Different types of phytohormones are – auxins, gibberllins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene.

Question 2
How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light ?
Answer:

Movement of leaves of sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light

1. It is a tropic movement which
1. It is a nastic movement which does not
depends on the direction of stimulus
depend on the direction of stimulus applied.
applied.
2. The stimulus is touch. 2. The stimulus is light.
3. It is caused by the sudden loss of water 3. It is caused by the unequal growth
from the swellings at the base of leaves. on the two sides of the shoot.
4. It is not a growth movement. 4. It is a growth movement.

Question 3

Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Answer:
Auxin.

Question 4
How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support ?
Answer:
When the tip of a tendril touches a support, then the auxins present in its tip move to that side of tip which is
away from the support. Auxins promote growth. So, due to more auxins in it, the side of tendril away from
the support grows faster (and becomes longer) than the side which is in contact with the support and makes
the tendril twirl (or bend) around the support.

Question 5
Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.
Answer:
Take two glass troughs A and B and fill each one of them two-thirds with soil. In trough A plant a tiny
seedling. In trough B plant a similar seedling and place a c/ay pot inside the soil. Water the soil in trough A
daily and uniformly. Do not water the soil in trough B but put some water in the clay pot. Leave both the
troughs for a few days.

Now, dig up the seedlings carefully from both the troughs without damaging their roots. We will find that
the root of seedling in trough A is straight. On the other hand, the root of seedling in trough B is found to be
bent to the right side i.e., towards the clay pot containing water.
In trough A, the root of the seedling gets water from both sides. But in trough B, the roots get water oozing
out from the clay pot which is kept on the right side. Therefore, the root of seedling in trough B grows and
bends towards the source of water to the right side. This experiment shows that the root of a plant grows
towards water. In other words, the root of a plant is hydrotropism.

Page Number: 125

Question 1
How does chemical coordination take place in animals ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in animals takes place through the hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
Coordination in animals takes place through hormone system as well as nervous system which is called
endocrine system. Endocrine glands secrete animal hormones directly into the blood that reach to the
specific cells. Special type of molecules are present on the surface of cells to detect these hormones. These
cells act according to the information that a particular hormone carries.
Question 2
Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
Answer:
It is advised to use iodised salt because thyroid gland needs iodine to produce thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin
hormone controls all the metabolic activities of our body like metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein
etc. Due to the deficiency of thyroxin a disease called goitre is caused.

Question 3
How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood ?
Answer:
The heart beat increases when adrenaline is secreted into the blood so that more oxygen is supplied to our
muscles. The blood supply to the digestive system and skin decreases because the small arteries around the
muscles of these organs contract. This turns the direction of blood towards our skeletal muscles. The
breathing rate also increases due to the contractions of the diaphragm and rib muscles. All these responses
enable us to face the situations of fear and anger.

Question 4
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin ?
Answer:
Insulin hormone regulates blood sugar levels. If this is not secreted in proper amounts, the sugar level in the
blood rises. This causes many harmful effects.
To treat harmful effects of increased level of blood sugar, the diabetic patients are treated by giving
injections of insulin.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1
Which of the following is a plant hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin
Answer:
(d) Cytokinin

Question 2
The gap between two neurons is called a
(a) dendrite
(b) synapse
(c) axon
(d) impulse
Answer:
(b) Synapse

Question 3
The brain is responsible for
(a) thinking
(b) regulating the heart beat
(c) balancing the body
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(b) All of the above

Question 4
What is the function of receptors in our body ? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise ? [AICBSE 2016]
Answer:
Receptors are specialised cells located in our sense organs like ear, nose, skin, tongue and eyes. The function
of receptors is to detect information from the environment. For example, olfactory receptors detect smell. If
receptors do not work properly, the information obtained from the environment will be delayed to reach the
spinal cord or brain. In this situation, the response to the environmental stimulus will be delayed causing
harm to the body. For example, if skin receptors are damaged, and one accidentally touches a hot object,
then his/her hands might get burn as the damaged receptor cannot perceive the external stimuli of heat and
pain.

Question 5
Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function. [AICBSE 2017]
Answer:
Nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of nervous system. A nerve cell has three parts-
(i) cell body
(ii) dendrite
(iii) axon

Function : The function of nerve cells is to carry information in the form of electrical signals which are
called nerve impulses. Cells receive stimulus to send it to spinal cord and brain and carry the message from
brain to the target organ.

Question 6
How does phototropism occur in plants ?
Answer:
The movement in any part of a plant due to light is called phototropism. The shoot of plant shows positive
phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.
Phototropism in plants occurs due to the hormone auxin. When light falls on one side of a plant, the
secretion of auxin hormone is more in the part away from the light. Hence, auxin causes growth in length of
the cells in shady part. So, the plant appears to bend towards light.

Question 7
Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury ?
Answer:
(i) All the involuntary actions will get disturbed.
(ii) Reflex actions will be disturbed because reflexes are located in the spinal cord. Therefore, the quick
responses required to safe guard the body will not take place.

Question 8
How does chemical coordination occur in plants ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in plants takes place with the help of plant hormones. In most of the regions where
division takes place (meristematic regions) stimuli cells secrete chemical compounds (hormone). These
substances identify the information by stimulating the other nearby cells and communicating the
information.

Question 9
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism ?
Answer:
An organism needs control and coordination system for the following functions :
(i) To save the body of the organisms from the harmful changes in the environment.
(ii) To control the speed of voluntary and involuntary actions.
(iii) To have the capability to think and learn for responding to any stimuli.

Question 10
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other ?
Answer:

Involuntary actions Reflex actions

1. Those actions which occur immediately 1. Reflex action is an immediate
without any thinking are called involuntary response to an event which does not
actions. require any processing by brain.
2. Involuntary actions are controlled by 2. Reflex actions are controlled by
mid and hind brain. spinal cord.
Example: Breathing, beating of heart, etc. Example: Sneezing, coughing, etc.

Question 11
Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism

It is a fast process. It is a slow process.
Arteries and glands are affected. It affects the target organ.
It transmits in electrochemical form. It transmits in chemical form.
It does not control metabolism. It controls metabolism.
Growth is not affected. Growth is affected.

Question 12
What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
movement in our legs ?
Answer:

Movement in a sensitive (mimosa) plant Movement in legs of a human

1. The leaves of a sensitive plant like
1. Leg is in control of nerve muscles.
mimosa are sensitive to touch.
2. It is not controlled by any part of the 2. It is controlled by brain and spinal
plant. cord.
3. In this, cells change their shape on 3. Amount of water has no effect on
changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.
changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.
4. The movement in a sensitive plant are 4. The movement in our leg is due to
nastic movement. voluntary nervous system.
Control and Coordination Class 10 HOTS

Question 1.
What type of plant movement is seen in the diagram of coiling of tendril?

Or

How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support? Describe in brief. (CCE 2012)
Answer:
Thigmotropism or curvature movement that occurs in response to contact. Less auxin is present in the region
of contact. The free side having more auxin shows more growth. This causes the tendril to coil over the
support.

Question 2.
Identify and label the parts shown as A and B in the accompanying figure.

Answer:
Dorsal view of thyroid an parathyroid.
A – Thyroid,
B- Parathyroid.

Question 3.
What are the hormones involved in providing milk to the suckling infant ?
Answer:
1. Prolactin (Maternity Hormone). Production of milk.
2. Oxytocin Ejection of milk.

Question 4.
How does pancreas control glucose level of blood ?
Answer:
Pancreas produces two hormones

1. Insulin from P-cells of islet of Langerhans and

2. Glucagon from a- cells of islets of langerhans.

Insulin is produced when glucose level of blood rises. Insulin helps the cells to withdraw glucose from
blood. It also converts glucose into glycogen in liver and muscles.

Question 5.
Glucagon is secreted when glucose level of blood falls. It mobilises reserve food like glycogen into glucose.
What is pregnancy hormone ? Why is it known so ?
Answer:
Progesterone is called pregnancy hormone. It helps in maintaining pregnancy by non-formation of new ova,
promoting thickening and secretory activity of uterine wall and attachment of embryo to the uterine wall.

Question 6.
What is dormin ?
Answer:
Dormin is the other name of plant hormone abscisic acid. The hormne induces dormancy in buds and seeds.
So it has been called dormin.

Question 7.
(a)

1. Name the parts labelled A and B in the neuron drawn above.

2. Which part acquires the information in the neuron ?

3. Through which part does the information travel ?

4. In what form does this information travel ?
5. Where is the impulse converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission ?

(b) Name the hormone secreted by thyroid. What is the function ?

(c) Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
(CBSE A.I. 2008 Compt.)
Answer:
(a)

1. A-Dendrite, B-Axon
2. Dandrite.
3. Dandrite to cell body or cyton to axon.
4. Electrical impulse
5. In the region of synapse.

Impulse stimulates the release of chemical neurotransmitter from the surface of presynaptic knob or bouton
of axon terminal. Neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) comes in contact with chemoreceptor sites of post-
synaptic membrane of the next neuron and generates a fresh impulse.

(b) Thyroxine:
Function of Thyroxine. It controls

1. Basal metabolic rate

2. Metabalism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
 3. Consumption of energy in physical activity and body temperature
4. Development and differentiation.

(c) Iodised Salt: Salt is iodised to provide iodine to thyroid for synthesis of thyroxine which is iodine
containing hormone.

Question 8.
(a) What are plant hormones ? Give one example each of a plant hormone that

1. promotes growth
2. inhibits growth.
3. promotes cell division
4. promotes the growth of a tendril around a support. (CCE 2011)

(b) Name the parts labelled A, B and C in the diagram given below. Write one function of each part. (CBSE
A.I. 2008 Comptt. Delhi 2008 Comptt.)

Answer:
(a) Plant Hormones:
Phytohormones are chemical substances other than nutrients produced naturally in plants which regulate
growth, development, differentiation and a number of physiological processes, e.g., auxin, gibberellins,
abscisic acid, cytokinins.

1. Hormone That Promotes Growth. Auxin/Gibberellin.

2. Hormone That Inhibits Growth. Abscisic acid or ABA
3. Hormone That Promotes Cell Division. Cytokinin.
4. Hormone That Promotes Growth of a Tendril Around a Support. Auxin.

(b) A-Pons Function: Relay centre, pneumotaxic area of respiratory centre.

B-Medulla Function: Reflex centre, cardiac centre, respiratory centre.
C-Cerebellum Function: Maintains equilibrium and coordinates muscular activities

Control and Coordination Class 10 Value Based Questions

Question 1.
How do tendrils reach the support when they do not have any sensory structures.
Answer:
Tendrils do not have any sensory structures but still they are able to find their support just as we grope in the
dark for finding the switch-board. Tendrils perform circumnutation from their apical regions. In this the
terminal parts of tendrils move in all directions. Wherever they come in contact with a support, they stop
performing cicumnutation. Instead, the contacted region shows little growth while the other side grows
rapidly so that the tendril coils over the support.
Question 2.
Name the nervous system which controls the functioning of internal organs. How does this system work ?
Answer:
Autonomous or visceral nervous system. The system does not consult the will of the individual. It works on
its own inputs. Autonomous nervous system consists of only motor nerve fibres that innervate all organs and
glands of the body. Depending upon the input, autonomous nervous system stimulates, slows down or stops
the activity of an organ. For its working, autonomous or visceral nervous system has two components,
sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic nervous system originates from thoracico-lumbar region,
forms two ganglionic chains which send out long nerve fibres to various organs. The sympathetic nerve
fibres activate the organs by release of nor-adrenaline. Parasympathetic nervous system is called cranio-
sacral as it originates from some cranial and sacral nerves. It has long preganglionic fibres and ganglia
attached to organs that are innervated. Its post ganglionic fibres secrete acetylcholine into organs for
moderating or reducing their activity.

Question 3.
Which system is working when you start sweating during exercise ? What is its function ?
Answer:
Reflex activity of the nervous system. Actually 90% of nervous activity is performed through reflexes. It is
automatic, involuntary and spontaneous response to a stimulus without consulting the will of the individual.
Exercise increases body temperature. This can be harmful. Reflex action stimulates the sweat glands for
releasing their secretion. Part of the sweat evaporates and cools, down the body.

Question 4.
You can become moody by simply switching on night bulb daily. How can this happen ?
Answer:
Night bulb reduces the secretion of melatonin hormone. Melatonin controls our day-night or circadian
rhythm, healthy digestive and immune system, sexual cycle and moods. A reduced secretion causes
insomnia and mood changes besides affecting health of our digestive and immune system.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to
plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals, nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex
action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Science
Chapter Chapter 7
Chapter Name Control and Coordination
Number of Questions Solved 26
Category NCERT Solutions

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Question 1
What is the function of receptors in our body?
Solution:
Receptors are usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So
gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell.
Question 2
Draw the structure of neuron and explain its function.
Solution:

The specialised tips of some nerve cells detect all information from our environment. These receptors are
usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So gustatory
receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell. This information, acquired at the end
of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This
impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon,
the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and
start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. This is a general scheme of how nervous
impulses travel in the body. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to
other cells, such as muscles cells or gland. It is thus no surprise that nervous tissue is made up of an
organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialised for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Question 3
How does phototropism occur in plants?
Solution:

Phototropism is a growth movement induced by a light stimulus. Growth towards a source of light is called
positive phototropism, that away from the source is termed negative phototropism. The tips of shoots are
usually positively, that of roots negatively phototropic.
Charles Darwin and his son Francis discovered (in 1880) that the phototropic stimulus is detected at the tip
of the plant.
The Darwins used grass seedlings for some of their experiments. When grass seeds germinate, the primary
leaf pierces the seed coverings and the soil while protected by the coleoptile, a hollow, cylindrical sheath
that surrounds it. Once the seedling has grown above the surface, the coleoptile stops growing and the
primary leaf pierces it.
The Darwins found that the tip of the coleoptile was necessary for phototropism but that the bending takes
place in the region below the tip.
If they placed an opaque cover over the tip, phototropism failed to occur even though the rest of the
coleoptile was illuminated from one side.
However, when they buried the plant in fine black sand so that only its tip was exposed, there was no
interference with the tropism – the buried coleoptile bent in the direction of the light.
From these experiments, it seemed clear that

 The stimulus (light) was detected at one location (the tip)

 The response (bending) was carried out at another (the region of elongation).
 This implied that the tip was, in some way, communicating with the cells of the region of elongation.

Question 4
How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
Solution:
It has been found that the growth of plants is regulated by certain chemical substances which are synthesized
by the plants in very small amounts. These are known as plant hormones or phytohormones.

They are the organic substances which either promote or inhibit growth. A phytohormones can be defined as
a chemical substances which are produced naturally in plants and are capable of translocation and regulating
one or more physiological processes when present in low concentration. Main categories of plant hormones
are:

1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinins
4. Ethylene
5. Abscisic acid

Auxins and Gibberellins stimulate cell elongations, cytokinins stimulate cell division ethylene promotes
transverse or isodiametric growth and abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor.

Question 5
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Solution:
Co-ordination in this sense refers to the regulation or control of body activity.
Plants need very little in the way of a control system. Since growth and reproduction are about the only
things that are regulated, a rapid control system is not required and hormonal control is all they possess.

Animals are continually moving through new environments that may pose all types of changes and
threatening situations to the organism. This requires the rapid and precise control of a nervous system.
Hormones regulate slower activities, such as growth, development and reproduction.

Question 6
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Solution:
All reflex actions are involuntary in nature but all involutary actions are not reflexes as the beating of heart
is an involuntary action but is not reflex action.

Reflex actions are very quick but all involutary actions may not be very fast as in heart beating.
A reflex action may involve any muscle or a gland as we withdraw our hand on touching a hot object but all
involuntary actions involve only smooth i.e., involuntary or cardiac muscles.

Reflex actions are at the level of spinal cord whereas the involuntary actions generally involve brain too.
Nerves and autonomious nervous system can increase or decrease the rate of involuntary actions but reflex
actions can be controlled by great will only and are not usually controllable.

Reflex actions are done to meet emergencies where as an inv.action may or may not be for just meeting an
emergency but may be a critical lie process as circulation of blood, swallowing of food, movement of food
in food pipe, etc.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1.
What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses ? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
(c) Direction of flow of electrical impulse.
Impulse → Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → Release of chemicals that cross synapse → Dendrite of next
neuron.

Question 2.
Three directions in which nerve impulses can travel in the nervous system are listed below:
(i) Away from the central nervous system
(ii) Towards the central nervous system
(iii) Within the central nervous system
In which direction do impulses in sensory and relay (intermediate) neurons travel?

Sensory Relay
Neuron Neuron
(a) (i) (ii)
(b) (i) (iii)
(c) (ii) (i)
(d) (ii) (iii)

Answer:
(d) Sensory neuron transmits impulses towards CNS, (i.e. brain and spinal cord) while, the relay neurons
occur within the CNS and serve as links between other neurons.
Question 3.
In a nerve pathway, the following events take place in a coordinated order.
(i) Activation of muscle
(ii) Activation of receptor
(iii) Passage of impulses along a motor neuron
(iv) Passage of impulses along a sensory neuron
Read the events given and identify the correct order of these events from the table given below:

First → Last
(a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(b) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
(c) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(d) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

Answer:
(b) The sequence of events in a typical nerve pathway is receptor → passage of impulse along sensory
neuron → passage of impulse along motor neuron → activation of muscle (effector). Thus, the correct
sequence is (ii), (iv), (iii) and (i).

Question 4.
The diagram shows a section of the brain and different parts labelled as W,X, Y and Z.

Study the figure and correlate the regions which control balance, heart rate and temperature in human body?

Heart
Balance Temperature
Rate
(a) W Z X
(b) X Y Z
(c) Y X W
(d) Z W Y

Answer:
(b) Out of the options given, the region X, (i.e. cerebellum) controls balance, region Y (i.e. medulla
oblongata) controls heartbeat and region Z, (i.e. hypothalamus) controls temperature in human body.

Question 5.
Which of the following endocrine glands is unpaired? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Adrenal
(b) Testes
(b) Pituitary
(d) Ovary
Answer:
(c) There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney that make adrenaline hormone. Testes are paired
glands present in males and secrete male sex hormone. Pituitary gland is present just below the brain and is
unpaired. It is also called master gland as it secretes a number of hormones. Ovaries are paired glands
present in females and secrete female sex hormones.
Question 6.
Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion of [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
(b) oestrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
(c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary
(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and oestrogen from pituitary gland
Answer:
(c)

Gland Hormone Function

To control the development
Testes of male sex organs and male
(only in Testosterone features such as deep voice,
males) etc., i.e. changes associated
with puberty.
To control the development
Ovaries
of female sex organs and
(only in Oestrogen
female features such as soft
females)
skin, etc.
To control uterus changes
during menstrual cycle and
Progesterone
helps in maintenance of
pregnancy.

Class 10 Science Control and Coordination Mind Map

Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one
another. The neural system & endocrine system jointly coordinate & regulate the physiological functions in
the body. The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick
coordination. The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones.

Animal Nervous System

The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons which can detect,
receive & transmit different kinds of stimuli. They are specialized for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Structure and Function of Neuron

 It is a structural & functional unit of neural system and is composed of three major parts:
 Ceil body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles like nucleus etc.
 Dendrites: Short fibres which branch repeatedly & project out of the cell body. These fibres transmit
impulses towards the cell body.
 Axon is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched and forms nerve ending. Nerve endings
possess synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Transmission of impulses:

 Stimulus or information from the environment is detected by specialized tips of some nerve cells
called as receptors.
 Dendritic tip acquire all these information and sets off a chemical reaction.
 This chemical reaction then creates an electric impulse that travels from the dendrite to the cell body,
and then along the axon to its end.
  At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals
(neurotransmitters). These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse
in a dendrite of the next neuron.
 A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells, such as
muscles cells or gland.

The human neural system is divided into two parts:

 Central neural system (CNS) includes the brain & spinal cord and is the site of information
processing & control.
 Peripheral neural system (PNS) comprises of all nerves of body associated with CNS (brain and
spinal cord). The nerve fibres of PNS are of two types: cranial nerves (arising from the brain) and
spinal nerves (arising from the spinal cord).

Brain

 It is the main coordinating centre of the body. The bra in and spinal cord constitute the CNS. They
receive information from al 1 parts of the body and integrate it.
 The brain is located in bony box called as cranium or skull which protects the brain. Spinal cord is
protected with the help of vertebral column. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid also covers the brain and
the spinal cord which provide the function of shock absorption.
 The brain has three such major parts or regions, namely the fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
 Fore-brain: It is the main thinking part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum, hypothalamus etc.
o Function: interpret information received from sensory receptors.
o Control the movement of voluntary muscles.
o It also contains centre associated with hunger which gives us the sensation of feeling full.
 Midbrain: It serves important function in few involuntary movements, movements of the eye,
auditory and visual processing.
 Hindbrain: It consists of pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
o Function: Medulla controls involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and
vomiting.
o Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and
balance of the body.

Reflex Action

 The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation that occurs involuntarily (without
conscious effort or thought) and requires the involvement of a part of central nervous system is
called a reflex action.
 Reflex action decreases the duration of action by bypassing the thinking and processing step.
 It does so by linking the nerves carrying the signal (say the sensation of heat) directly to the nerves
that move the muscle. These types of linkage or connection between input and output nerves are
formed in the spinal cord.
 These connections are called as reflex arc (sensory/input nerve-* Spinal cord -> motor/ output nerve)

Coordination In Plants

Plants have neither nervous system nor muscles. Their movements or responses are either growth dependent
or growth independent.

Immediate Response To Stimulus Or Growth Independent

The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals,
there is no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction of information.
Secondly, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or
shrinking. In contrast, animal muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses.

Example: folding up and drooping of leaves of chhui-mui (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-not’ plant of the
Mimosa family) in response to touch.

Movement Due To Growth

The movement of a plant in response to the stimulus is called as tropism. The movement in the direction of
the response is called as positive tropism and movement away from the stimulus is termed as negative
tropism.

Types:

 Phototropism: Bending of plant in response to the light e.g. movement of sunflowers in response to
day or night.
 Geotropism: Movement of plant in response to gravity. Shoots show negative geotropism and roots
show positive geotropism.
 Chemotropism: Movement of plant in response to chemical as observed in case of growth of pollen
tube.
 Hydrotropism: e.g. roots beneath the Earth’s surface bend in the direction of underground w^ater.
Other example may include the climbing of tendrils in response to touch. When they come in contact
with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part
of the tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus cling
to it.

Plant Hormones

There are five main types of plant hormones or growth regulators:

 Auxins: Helps in cell elongation and thus phototropism, geotropism, and other plant responses.
 Gibberellins: Stimulate growth of the stem and flowering.
 Cytokinins: They cause cell division, enlargement, and organ formation. They are present in greater
concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
 Ethylene: Promotes ripening of fruits.
 Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves and fruits.

Hormones In Animals

Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers & are produced in trace
amounts. The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms Examples:

 Adrenaline: Secreted from adrenal gland which prepare the body for fight or flight situation.
 Thyroxin: Secreted from thyroid gland and regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism so as
to provide the best balance for growth.
Deficiency of iodine in diet may cause hypo-secretion of thyroxin which results in goiter.
 Growth hormones which regulate growth and. development of the body are secreted from
pituitary gland.
Hyper-secretion may cause gigantism and hypo-secretion may cause dwarfism.
 Testosterone in males and oestrogen in females lead to changes take place during puberty’.
 Insulin produced by pancreas regulates the blood sugar level in the body.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7

Control and Coordination
September 27, 2019 by Veerendra

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And Coordination: In this article, you will
find out everything about NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And
Coordination. Candidates can find everything about control and coordination class 10 extra questions with
answers in this article.

The answer to each and every question in class 10 science chapter 7 notes is provided along with complete,
step-wise solutions for candidates better understanding. This will further help candidates in their home
assignments and as well as practice sessions. Read on to find everything about Control and Coordination
Class 10.

Free download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination PDF in Hindi
Medium as well as in English Medium for CBSE, Uttarakhand, Bihar, MP Board, Gujarat Board, and UP
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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and

Coordination
Before getting into the details of NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And
Coordination, let’s have an overview of topics and subtopics under control and coordination class 10
NCERT questions:

1. Control And Coordination

2. Animals – Nervous System
3. Coordination In Plants
4. Hormones In Animals

Control and Coordination Class 10

 Control and Coordination Class 10 Mind Map

 Control and Coordination Class 10 Intext Questions
 Control and Coordination Class 10 MCQ
 Control and Coordination Class 10 Chapter End Questions
 नियंत्रण एवं समन्वय के एनसीईआरटी उत्तर
 Control and Coordination Notes
 Control and Coordination NCERT Exemplar
 Control and Coordination Important Questions
 Control and Coordination HOTS
 Control and Coordination Value Based Questions

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Intext Questions

 Control and Coordination Class 10 Page No 119

 Control and Coordination Class 10 Page No 122
  Control and Coordination Class 10 Page No 125

Page Number: 119

Question 1
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:

Reflex action Walking

1. It is a response to the information
1. It is the action which is performed
transmitted by nerve to muscles of the legs.
automatically.
In this case, thinking is involved.
2. It is controlled and coordinated by 2. Brain instructs and controls leg muscles
spinal cord. to move.
3. It is an involuntary action. 3. It is a voluntary action.

Question 2
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
The small empty space between two nerve cells is called synapse. At synapse, a chemical substance is
produced at the end of axon of one nerve cell that reaches to the other nerve cell through the dendrite. Thus,
information is transmitted from one nerve cell to other nerve cell by synapse.

Question 3
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body ?
Answer:
Posture and equilibrium of the body are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 4
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick) ?
Answer:
The smell of agarbatti (incense stick) diffuses in the air. It is detected by olfactory receptors present in the
nose. This information is sent to olfactory lobe by sensory nerves located in the forebrain. It responds to the
information.

Question 5
What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?
Answer:
There is no role of brain in reflex action. These involuntary actions are controlled by the spinal cord which
take place immediately without thinking of how to respond to the stimuli.

Page Number: 122

Question 1
What are plant hormones ?
Answer:
Plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Plant hormones are the chemical substances which help in
controlling growth, flowering, height, development of plants and their response to the environment.

Different types of phytohormones are – auxins, gibberllins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene.

Question 2
How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light ?
Answer:
 Movement of leaves of sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light
1. It is a tropic movement which
1. It is a nastic movement which does not
depends on the direction of stimulus
depend on the direction of stimulus applied.
applied.
2. The stimulus is touch. 2. The stimulus is light.
3. It is caused by the sudden loss of water 3. It is caused by the unequal growth
from the swellings at the base of leaves. on the two sides of the shoot.
4. It is not a growth movement. 4. It is a growth movement.

Question 3

Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Answer:
Auxin.

Question 4
How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support ?
Answer:
When the tip of a tendril touches a support, then the auxins present in its tip move to that side of tip which is
away from the support. Auxins promote growth. So, due to more auxins in it, the side of tendril away from
the support grows faster (and becomes longer) than the side which is in contact with the support and makes
the tendril twirl (or bend) around the support.

Question 5
Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.
Answer:
Take two glass troughs A and B and fill each one of them two-thirds with soil. In trough A plant a tiny
seedling. In trough B plant a similar seedling and place a c/ay pot inside the soil. Water the soil in trough A
daily and uniformly. Do not water the soil in trough B but put some water in the clay pot. Leave both the
troughs for a few days.

Now, dig up the seedlings carefully from both the troughs without damaging their roots. We will find that
the root of seedling in trough A is straight. On the other hand, the root of seedling in trough B is found to be
bent to the right side i.e., towards the clay pot containing water.
In trough A, the root of the seedling gets water from both sides. But in trough B, the roots get water oozing
out from the clay pot which is kept on the right side. Therefore, the root of seedling in trough B grows and
bends towards the source of water to the right side. This experiment shows that the root of a plant grows
towards water. In other words, the root of a plant is hydrotropism.

Page Number: 125

Question 1
How does chemical coordination take place in animals ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in animals takes place through the hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
Coordination in animals takes place through hormone system as well as nervous system which is called
endocrine system. Endocrine glands secrete animal hormones directly into the blood that reach to the
specific cells. Special type of molecules are present on the surface of cells to detect these hormones. These
cells act according to the information that a particular hormone carries.

Question 2
Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
Answer:
It is advised to use iodised salt because thyroid gland needs iodine to produce thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin
hormone controls all the metabolic activities of our body like metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein
etc. Due to the deficiency of thyroxin a disease called goitre is caused.

Question 3
How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood ?
Answer:
The heart beat increases when adrenaline is secreted into the blood so that more oxygen is supplied to our
muscles. The blood supply to the digestive system and skin decreases because the small arteries around the
muscles of these organs contract. This turns the direction of blood towards our skeletal muscles. The
breathing rate also increases due to the contractions of the diaphragm and rib muscles. All these responses
enable us to face the situations of fear and anger.

Question 4
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin ?
Answer:
Insulin hormone regulates blood sugar levels. If this is not secreted in proper amounts, the sugar level in the
blood rises. This causes many harmful effects.
To treat harmful effects of increased level of blood sugar, the diabetic patients are treated by giving
injections of insulin.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1
Which of the following is a plant hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin
Answer:
(d) Cytokinin

Question 2
The gap between two neurons is called a
(a) dendrite
(b) synapse
(c) axon
(d) impulse
Answer:
(b) Synapse

Question 3
The brain is responsible for
(a) thinking
(b) regulating the heart beat
(c) balancing the body
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(b) All of the above

Question 4
What is the function of receptors in our body ? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise ? [AICBSE 2016]
Answer:
Receptors are specialised cells located in our sense organs like ear, nose, skin, tongue and eyes. The function
of receptors is to detect information from the environment. For example, olfactory receptors detect smell. If
receptors do not work properly, the information obtained from the environment will be delayed to reach the
spinal cord or brain. In this situation, the response to the environmental stimulus will be delayed causing
harm to the body. For example, if skin receptors are damaged, and one accidentally touches a hot object,
then his/her hands might get burn as the damaged receptor cannot perceive the external stimuli of heat and
pain.

Question 5
Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function. [AICBSE 2017]
Answer:
Nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of nervous system. A nerve cell has three parts-
(i) cell body
(ii) dendrite
(iii) axon

Function : The function of nerve cells is to carry information in the form of electrical signals which are
called nerve impulses. Cells receive stimulus to send it to spinal cord and brain and carry the message from
brain to the target organ.

Question 6
How does phototropism occur in plants ?
Answer:
The movement in any part of a plant due to light is called phototropism. The shoot of plant shows positive
phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.
Phototropism in plants occurs due to the hormone auxin. When light falls on one side of a plant, the
secretion of auxin hormone is more in the part away from the light. Hence, auxin causes growth in length of
the cells in shady part. So, the plant appears to bend towards light.

Question 7
Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury ?
Answer:
(i) All the involuntary actions will get disturbed.
(ii) Reflex actions will be disturbed because reflexes are located in the spinal cord. Therefore, the quick
responses required to safe guard the body will not take place.

Question 8
How does chemical coordination occur in plants ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in plants takes place with the help of plant hormones. In most of the regions where
division takes place (meristematic regions) stimuli cells secrete chemical compounds (hormone). These
substances identify the information by stimulating the other nearby cells and communicating the
information.

Question 9
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism ?
Answer:
An organism needs control and coordination system for the following functions :
(i) To save the body of the organisms from the harmful changes in the environment.
(ii) To control the speed of voluntary and involuntary actions.
(iii) To have the capability to think and learn for responding to any stimuli.

Question 10
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other ?
Answer:

Involuntary actions Reflex actions

1. Those actions which occur immediately 1. Reflex action is an immediate
without any thinking are called involuntary response to an event which does not
actions. require any processing by brain.
2. Involuntary actions are controlled by 2. Reflex actions are controlled by
mid and hind brain. spinal cord.
Example: Breathing, beating of heart, etc. Example: Sneezing, coughing, etc.

Question 11
Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism

It is a fast process. It is a slow process.
Arteries and glands are affected. It affects the target organ.
It transmits in electrochemical form. It transmits in chemical form.
It does not control metabolism. It controls metabolism.
Growth is not affected. Growth is affected.

Question 12
What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
movement in our legs ?
Answer:

Movement in a sensitive (mimosa) plant Movement in legs of a human

1. The leaves of a sensitive plant like
1. Leg is in control of nerve muscles.
mimosa are sensitive to touch.
2. It is not controlled by any part of the 2. It is controlled by brain and spinal
plant. cord.
3. In this, cells change their shape on 3. Amount of water has no effect on
changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.
changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.
4. The movement in a sensitive plant are 4. The movement in our leg is due to
nastic movement. voluntary nervous system.

Control and Coordination Class 10 HOTS

Question 1.
What type of plant movement is seen in the diagram of coiling of tendril?

Or

How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support? Describe in brief. (CCE 2012)
Answer:
Thigmotropism or curvature movement that occurs in response to contact. Less auxin is present in the region
of contact. The free side having more auxin shows more growth. This causes the tendril to coil over the
support.

Question 2.
Identify and label the parts shown as A and B in the accompanying figure.

Answer:
Dorsal view of thyroid an parathyroid.
A – Thyroid,
B- Parathyroid.

Question 3.
What are the hormones involved in providing milk to the suckling infant ?
Answer:
1. Prolactin (Maternity Hormone). Production of milk.
2. Oxytocin Ejection of milk.

Question 4.
How does pancreas control glucose level of blood ?
Answer:
Pancreas produces two hormones

1. Insulin from P-cells of islet of Langerhans and

2. Glucagon from a- cells of islets of langerhans.
Insulin is produced when glucose level of blood rises. Insulin helps the cells to withdraw glucose from
blood. It also converts glucose into glycogen in liver and muscles.

Question 5.
Glucagon is secreted when glucose level of blood falls. It mobilises reserve food like glycogen into glucose.
What is pregnancy hormone ? Why is it known so ?
Answer:
Progesterone is called pregnancy hormone. It helps in maintaining pregnancy by non-formation of new ova,
promoting thickening and secretory activity of uterine wall and attachment of embryo to the uterine wall.

Question 6.
What is dormin ?
Answer:
Dormin is the other name of plant hormone abscisic acid. The hormne induces dormancy in buds and seeds.
So it has been called dormin.

Question 7.
(a)

1. Name the parts labelled A and B in the neuron drawn above.

2. Which part acquires the information in the neuron ?

3. Through which part does the information travel ?

4. In what form does this information travel ?
5. Where is the impulse converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission ?

(b) Name the hormone secreted by thyroid. What is the function ?

(c) Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
(CBSE A.I. 2008 Compt.)
Answer:
(a)

1. A-Dendrite, B-Axon
2. Dandrite.
3. Dandrite to cell body or cyton to axon.
4. Electrical impulse
5. In the region of synapse.
Impulse stimulates the release of chemical neurotransmitter from the surface of presynaptic knob or bouton
of axon terminal. Neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) comes in contact with chemoreceptor sites of post-
synaptic membrane of the next neuron and generates a fresh impulse.

(b) Thyroxine:
Function of Thyroxine. It controls

1. Basal metabolic rate

2. Metabalism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
3. Consumption of energy in physical activity and body temperature
4. Development and differentiation.

(c) Iodised Salt: Salt is iodised to provide iodine to thyroid for synthesis of thyroxine which is iodine
containing hormone.

Question 8.
(a) What are plant hormones ? Give one example each of a plant hormone that

1. promotes growth
2. inhibits growth.
3. promotes cell division
4. promotes the growth of a tendril around a support. (CCE 2011)

(b) Name the parts labelled A, B and C in the diagram given below. Write one function of each part. (CBSE
A.I. 2008 Comptt. Delhi 2008 Comptt.)

Answer:
(a) Plant Hormones:
Phytohormones are chemical substances other than nutrients produced naturally in plants which regulate
growth, development, differentiation and a number of physiological processes, e.g., auxin, gibberellins,
abscisic acid, cytokinins.

1. Hormone That Promotes Growth. Auxin/Gibberellin.

2. Hormone That Inhibits Growth. Abscisic acid or ABA
3. Hormone That Promotes Cell Division. Cytokinin.
4. Hormone That Promotes Growth of a Tendril Around a Support. Auxin.

(b) A-Pons Function: Relay centre, pneumotaxic area of respiratory centre.

B-Medulla Function: Reflex centre, cardiac centre, respiratory centre.
C-Cerebellum Function: Maintains equilibrium and coordinates muscular activities

Control and Coordination Class 10 Value Based Questions

Question 1.
How do tendrils reach the support when they do not have any sensory structures.
Answer:
Tendrils do not have any sensory structures but still they are able to find their support just as we grope in the
dark for finding the switch-board. Tendrils perform circumnutation from their apical regions. In this the
terminal parts of tendrils move in all directions. Wherever they come in contact with a support, they stop
performing cicumnutation. Instead, the contacted region shows little growth while the other side grows
rapidly so that the tendril coils over the support.

Question 2.
Name the nervous system which controls the functioning of internal organs. How does this system work ?
Answer:
Autonomous or visceral nervous system. The system does not consult the will of the individual. It works on
its own inputs. Autonomous nervous system consists of only motor nerve fibres that innervate all organs and
glands of the body. Depending upon the input, autonomous nervous system stimulates, slows down or stops
the activity of an organ. For its working, autonomous or visceral nervous system has two components,
sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic nervous system originates from thoracico-lumbar region,
forms two ganglionic chains which send out long nerve fibres to various organs. The sympathetic nerve
fibres activate the organs by release of nor-adrenaline. Parasympathetic nervous system is called cranio-
sacral as it originates from some cranial and sacral nerves. It has long preganglionic fibres and ganglia
attached to organs that are innervated. Its post ganglionic fibres secrete acetylcholine into organs for
moderating or reducing their activity.

Question 3.
Which system is working when you start sweating during exercise ? What is its function ?
Answer:
Reflex activity of the nervous system. Actually 90% of nervous activity is performed through reflexes. It is
automatic, involuntary and spontaneous response to a stimulus without consulting the will of the individual.
Exercise increases body temperature. This can be harmful. Reflex action stimulates the sweat glands for
releasing their secretion. Part of the sweat evaporates and cools, down the body.

Question 4.
You can become moody by simply switching on night bulb daily. How can this happen ?
Answer:
Night bulb reduces the secretion of melatonin hormone. Melatonin controls our day-night or circadian
rhythm, healthy digestive and immune system, sexual cycle and moods. A reduced secretion causes
insomnia and mood changes besides affecting health of our digestive and immune system.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to
plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals, nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex
action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Board CBSE
Textbook NCERT
Class Class 10
Subject Science
Chapter Chapter 7
Chapter Name Control and Coordination
Number of Questions Solved 26
Category NCERT Solutions
Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Question 1
What is the function of receptors in our body?
Solution:
Receptors are usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So
gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell.

Question 2
Draw the structure of neuron and explain its function.
Solution:

The specialised tips of some nerve cells detect all information from our environment. These receptors are
usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So gustatory
receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell. This information, acquired at the end
of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This
impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon,
the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and
start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. This is a general scheme of how nervous
impulses travel in the body. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to
other cells, such as muscles cells or gland. It is thus no surprise that nervous tissue is made up of an
organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialised for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Question 3
How does phototropism occur in plants?
Solution:
Phototropism is a growth movement induced by a light stimulus. Growth towards a source of light is called
positive phototropism, that away from the source is termed negative phototropism. The tips of shoots are
usually positively, that of roots negatively phototropic.
Charles Darwin and his son Francis discovered (in 1880) that the phototropic stimulus is detected at the tip
of the plant.
The Darwins used grass seedlings for some of their experiments. When grass seeds germinate, the primary
leaf pierces the seed coverings and the soil while protected by the coleoptile, a hollow, cylindrical sheath
that surrounds it. Once the seedling has grown above the surface, the coleoptile stops growing and the
primary leaf pierces it.
The Darwins found that the tip of the coleoptile was necessary for phototropism but that the bending takes
place in the region below the tip.
If they placed an opaque cover over the tip, phototropism failed to occur even though the rest of the
coleoptile was illuminated from one side.
However, when they buried the plant in fine black sand so that only its tip was exposed, there was no
interference with the tropism – the buried coleoptile bent in the direction of the light.
From these experiments, it seemed clear that

 The stimulus (light) was detected at one location (the tip)

 The response (bending) was carried out at another (the region of elongation).
 This implied that the tip was, in some way, communicating with the cells of the region of elongation.

Question 4
How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
Solution:
It has been found that the growth of plants is regulated by certain chemical substances which are synthesized
by the plants in very small amounts. These are known as plant hormones or phytohormones.

They are the organic substances which either promote or inhibit growth. A phytohormones can be defined as
a chemical substances which are produced naturally in plants and are capable of translocation and regulating
one or more physiological processes when present in low concentration. Main categories of plant hormones
are:

1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinins
4. Ethylene
5. Abscisic acid

Auxins and Gibberellins stimulate cell elongations, cytokinins stimulate cell division ethylene promotes
transverse or isodiametric growth and abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor.

Question 5
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Solution:
Co-ordination in this sense refers to the regulation or control of body activity.
Plants need very little in the way of a control system. Since growth and reproduction are about the only
things that are regulated, a rapid control system is not required and hormonal control is all they possess.

Animals are continually moving through new environments that may pose all types of changes and
threatening situations to the organism. This requires the rapid and precise control of a nervous system.
Hormones regulate slower activities, such as growth, development and reproduction.

Question 6
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Solution:
All reflex actions are involuntary in nature but all involutary actions are not reflexes as the beating of heart
is an involuntary action but is not reflex action.

Reflex actions are very quick but all involutary actions may not be very fast as in heart beating.
A reflex action may involve any muscle or a gland as we withdraw our hand on touching a hot object but all
involuntary actions involve only smooth i.e., involuntary or cardiac muscles.

Reflex actions are at the level of spinal cord whereas the involuntary actions generally involve brain too.
Nerves and autonomious nervous system can increase or decrease the rate of involuntary actions but reflex
actions can be controlled by great will only and are not usually controllable.

Reflex actions are done to meet emergencies where as an inv.action may or may not be for just meeting an
emergency but may be a critical lie process as circulation of blood, swallowing of food, movement of food
in food pipe, etc.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1.
What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses ? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
(c) Direction of flow of electrical impulse.
Impulse → Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → Release of chemicals that cross synapse → Dendrite of next
neuron.

Question 2.
Three directions in which nerve impulses can travel in the nervous system are listed below:
(i) Away from the central nervous system
(ii) Towards the central nervous system
(iii) Within the central nervous system
In which direction do impulses in sensory and relay (intermediate) neurons travel?

Sensory Relay
Neuron Neuron
 (a) (i) (ii)
(b) (i) (iii)
(c) (ii) (i)
(d) (ii) (iii)

Answer:
(d) Sensory neuron transmits impulses towards CNS, (i.e. brain and spinal cord) while, the relay neurons
occur within the CNS and serve as links between other neurons.

Question 3.
In a nerve pathway, the following events take place in a coordinated order.
(i) Activation of muscle
(ii) Activation of receptor
(iii) Passage of impulses along a motor neuron
(iv) Passage of impulses along a sensory neuron
Read the events given and identify the correct order of these events from the table given below:

First → Last
(a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(b) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
(c) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(d) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

Answer:
(b) The sequence of events in a typical nerve pathway is receptor → passage of impulse along sensory
neuron → passage of impulse along motor neuron → activation of muscle (effector). Thus, the correct
sequence is (ii), (iv), (iii) and (i).

Question 4.
The diagram shows a section of the brain and different parts labelled as W,X, Y and Z.

Study the figure and correlate the regions which control balance, heart rate and temperature in human body?

Heart
Balance Temperature
Rate
(a) W Z X
(b) X Y Z
(c) Y X W
(d) Z W Y

Answer:
(b) Out of the options given, the region X, (i.e. cerebellum) controls balance, region Y (i.e. medulla
oblongata) controls heartbeat and region Z, (i.e. hypothalamus) controls temperature in human body.
Question 5.
Which of the following endocrine glands is unpaired? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Adrenal
(b) Testes
(b) Pituitary
(d) Ovary
Answer:
(c) There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney that make adrenaline hormone. Testes are paired
glands present in males and secrete male sex hormone. Pituitary gland is present just below the brain and is
unpaired. It is also called master gland as it secretes a number of hormones. Ovaries are paired glands
present in females and secrete female sex hormones.

Question 6.
Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion of [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
(b) oestrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
(c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary
(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and oestrogen from pituitary gland
Answer:
(c)

Gland Hormone Function

To control the development
Testes of male sex organs and male
(only in Testosterone features such as deep voice,
males) etc., i.e. changes associated
with puberty.
To control the development
Ovaries
of female sex organs and
(only in Oestrogen
female features such as soft
females)
skin, etc.
To control uterus changes
during menstrual cycle and
Progesterone
helps in maintenance of
pregnancy.

Class 10 Science Control and Coordination Mind Map

Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one
another. The neural system & endocrine system jointly coordinate & regulate the physiological functions in
the body. The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick
coordination. The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones.

Animal Nervous System

The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons which can detect,
receive & transmit different kinds of stimuli. They are specialized for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Structure and Function of Neuron

 It is a structural & functional unit of neural system and is composed of three major parts:
 Ceil body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles like nucleus etc.
  Dendrites: Short fibres which branch repeatedly & project out of the cell body. These fibres transmit
impulses towards the cell body.
 Axon is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched and forms nerve ending. Nerve endings
possess synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Transmission of impulses:

 Stimulus or information from the environment is detected by specialized tips of some nerve cells
called as receptors.
 Dendritic tip acquire all these information and sets off a chemical reaction.
 This chemical reaction then creates an electric impulse that travels from the dendrite to the cell body,
and then along the axon to its end.
 At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals
(neurotransmitters). These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse
in a dendrite of the next neuron.
 A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells, such as
muscles cells or gland.

The human neural system is divided into two parts:

 Central neural system (CNS) includes the brain & spinal cord and is the site of information
processing & control.
 Peripheral neural system (PNS) comprises of all nerves of body associated with CNS (brain and
spinal cord). The nerve fibres of PNS are of two types: cranial nerves (arising from the brain) and
spinal nerves (arising from the spinal cord).

Brain

 It is the main coordinating centre of the body. The bra in and spinal cord constitute the CNS. They
receive information from al 1 parts of the body and integrate it.
 The brain is located in bony box called as cranium or skull which protects the brain. Spinal cord is
protected with the help of vertebral column. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid also covers the brain and
the spinal cord which provide the function of shock absorption.
 The brain has three such major parts or regions, namely the fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
 Fore-brain: It is the main thinking part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum, hypothalamus etc.
o Function: interpret information received from sensory receptors.
o Control the movement of voluntary muscles.
o It also contains centre associated with hunger which gives us the sensation of feeling full.
 Midbrain: It serves important function in few involuntary movements, movements of the eye,
auditory and visual processing.
 Hindbrain: It consists of pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
o Function: Medulla controls involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and
vomiting.
o Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and
balance of the body.

Reflex Action

 The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation that occurs involuntarily (without
conscious effort or thought) and requires the involvement of a part of central nervous system is
called a reflex action.
 Reflex action decreases the duration of action by bypassing the thinking and processing step.
 It does so by linking the nerves carrying the signal (say the sensation of heat) directly to the nerves
that move the muscle. These types of linkage or connection between input and output nerves are
formed in the spinal cord.
  These connections are called as reflex arc (sensory/input nerve-* Spinal cord -> motor/ output nerve)

Coordination In Plants

Plants have neither nervous system nor muscles. Their movements or responses are either growth dependent
or growth independent.

Immediate Response To Stimulus Or Growth Independent

The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals,
there is no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction of information.

Secondly, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or
shrinking. In contrast, animal muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses.

Example: folding up and drooping of leaves of chhui-mui (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-not’ plant of the
Mimosa family) in response to touch.

Movement Due To Growth

The movement of a plant in response to the stimulus is called as tropism. The movement in the direction of
the response is called as positive tropism and movement away from the stimulus is termed as negative
tropism.

Types:

 Phototropism: Bending of plant in response to the light e.g. movement of sunflowers in response to
day or night.
 Geotropism: Movement of plant in response to gravity. Shoots show negative geotropism and roots
show positive geotropism.
 Chemotropism: Movement of plant in response to chemical as observed in case of growth of pollen
tube.
 Hydrotropism: e.g. roots beneath the Earth’s surface bend in the direction of underground w^ater.
Other example may include the climbing of tendrils in response to touch. When they come in contact
with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part
of the tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus cling
to it.

Plant Hormones

There are five main types of plant hormones or growth regulators:

 Auxins: Helps in cell elongation and thus phototropism, geotropism, and other plant responses.
 Gibberellins: Stimulate growth of the stem and flowering.
 Cytokinins: They cause cell division, enlargement, and organ formation. They are present in greater
concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
 Ethylene: Promotes ripening of fruits.
 Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves and fruits.

Hormones In Animals

Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers & are produced in trace
amounts. The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms Examples:
  Adrenaline: Secreted from adrenal gland which prepare the body for fight or flight situation.
 Thyroxin: Secreted from thyroid gland and regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism so as
to provide the best balance for growth.
Deficiency of iodine in diet may cause hypo-secretion of thyroxin which results in goiter.
 Growth hormones which regulate growth and. development of the body are secreted from
pituitary gland.
Hyper-secretion may cause gigantism and hypo-secretion may cause dwarfism.
 Testosterone in males and oestrogen in females lead to changes take place during puberty’.
 Insulin produced by pancreas regulates the blood sugar level in the body.

NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control And

Coordination
Short Answer Type Questions

1.Label the parts (a), (b), (c) and (d) and show the direction of flow of electrical signals in the given
figure.

Answer.
(a) Sensory neuron.
(b) Spinal cord (CNS).
(c) Motor neuron.
(d) Effector (Muscle in arm).

2.Name the plant hormones responsible for the following:

(а) Elongation of cells.
(b) Growth of stem.
(c) Promotion of cell division.
(d) Falling of senescent leaves.
Answer.(a) Auxin. (b) Gibberellin. (c) Cytokinin. (d) Abscisic acid.

3.Label the endocrine glands in the given figure.

Answer.(a) Pineal gland. (b) Pituitary gland, (c) Thyroid, (d) Thymus.

4 What is a tropic movement? Explain with an example.

Answer.The directional growth movements of plants due to external stimuli are called tropic movement. It
can be either towards the stimulus, or away from it. For example, in case of phototropic movement, shoots
respond by bending towards light while roots respond by bending away from it.

5.What will happen if intake of iodine in our diet is low?

Answer.When iodine intake is low, release of thyroxin from thyroid gland will be less by which protein,
carbohydrate and fat metabolisms will be affected.
A person might suffer from goitre in case of iodine deficiency in the body,

6.Answer the following:

(а) Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed in females at puberty?
(b) Dwarfism results due to deficiency of which hormone?
(c) Blood sugar level rises due to deficiency of which hormone?
(d) Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone?
Answer.(a) Oestrogen. (b) Growth hormone. (c) Insulin. (d) Thyroxin.

7.Answer the following:

(a) Name the endocrine gland associated with brain?
(b) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones?
(c) Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys?
(d) Which endocrine gland is present in males but not in females?
Answer.(a) Pituitary. (b) Pancreas, (c) Adrenal. (d) Testes.

Long Answer Type Questions

8.What are the major parts of the brain? Mention the functions of different parts.
Answer.
• Forebrain: It is composed of the cerebrum.
• Midbrain: It is composed of the hypothalamus.
• Hindbrain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.
Some main structures of the human brain are explained below.
(i) Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brain. It is divided into two hemispheres; called
cerebral hemispheres.
Functions of cerebrum:
(a) The cerebrum controls the voluntary motor actions.
(b) It is the site of sensory perceptions; like tactile and auditory perceptions.
(c) It is the seat of learning and memory.
(ii) Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake cycle
(circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
(iii) Cerebellum: Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole structure. It coordinates
the motor functions. When you are riding your bicycle; the perfect coordination between pedaling and
steering control is achieved by the cerebellum.

(iv) Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem; along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and continues into
the spinal cord. Medulla controls various involuntary functions; like heart beat, respiration, etc.

9.Mention one function for each of these hormones:

(a) Thyroxin (b) Insulin (c) Adrenaline (d) Growth hormone (e) Testosterone.
Answer. (a) Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolisms.
(b) Insulin regulates blood sugar.
(c) Adrenaline increases heart rate and supply of blood to various organs.
(d) Growth hormone regulates growth and development.
(e) Testosterone controls the changes of body features associated with puberty in male.

10. Name various plant hormones. Also give their physiological effects on plant growth and
development.
Answer. The various plant hormones are Auxin, Gibberellin,Cytokinin, and Abscisic acid. Their
physiological effects on plant growth are as follows:
Auxins: Cell elongation, cell division, root formation, apical dominance, inhibition of abscission and fruit
growth.
Gibberellins: Growth in stem and leaves, higher fruit yield and over coming dormancy.
Cytokines: Promotes cell division, differentiation, prevention of senescence and overcoming apical
dominance .
Absciscic acid: Induces dormancy, senescence, abscission, checking excessive activity of growth promoting
hormone and closure of stomata under water stress. .
11. Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another
neuron but not the reverse?
Answer. When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end of a neuron, it releases a chemical substance. This
chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end of next neuron where it generates an electrical impulse or signal.
Hence, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal at the axonal end. Since these chemicals are
absent at the dendrite end of the neuron the electrical signal, cannot be converted into chemical signal.

Control and Coordination Chapter Wise Important Questions

Class 10 Science
Very Snort Answer Type Question [1 Mark] -Year 2015

1.Why is it advised to use iodised salt in our diet ?

Answer. Iodine stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone. Deficiency of this hormone
results in the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This can lead to goitre.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2015

2.State how concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is
away from light ?
Answer. When light falls on the side of the shoot auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. This
concentration of the auxin stimulates the cell to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from
light. Thus plant appears to bend towards light.

3. What is synapse ? In a neuron cell how is an electrical impulse created and what is the role of
synapse in this context ?
Answer. A synapse is the gap between the two neurons. Here the axon terminal of one neuron is in close
proximity to the dendrite of the second neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the knob like nerve ending of
an axon, a tiny amount of a chemical substance is released in the synapse. This chemical substance is called
as the neurotransmitter. At synapse the electrical signals converted into chemicals, that can easily cross over
the gap and pass on to the next neurons where it again converted into electrical signals.

CBSE Class 10 Science – More Resources

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science

CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Science Important Questions

Long Answer Type Question [5 Marks] – Year 2015

4. What is meant by reflex-action ? With the help of a labelled diagram trace the sequence of events
which occur when we touch a hot object.
Answer.Stimulus: In the example above, the stimulus is the contact with the hot pot. This contact causes a
nerve impulse that will travel to the spinal cord via the sensory neurons.
Sensory neurons: These neurons carry the nerve impulse to the spinal cord. Similar to the interneuron and
motor neuron, sensory neurons receive incoming impulses at the dendrites. The impulses move away from
the cell body along the axon to the synaptic terminal where the impulse is sent to the next interneuron with
the help of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine). Interneurons: The interneuron is also known as relay neuron.
These neurons are fully contained in the central nervous system. The interneuron serves as the connection
between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons. Synapse: The synapse is a tiny space between two
neurons. When an impulse gets to the end of one neuron and has to be sent down to the next neuron, the
synapse acts as a bridge. The signal arrives at the end of one neuron (close to the synapse) as an electrical
signal, crosses the synapse as a chemical signal (with the help of a neurotransmitter known as acetylcholine
released by the synaptic vesicles at the synaptic terminal) and continues as an electrical signal in the next
neuron.
Motor neurons: These neurons send nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effector organs
or muscle fiber in our example above. This causes the muscle fiber to contract, resulting in you snatching
your hand away from the hot pot.

Response: To respond to the stimulus of the reflex arc, the muscle needs to contract to pull the hand quickly
away from the hot pot. For this to happen, the impulse travels to the synaptic terminal of the motor neuron.
Synaptic vesicles at the synaptic . terminal will then release acetylcholine which will cross the synapse and
bind to the receptors on the muscle fibers to trigger the muscle contraction known as the ‘response’.

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark]- Year 2014

5. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes its growth. Where it is synthesized ?
Answer. Plant hormone that promotes growth is auxin. It is synthesized at the tip of the plant stem.

Short Answer Type Question [I] [2 Marks] – Year 2014

6.(i) Name the hormones that are released in human males and females when they reach puberty.
(ii) Name a gland associated with brain. Which problem is caused due to the deficiency of the
hormone released by this gland ?
Answer.
(i) Testes in males produces hormone testosterone.
Ovaries in females produces hormone oestrogen.
(ii)Pituitary gland present in the brain is responsible for body growth, development of bones and muscles (if
excess-gigantism) (if less-dwarfism).

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] – Year 2014

7. Draw neat diagram of human brain and label on it the following parts :
(i) Midbrain (ii) Pituitary gland
Answer.

8.Write one example each of the following tropic movements :

(i) Positive phototropism (ii) Negative phototropism
(iii) Positive geotropism (iv) Negative geotropism
(v) Hydrotropism (vi) Chemotropism
Answer.
(i) Positive phototropism: shoots growing towards light.
(ii)Negative phototropism: roots growing away from light towards ground.
(iii) Positive geotropism: growth of roots towards earth due to the pull of the earth.
(iv)Negative geotropism: shoots growing away from the earth.
(v) Hydrotropism: roots growing towards the source of water.
(vi)Chemotropism: growth of pollen tubes towards the ovules.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] – Year 2014

9.(a) Name the hormone which is released into the blood when its sugar level rises. Explain the need of
Chemical communication in multicellular organisms the organ which produces this hormone and its
effect on blood sugar level. Also mention the digestive enzymes secreted by this organ with one
function of each.
(b) Explain the need of Chemical communication in multicellular organisms.
Answer.
(a) Glucose is needed by cells for respiration. It is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is
maintained at a constant level. Insulin is a hormone produced by the a-cells that regulates glucose levels in
the blood.
In order for multicellular organisms to function properly, their cells must communicate. For instance, your
muscles must contract when your brain sends a message to contract.
Pancreas produces insulin and p-cells which increase glucose in blood. It also – produces digestive enzyme
(pancreatic amylase).
(b) Cell-to-cell signaling is a critical component of coordinating cellular activities. Through this
communication, messages are carried from signaling cells to receiving cells, also known as target cells. This
signaling occurs with proteins and other types of signaling molecules. Other things which happens in our
body due to cell communication are – growth and development, cellular reproduction, tissue repair, sensing
pain, etc.

10.State the structural and the functional unit of the nervous system. Draw its neat labelled diagram
and write two functions.
Answer. The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron.
The functions of the neuron are:
(a) Passing of information takes place-
(i) By electric impulse (inside the neuron) and
(ii) In the form of chemicals (At synapse)
(b) Reflex action- spontaneous, involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus to protect us from harmful
situations. For example, on touching a hot object unknowingly we instantly withdraw our hand.

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark] -Year 2013

11.State the function of:

(i) gustatory receptors, and
(ii) olfactory receptors.
Answer.
(i) Gustatory receptors – these are sensitive to taste
(ii) Olfactory receptors – these are sensitive to smell.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2013

12.(a) Explain any three directional movements in plants.

(b) How brain and spinal cord are protected in human ?
(c) Name the master gland present in the brain.
Answer.
(a) Stimuli is responsible for the movement of the plant parts towards or away from it. This movement is
called as Tropic Movement.
Phototropism: movement of plant towards or away from the light. Geotropism: movement of plant parts
towards the earth or away from it. Hydrotropism: movement of plant parts towards or away from any
source of water.
(b) Both the brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone: the brain by the bones of the skull and the
spinal cord is protected by a set of ring-shaped bones called vertebrae. They are both cushioned by layers of
membranes called meninges as well as a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid helps to protect
the nerve tissue to keep it healthy, and remove waste products.
(c) Pituitary gland present in the brain is known as the master gland.
13. List in tabular form three differences between nervous control and chemical control.
Answer.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] -Year 2012

14. Name the part of the brain which controls posture and balance of the body.
Answer.Cerebellum in hind-brain controls the posture and balance of the body.

15. Mention the part of the body where gustatory and olfactory receptors are located.
Answer. Gustatory receptors are located in Cerebrum of fore-brain. Olfactory receptors are located in
Olfactory lobe of fore-brain.

16. Smita’s father has been advised by a doctor to reduce his sugar intake.

1. Name the disease he is suffering from and name the hormone whose deficiency is? ,
2. Identify the gland that secretes it and mention the function of this hormone.
3. Explain how the time and amount of secretion of this hormone is regulated in human system.

Answer.

1. He is suffering from diabetes. Deficiency of insulin causes diabetes.

2. Pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar.
3. When the sugar level in blood increases, it is detected by the a-cells of the pancreas which responds by
producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

17.State the functions of plant hormones. Name four different types of plant hormones.
Answer. Plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses in environment.
Four different types of plant hormones are – Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic acid.

1. Auxins control the tropic (growth related) movements of the plants in response to light, gravity, touch etc by
increasing the size of cells. Under the influence of auxins, the plant stem bends towards unidirectional light
where as the roots bend away from it.
2. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and leaf expansion. Its application causes stem elongation in small
plants such as cabbage. Spraying gibberellins on sugarcane plant increases the stem size and hence the yield.
3. Cytokinins are produced in regions of the plant body where rapid cell division occur, such as root tips,
developing shoot buds, young fruits and seeds. Cytokinins promote growth by stimulating cell division. They
also help in production of new leaves and chloroplasts in leaves.
4. Ethylene causes ripening of the fruits.
5. Abscisic acid inhibits (i.e., slows down) the growth in different parts of the plant body. It also inhibits
germination of seeds. It increases the tolerance of plant to different kinds of stresses such as temperature
 changes. So, it is also called the stress hormone in plants. It also causes the drying and falling of older leaves,
flowers and fruits.

18.(a) How is brain protected from injury and shock?

(b) Name two main parts of hind brain and state the functions of each.
Answer.
(a) Brain is covered by a three layered membrane called meninges. In between the layers of meninges and
brain, cavity fluid named Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) is filled. The hard skull covers the meninges. Thus
Meninges, CSF and Skull protects our brain for a certain extent.
(b) Two main parts of hind-brain are — Medulla and Cerebellum. Their functions are:
Medulla : Involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and vomiting.
Cerebellum : It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of
the body.

19.(a) Draw the structure of neuron and label cell body and axon.
(b) Name the part of neuron:
(i) where information is acquired
(ii) through which information travels as an electrical impulse.
Answer.

(a) A nerve cell (Neuron)

(b) (i) Dendrite (ii) Axon

20.(a) Which plant hormone is present in greater concentration in the areas of rapid cell division?
(b) Give one example of a plant growth promoter and a plant growth inhibitor.
Answer.
(a) Cytokinin is present in greater concentration in the areas of rapid cell division.
(b) An example of a plant growth promoter is gibberellins and example of a plant growth inhibitor is
abscisic acid.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2011

21.Which organ secretes a hormone when bloo’d sugar rises in our body? Name the hormone and
name one enzyme released by this organ.
Answer.Pancreas secretes a hormone when blood sugar rises in our body. Insulin is the hormone released by
this organ and the name of the enzyme is pancreatic juice.

22.(a) Explain how auxins help in bending of plant stem towards light.
(b) State the objective of the experiment for which experimental set-up is shown in the given diagram.
Answer.
(a) In plant shoots, the role of auxin is to cause a positive phototropism, i.e. to grow the plant towards the
light. When light is incident on a plant from one direction, it causes the auxins to redistribute towards the
shaded side of the plant. One function of auxin is to cause cell elongation. The redistribution causes the cells
on the shaded side to elongate more than those on the side with the light shining on them. This causes the
shoot to bend towards the light.
(b) The objective of the experiment is to show phototropic movement of plant.

23.What causes a tendril to encircle or coil around the object in contact with it is? Explain the process
involved.
Answer. When a tendril comes in contact with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object
does not grow as rapidly as the part away of the tendril away from the object. This cause the tendril to circle
around the object and thus, cling to it.

24. Name any three endocrine glands in human body and briefly write the function of each of them.
Answer.Three endocrine glands with their function in human body are as follows:

1. Thyroid gland : It secretes a hormone called thyroxine which regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates,
fats and proteins in the body and so provide the best balance for nutrients and mental ability.
2. Adernal gland : It secretes two hormones—adrenalin and corticoid hormones regulate blood pressure,
heartbeat, breathing rate and carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Pancreas: It secretes two hormones—insulin and glucagon. Insulin hormone lowers the blood glucose level.
Glucagon hormone increases the blood glucose level.

25. Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions? Write the function of any two regions of it.
Answer. Hind-brain controls the involuntary actions. Cerebellum controls the coordination of body
movement and posture. Medulla oblongata regulates center for swallowing, coughing, sneezing and
vomiting.

26. What is chemotropism? Give one example. Name any two plant hormones and mention their
functions.
Answer. Chemotropism is the movement of a part of the plant in response to a chemical stimulus. It can be
positive chemotropism or negative chemotropism. Example: The growth of pollen tube towards a chemical
which is produced by an ovule during the process of fertilisation in a flower.
Two plant hormones with their functions are as follows:
Auxins promote cell elongation, root formation, cell division, respiration and other physiological processes
like protein synthesis, etc.
Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed germination and flowering.

27. State the functions of any three of the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Answer. The structural and functional unit of nervous system, i.e. neuron with their functions are as

1. Cell body: Stimulus received from dendrite is changed into impulse in the cyton.
2. Dendrites: They receive sensation or stimulus, which may be physical or chemical.
3. Axon: It conducts impulse away from the cell body.

28. What is ‘hydrotropism’? Describe an experiment to demonstrate ‘hydrotropism’.

Answer. ‘Hydrotropism’ is the directional growth of a plant part in response to water. For example, roots
show hydrotropism as they grow towards water in the soil and are positively hydrotropic.
An experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism is as follows:

1. A porous pot filled with water is taken and inserted in a tub filled with dry sand.
2. A freshly germinated pea seedling is sowed in the sand.
3. As water is not available in sand, the root growing will bend towards the porous pot filled with water.
4. A hydrotropic curvature of the root is observed as it grows towards water.
 5. This bending of root shows the movement in response towards water.

29. What are ‘hormones’? State one function of each of the following hormones:
(i) Thyroxine (ii) Insulin
Answer. Hormones are the chemical substances which coordinate and control the activities of living
organisms and also their growth. The term hormone was introduced by Bayliss and Starling.
(i) Function of Thyroxine: This hormone regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
(ii) Function of insulin: This hormone helps in regulating sugar level in the blood.

30. What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situation where receptors do not work
properly. What problems are likely to arise?
Answer. Receptors are present in our all parts of the body for example in skin, eye, nose tongue etc. They
detect the signals and then send them to brain in the form of electrical signals. If these receptors are
damaged then it they will not detect the input which leads to the harm for our body in dangerous situation.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] -Year 2010

31. How is the spinal cord protected in the human body?

Answer.Spinal cord is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column.

32. A potted plant is made to lie horizontally on the ground. Which part of the plant will show
(i) positive geotropism?
(ii) negative geotropism?
Answer.
(i) Root (ii) Shoot.

33. Mention the function of the hind-brain in humans.

Answer.Hind brain controls respiration, cardio-vascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
It also modulates the motor commands initiated by the cerebrum.

34. Mention the function of adrenaline hormone.

Answer. Adrenaline hormone is released into the blood from the adrenal gland during stimulation of the
nervous system on seeing any adverse situation of fight or fright, it:

1. increases the blood pressure.

2. increases heart beat rate.
3. increases breathing rate.
4. diverts blood to essential organs including the heart, brain and skeletal muscles by dilating their blood
vessels and constricting those of less essential organs, such as the skin and digestive system.

Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks] -Year 2010

35. Name, the two main organs of our central nervous system. Which one of them plays a major role
in sending command to muscles to act without involving thinking process? Name the phenomenon
involved.
Answer.The two main organs of CNS are brain and spinal cord.
Spinal cord plays a major role in sending command to muscles to act without involving thinking process.
This phenomenon is called reflex action.

36.Name the hormone secreted by human testes. State its functions.

Answer. Testes secrete male sex hormone called testosterone. The function of testosterone is to regulate
male accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters like moustache, beard and voice.

37.Name and explain the function of the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in humans.
Answer. Hormones secreted by pituitary gland alongwith their functions are:
 1. Grpwth hormone: It regulates growth and development ofbones and muscles.
2. Trophic hormone: It regulates secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands.
3. Prolactin hormone: It regulates the function of mammary glands in females.
4. Vasopressin hormone: It regulates water and electrolyte balance in the body,
5. Oxytocin hormone : It regulates ejection of milk during lactation.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2010

38.What is a reflex action? Describe the steps involved in a reflex action.

Answer.
Reflex action: Jt is defined as an unconscious, automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e. muscles
and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord.
Mechanism of reflex action : It involves the following steps:

1. Receptor organ like skin perceives the stimulus and activates a sensory nerve impulse.
2. Sensory organ carries message in the form of sensory impulse to the spinal cord.
3. The spinal cord acts as modulator : The neurons of spinal cord transmit the sensory nerve impulse to motor
neuron.
4. Motor never conducts these impulses to the effectors like leg muscles which responds by pulling back the
organ away from the harmful stimulus.

39.List the components of reflex arc in correct sequence. State in brief the role of brain in reflex
action.
Answer. The reflex arc pathway is shown in the flow chart as follows:
The Reflex arc does not involve brain. It minimises the overloading of brain.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] -Year 2009

40. A young green plant receives sunlight from one direction only. What will happen to its shoots ?
Answer. Shoots will bend towards the light and roots away from the light.

41. Name the plant hormones which help/promote (i) cell division (ii) growth of
the stem and roots?
Answer. The plant hormones which help or promote:
(i) Cell division — Cytokinins
ii) Growth of the stem — Gibberellins

42. What is the function of thyroxine hormone in our body ? jlMluK r

Answer. Thyroxine hormone regulates the carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to
provide the best growth balance.

43. Name two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular animals.
Answer. The two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular animals are nervous and
muscular tissues.
44. Which one of the following actions on touch is an example of chemical control?
(i) Movement on the touch-sensitive plant.
(ii) Movement in human leg.
Answer.
(i) Movement on the touch-sensitive plant.

Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks] -Year 2009

45.What are ‘nastic’ and ‘curvature’ movements? Give one example of each.
Answer. Nastic movements: These are non-directional movements which are neither towards nor away from
the stimulus. Example: Dropping of leaves.
Curvature movements: In such movements plant organs move towards or away from the stimulus. Example:
Bending of shoot towards a source of light.

46.Write the name and functions of any two parts of the human hind-brain.
Answer.Any two parts of human hind-brain with their functions are as follows:
(i) Cerebellum, which controls the coordination ofbody movement and posture. (ii) Medulla oblongata,
which regulates the centre of swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

47. What are plant hormones? Write two important functions of auxin.
Answer. Plant hormones can be defined as a chemical substance which is produced naturally in plants and
are capable of translocation and regulating one or more physiological processes when present in low
concentration. .
Two important functions of auxin are that it promotes cell elongation, root formation, cell division, etc.

Short Answer Type Question[ll] [3 Marks] -Year 2009

48.(a) Name the two main constituents of the Central Nervous System in human beings.
(b) What is the need for a system of control and coordination in human
beings?
Answer.(a) The two main constituents of the Central Nervous System in human beings are the brain and the
spinal cord.
(b) A living being does not live in isolation. It has to constantly interact with its external environment and
has to respond properly for its survival. For example; when a hungry lion spots a deer, the lion has to
quickly make a move so that it can have its food. On the other hand, the deer needs to quickly make a move
to run for its life. The responses which a living being makes in relation to external stimuli are controlled and
coordinated by a system; especially in complex animals. So, control and coordination . is essential in
maintaining a state of stability and a steady state between the internal conditions of an organism and the
external environment.

Page Number: 119

Question 1
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:

Reflex action Walking

1. It is a response to the information

1. It is the action which is performed
transmitted by nerve to muscles of the legs. In
automatically.
this case, thinking is involved.

2. It is controlled and coordinated by 2. Brain instructs and controls leg muscles to

spinal cord. move.
3. It is an involuntary action. 3. It is a voluntary action.

Question 2
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
The small empty space between two nerve cells is called synapse. At synapse, a chemical substance is
produced at the end of axon of one nerve cell that reaches to the other nerve cell through the dendrite. Thus,
information is transmitted from one nerve cell to other nerve cell by synapse.

Question 3
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body ?
Answer:
Posture and equilibrium of the body are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 4
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick) ?
Answer:
The smell of agarbatti (incense stick) diffuses in the air. It is detected by olfactory receptors present in the
nose. This information is sent to olfactory lobe by sensory nerves located in the forebrain. It responds to the
information.

Question 5
What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?
Answer:
There is no role of brain in reflex action. These involuntary actions are controlled by the spinal cord which
take place immediately without thinking of how to respond to the stimuli.

Page Number: 122

Question 1
What are plant hormones ?
Answer:
Plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Plant hormones are the chemical substances which help in
controlling growth, flowering, height, development of plants and their response to the environment.

Different types of phytohormones are – auxins, gibberllins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene.

Question 2
How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light ?
Answer:

Movement of leaves of sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light

1. It is a nastic movement which does not 1. It is a tropic movement which depends

depend on the direction of stimulus applied. on the direction of stimulus applied.

2. The stimulus is touch. 2. The stimulus is light.

3. It is caused by the sudden loss of water from 3. It is caused by the unequal growth on
the swellings at the base of leaves. the two sides of the shoot.

4. It is not a growth movement. 4. It is a growth movement.

Question 3
Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.
Answer:
Auxin.

Question 4
How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support ?
Answer:
When the tip of a tendril touches a support, then the auxins present in its tip move to that side of tip which is
away from the support. Auxins promote growth. So, due to more auxins in it, the side of tendril away from
the support grows faster (and becomes longer) than the side which is in contact with the support and makes
the tendril twirl (or bend) around the support.

Question 5
Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.
Answer:
Take two glass troughs A and B and fill each one of them two-thirds with soil. In trough A plant a tiny
seedling. In trough B plant a similar seedling and place a c/ay pot inside the soil. Water the soil in trough A
daily and uniformly. Do not water the soil in trough B but put some water in the clay pot. Leave both the
troughs for a few days.

Now, dig up the seedlings carefully from both the troughs without damaging their roots. We will find that
the root of seedling in trough A is straight. On the other hand, the root of seedling in trough B is found to be
bent to the right side i.e., towards the clay pot containing water.
In trough A, the root of the seedling gets water from both sides. But in trough B, the roots get water oozing
out from the clay pot which is kept on the right side. Therefore, the root of seedling in trough B grows and
bends towards the source of water to the right side. This experiment shows that the root of a plant grows
towards water. In other words, the root of a plant is hydrotropism.

Page Number: 125

Question 1
How does chemical coordination take place in animals ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in animals takes place through the hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
Coordination in animals takes place through hormone system as well as nervous system which is called
endocrine system. Endocrine glands secrete animal hormones directly into the blood that reach to the
specific cells. Special type of molecules are present on the surface of cells to detect these hormones. These
cells act according to the information that a particular hormone carries.

Question 2
Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
Answer:
It is advised to use iodised salt because thyroid gland needs iodine to produce thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin
hormone controls all the metabolic activities of our body like metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein
etc. Due to the deficiency of thyroxin a disease called goitre is caused.
Question 3
How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood ?
Answer:
The heart beat increases when adrenaline is secreted into the blood so that more oxygen is supplied to our
muscles. The blood supply to the digestive system and skin decreases because the small arteries around the
muscles of these organs contract. This turns the direction of blood towards our skeletal muscles. The
breathing rate also increases due to the contractions of the diaphragm and rib muscles. All these responses
enable us to face the situations of fear and anger.

Question 4
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin ?
Answer:
Insulin hormone regulates blood sugar levels. If this is not secreted in proper amounts, the sugar level in the
blood rises. This causes many harmful effects.
To treat harmful effects of increased level of blood sugar, the diabetic patients are treated by giving
injections of insulin.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1
Which of the following is a plant hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin
Answer:
(d) Cytokinin

Question 2
The gap between two neurons is called a
(a) dendrite
(b) synapse
(c) axon
(d) impulse
Answer:
(b) Synapse

Question 3
The brain is responsible for
(a) thinking
(b) regulating the heart beat
(c) balancing the body
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(b) All of the above

Question 4
What is the function of receptors in our body ? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise ? [AICBSE 2016]
Answer:
Receptors are specialised cells located in our sense organs like ear, nose, skin, tongue and eyes. The function
of receptors is to detect information from the environment. For example, olfactory receptors detect smell. If
receptors do not work properly, the information obtained from the environment will be delayed to reach the
spinal cord or brain. In this situation, the response to the environmental stimulus will be delayed causing
harm to the body. For example, if skin receptors are damaged, and one accidentally touches a hot object,
then his/her hands might get burn as the damaged receptor cannot perceive the external stimuli of heat and
pain.

Question 5
Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function. [AICBSE 2017]
Answer:
Nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of nervous system. A nerve cell has three parts-
(i) cell body
(ii) dendrite
(iii) axon

Function : The function of nerve cells is to carry information in the form of electrical signals which are
called nerve impulses. Cells receive stimulus to send it to spinal cord and brain and carry the message from
brain to the target organ.

Question 6
How does phototropism occur in plants ?
Answer:
The movement in any part of a plant due to light is called phototropism. The shoot of plant shows positive
phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.
Phototropism in plants occurs due to the hormone auxin. When light falls on one side of a plant, the
secretion of auxin hormone is more in the part away from the light. Hence, auxin causes growth in length of
the cells in shady part. So, the plant appears to bend towards light.

Question 7
Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury ?
Answer:
(i) All the involuntary actions will get disturbed.
(ii) Reflex actions will be disturbed because reflexes are located in the spinal cord. Therefore, the quick
responses required to safe guard the body will not take place.

Question 8
How does chemical coordination occur in plants ?
Answer:
Chemical coordination in plants takes place with the help of plant hormones. In most of the regions where
division takes place (meristematic regions) stimuli cells secrete chemical compounds (hormone). These
substances identify the information by stimulating the other nearby cells and communicating the
information.

Question 9
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism ?
Answer:
An organism needs control and coordination system for the following functions :
(i) To save the body of the organisms from the harmful changes in the environment.
(ii) To control the speed of voluntary and involuntary actions.
(iii) To have the capability to think and learn for responding to any stimuli.

Question 10
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other ?
Answer:

Involuntary actions Reflex actions

1. Those actions which occur immediately 1. Reflex action is an immediate response

without any thinking are called involuntary to an event which does not require any
actions. processing by brain.

2. Involuntary actions are controlled by mid 2. Reflex actions are controlled by spinal
and hind brain. cord.
Example: Breathing, beating of heart, etc. Example: Sneezing, coughing, etc.

Question 11
Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism

It is a fast process. It is a slow process.

Arteries and glands are affected. It affects the target organ.

It transmits in electrochemical form. It transmits in chemical form.

It does not control metabolism. It controls metabolism.

Growth is not affected. Growth is affected.

Question 12
What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
movement in our legs ?
Answer:

Movement in a sensitive (mimosa) plant Movement in legs of a human

1. The leaves of a sensitive plant like mimosa

1. Leg is in control of nerve muscles.
are sensitive to touch.

2. It is not controlled by any part of the plant. 2. It is controlled by brain and spinal cord.

3. In this, cells change their shape on changing 3. Amount of water has no effect on the
the amount of water in them. movement of muscles.

changing the amount of water in them. the movement of muscles.

4. The movement in a sensitive plant are nastic 4. The movement in our leg is due to
movement. voluntary nervous system.

Control and Coordination Class 10 HOTS

Question 1.
What type of plant movement is seen in the diagram of coiling of tendril?

Or

How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support? Describe in brief. (CCE 2012)
Answer:
Thigmotropism or curvature movement that occurs in response to contact. Less auxin is present in the region
of contact. The free side having more auxin shows more growth. This causes the tendril to coil over the
support.

Question 2.
Identify and label the parts shown as A and B in the accompanying figure.

Answer:
Dorsal view of thyroid an parathyroid.
A – Thyroid,
B- Parathyroid.

Question 3.
What are the hormones involved in providing milk to the suckling infant ?
Answer:
1. Prolactin (Maternity Hormone). Production of milk.
2. Oxytocin Ejection of milk.

Question 4.
How does pancreas control glucose level of blood ?
Answer:
Pancreas produces two hormones

1. Insulin from P-cells of islet of Langerhans and

2. Glucagon from a- cells of islets of langerhans.

Insulin is produced when glucose level of blood rises. Insulin helps the cells to withdraw glucose from
blood. It also converts glucose into glycogen in liver and muscles.

Question 5.
Glucagon is secreted when glucose level of blood falls. It mobilises reserve food like glycogen into glucose.
What is pregnancy hormone ? Why is it known so ?
Answer:
Progesterone is called pregnancy hormone. It helps in maintaining pregnancy by non-formation of new ova,
promoting thickening and secretory activity of uterine wall and attachment of embryo to the uterine wall.

Question 6.
What is dormin ?
Answer:
Dormin is the other name of plant hormone abscisic acid. The hormne induces dormancy in buds and seeds.
So it has been called dormin.

Question 7.
(a)

1. Name the parts labelled A and B in the neuron drawn above.

2. Which part acquires the information in the neuron ?

3. Through which part does the information travel ?

4. In what form does this information travel ?
5. Where is the impulse converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission ?

(b) Name the hormone secreted by thyroid. What is the function ?

(c) Why is the use of iodised salt advisable ?
(CBSE A.I. 2008 Compt.)
Answer:
(a)

1. A-Dendrite, B-Axon
2. Dandrite.
3. Dandrite to cell body or cyton to axon.
4. Electrical impulse
5. In the region of synapse.

Impulse stimulates the release of chemical neurotransmitter from the surface of presynaptic knob or bouton
of axon terminal. Neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) comes in contact with chemoreceptor sites of post-
synaptic membrane of the next neuron and generates a fresh impulse.

(b) Thyroxine:
Function of Thyroxine. It controls
 1. Basal metabolic rate
2. Metabalism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
3. Consumption of energy in physical activity and body temperature
4. Development and differentiation.

(c) Iodised Salt: Salt is iodised to provide iodine to thyroid for synthesis of thyroxine which is iodine
containing hormone.

Question 8.
(a) What are plant hormones ? Give one example each of a plant hormone that

1. promotes growth
2. inhibits growth.
3. promotes cell division
4. promotes the growth of a tendril around a support. (CCE 2011)

(b) Name the parts labelled A, B and C in the diagram given below. Write one function of each part. (CBSE
A.I. 2008 Comptt. Delhi 2008 Comptt.)

Answer:
(a) Plant Hormones:
Phytohormones are chemical substances other than nutrients produced naturally in plants which regulate
growth, development, differentiation and a number of physiological processes, e.g., auxin, gibberellins,
abscisic acid, cytokinins.

1. Hormone That Promotes Growth. Auxin/Gibberellin.

2. Hormone That Inhibits Growth. Abscisic acid or ABA
3. Hormone That Promotes Cell Division. Cytokinin.
4. Hormone That Promotes Growth of a Tendril Around a Support. Auxin.

(b) A-Pons Function: Relay centre, pneumotaxic area of respiratory centre.

B-Medulla Function: Reflex centre, cardiac centre, respiratory centre.
C-Cerebellum Function: Maintains equilibrium and coordinates muscular activities

Control and Coordination Class 10 Value Based Questions

Question 1.
How do tendrils reach the support when they do not have any sensory structures.
Answer:
Tendrils do not have any sensory structures but still they are able to find their support just as we grope in the
dark for finding the switch-board. Tendrils perform circumnutation from their apical regions. In this the
terminal parts of tendrils move in all directions. Wherever they come in contact with a support, they stop
performing cicumnutation. Instead, the contacted region shows little growth while the other side grows
rapidly so that the tendril coils over the support.

Question 2.
Name the nervous system which controls the functioning of internal organs. How does this system work ?
Answer:
Autonomous or visceral nervous system. The system does not consult the will of the individual. It works on
its own inputs. Autonomous nervous system consists of only motor nerve fibres that innervate all organs and
glands of the body. Depending upon the input, autonomous nervous system stimulates, slows down or stops
the activity of an organ. For its working, autonomous or visceral nervous system has two components,
sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic nervous system originates from thoracico-lumbar region,
forms two ganglionic chains which send out long nerve fibres to various organs. The sympathetic nerve
fibres activate the organs by release of nor-adrenaline. Parasympathetic nervous system is called cranio-
sacral as it originates from some cranial and sacral nerves. It has long preganglionic fibres and ganglia
attached to organs that are innervated. Its post ganglionic fibres secrete acetylcholine into organs for
moderating or reducing their activity.

Question 3.
Which system is working when you start sweating during exercise ? What is its function ?
Answer:
Reflex activity of the nervous system. Actually 90% of nervous activity is performed through reflexes. It is
automatic, involuntary and spontaneous response to a stimulus without consulting the will of the individual.
Exercise increases body temperature. This can be harmful. Reflex action stimulates the sweat glands for
releasing their secretion. Part of the sweat evaporates and cools, down the body.

Question 4.
You can become moody by simply switching on night bulb daily. How can this happen ?
Answer:
Night bulb reduces the secretion of melatonin hormone. Melatonin controls our day-night or circadian
rhythm, healthy digestive and immune system, sexual cycle and moods. A reduced secretion causes
insomnia and mood changes besides affecting health of our digestive and immune system.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to
plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals, nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex
action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Board CBSE

Textbook NCERT

Class Class 10

Subject Science

Chapter Chapter 7

Chapter Name Control and Coordination

Number of Questions Solved 26

Category NCERT Solutions

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Question 1
What is the function of receptors in our body?
Solution:
Receptors are usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So
gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell.

Question 2
Draw the structure of neuron and explain its function.
Solution:

The specialised tips of some nerve cells detect all information from our environment. These receptors are
usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So gustatory
receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect smell. This information, acquired at the end
of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This
impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon,
the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and
start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. This is a general scheme of how nervous
impulses travel in the body. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to
other cells, such as muscles cells or gland. It is thus no surprise that nervous tissue is made up of an
organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialised for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Question 3
How does phototropism occur in plants?
Solution:
Phototropism is a growth movement induced by a light stimulus. Growth towards a source of light is called
positive phototropism, that away from the source is termed negative phototropism. The tips of shoots are
usually positively, that of roots negatively phototropic.
Charles Darwin and his son Francis discovered (in 1880) that the phototropic stimulus is detected at the tip
of the plant.
The Darwins used grass seedlings for some of their experiments. When grass seeds germinate, the primary
leaf pierces the seed coverings and the soil while protected by the coleoptile, a hollow, cylindrical sheath
that surrounds it. Once the seedling has grown above the surface, the coleoptile stops growing and the
primary leaf pierces it.
The Darwins found that the tip of the coleoptile was necessary for phototropism but that the bending takes
place in the region below the tip.
If they placed an opaque cover over the tip, phototropism failed to occur even though the rest of the
coleoptile was illuminated from one side.
However, when they buried the plant in fine black sand so that only its tip was exposed, there was no
interference with the tropism – the buried coleoptile bent in the direction of the light.
From these experiments, it seemed clear that

 The stimulus (light) was detected at one location (the tip)

 The response (bending) was carried out at another (the region of elongation).
 This implied that the tip was, in some way, communicating with the cells of the region of elongation.

Question 4
How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
Solution:
It has been found that the growth of plants is regulated by certain chemical substances which are synthesized
by the plants in very small amounts. These are known as plant hormones or phytohormones.

They are the organic substances which either promote or inhibit growth. A phytohormones can be defined as
a chemical substances which are produced naturally in plants and are capable of translocation and regulating
one or more physiological processes when present in low concentration. Main categories of plant hormones
are:

1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinins
4. Ethylene
5. Abscisic acid

Auxins and Gibberellins stimulate cell elongations, cytokinins stimulate cell division ethylene promotes
transverse or isodiametric growth and abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor.

Question 5
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Solution:
Co-ordination in this sense refers to the regulation or control of body activity.
Plants need very little in the way of a control system. Since growth and reproduction are about the only
things that are regulated, a rapid control system is not required and hormonal control is all they possess.

Animals are continually moving through new environments that may pose all types of changes and
threatening situations to the organism. This requires the rapid and precise control of a nervous system.
Hormones regulate slower activities, such as growth, development and reproduction.

Question 6
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Solution:
All reflex actions are involuntary in nature but all involutary actions are not reflexes as the beating of heart
is an involuntary action but is not reflex action.

Reflex actions are very quick but all involutary actions may not be very fast as in heart beating.
A reflex action may involve any muscle or a gland as we withdraw our hand on touching a hot object but all
involuntary actions involve only smooth i.e., involuntary or cardiac muscles.

Reflex actions are at the level of spinal cord whereas the involuntary actions generally involve brain too.
Nerves and autonomious nervous system can increase or decrease the rate of involuntary actions but reflex
actions can be controlled by great will only and are not usually controllable.

Reflex actions are done to meet emergencies where as an inv.action may or may not be for just meeting an
emergency but may be a critical lie process as circulation of blood, swallowing of food, movement of food
in food pipe, etc.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1.
What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses ? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
(c) Direction of flow of electrical impulse.
Impulse → Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → Release of chemicals that cross synapse → Dendrite of next
neuron.

Question 2.
Three directions in which nerve impulses can travel in the nervous system are listed below:
(i) Away from the central nervous system
(ii) Towards the central nervous system
(iii) Within the central nervous system
In which direction do impulses in sensory and relay (intermediate) neurons travel?

Sensory Relay
Neuron Neuron
 (a) (i) (ii)

(b) (i) (iii)

(c) (ii) (i)

(d) (ii) (iii)

Answer:
(d) Sensory neuron transmits impulses towards CNS, (i.e. brain and spinal cord) while, the relay neurons
occur within the CNS and serve as links between other neurons.

Question 3.
In a nerve pathway, the following events take place in a coordinated order.
(i) Activation of muscle
(ii) Activation of receptor
(iii) Passage of impulses along a motor neuron
(iv) Passage of impulses along a sensory neuron
Read the events given and identify the correct order of these events from the table given below:

First → Last

(a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)

(b) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)

(c) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)

(d) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

Answer:
(b) The sequence of events in a typical nerve pathway is receptor → passage of impulse along sensory
neuron → passage of impulse along motor neuron → activation of muscle (effector). Thus, the correct
sequence is (ii), (iv), (iii) and (i).

Question 4.
The diagram shows a section of the brain and different parts labelled as W,X, Y and Z.

Study the figure and correlate the regions which control balance, heart rate and temperature in human body?

Balance Heart Rate Temperature

(a) W Z X

(b) X Y Z

(c) Y X W
 (d) Z W Y

Answer:
(b) Out of the options given, the region X, (i.e. cerebellum) controls balance, region Y (i.e. medulla
oblongata) controls heartbeat and region Z, (i.e. hypothalamus) controls temperature in human body.

Question 5.
Which of the following endocrine glands is unpaired? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Adrenal
(b) Testes
(b) Pituitary
(d) Ovary
Answer:
(c) There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney that make adrenaline hormone. Testes are paired
glands present in males and secrete male sex hormone. Pituitary gland is present just below the brain and is
unpaired. It is also called master gland as it secretes a number of hormones. Ovaries are paired glands
present in females and secrete female sex hormones.

Question 6.
Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion of [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
(b) oestrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
(c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary
(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and oestrogen from pituitary gland
Answer:
(c)

Gland Hormone Function

To control the development

Testes of male sex organs and male
(only in Testosterone features such as deep voice,
males) etc., i.e. changes associated
with puberty.

To control the development

Ovaries
of female sex organs and
(only in Oestrogen
female features such as soft
females)
skin, etc.

To control uterus changes

during menstrual cycle and
Progesterone
helps in maintenance of
pregnancy.

Class 10 Science Control and Coordination Mind Map

Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one
another. The neural system & endocrine system jointly coordinate & regulate the physiological functions in
the body. The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick
coordination. The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones.
Animal Nervous System
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons which can detect,
receive & transmit different kinds of stimuli. They are specialized for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.

Structure and Function of Neuron

 It is a structural & functional unit of neural system and is composed of three major parts:
 Ceil body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles like nucleus etc.
 Dendrites: Short fibres which branch repeatedly & project out of the cell body. These fibres transmit
impulses towards the cell body.
 Axon is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched and forms nerve ending. Nerve endings possess
synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Transmission of impulses:

 Stimulus or information from the environment is detected by specialized tips of some nerve cells called as
receptors.
 Dendritic tip acquire all these information and sets off a chemical reaction.
 This chemical reaction then creates an electric impulse that travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and
then along the axon to its end.
 At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals (neurotransmitters).
These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next
neuron.
 A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells, such as muscles cells or
gland.

The human neural system is divided into two parts:

 Central neural system (CNS) includes the brain & spinal cord and is the site of information processing &
control.
 Peripheral neural system (PNS) comprises of all nerves of body associated with CNS (brain and spinal cord).
The nerve fibres of PNS are of two types: cranial nerves (arising from the brain) and spinal nerves (arising
from the spinal cord).

Brain

 It is the main coordinating centre of the body. The bra in and spinal cord constitute the CNS. They receive
information from al 1 parts of the body and integrate it.
 The brain is located in bony box called as cranium or skull which protects the brain. Spinal cord is protected
with the help of vertebral column. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid also covers the brain and the spinal cord
which provide the function of shock absorption.
 The brain has three such major parts or regions, namely the fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
 Fore-brain: It is the main thinking part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum, hypothalamus etc.
o Function: interpret information received from sensory receptors.
o Control the movement of voluntary muscles.
o It also contains centre associated with hunger which gives us the sensation of feeling full.
 Midbrain: It serves important function in few involuntary movements, movements of the eye, auditory and
visual processing.
 Hindbrain: It consists of pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
o Function: Medulla controls involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and vomiting.
o Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance
of the body.

Reflex Action
  The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation that occurs involuntarily (without
conscious effort or thought) and requires the involvement of a part of central nervous system is called a
reflex action.
 Reflex action decreases the duration of action by bypassing the thinking and processing step.
 It does so by linking the nerves carrying the signal (say the sensation of heat) directly to the nerves that
move the muscle. These types of linkage or connection between input and output nerves are formed in the
spinal cord.
 These connections are called as reflex arc (sensory/input nerve-* Spinal cord -> motor/ output nerve)

Coordination In Plants

Plants have neither nervous system nor muscles. Their movements or responses are either growth dependent
or growth independent.

Immediate Response To Stimulus Or Growth Independent

The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals,
there is no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction of information.

Secondly, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or
shrinking. In contrast, animal muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses.

Example: folding up and drooping of leaves of chhui-mui (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-not’ plant of the
Mimosa family) in response to touch.

Movement Due To Growth

The movement of a plant in response to the stimulus is called as tropism. The movement in the direction of
the response is called as positive tropism and movement away from the stimulus is termed as negative
tropism.

Types:

 Phototropism: Bending of plant in response to the light e.g. movement of sunflowers in response to day or
night.
 Geotropism: Movement of plant in response to gravity. Shoots show negative geotropism and roots show
positive geotropism.
 Chemotropism: Movement of plant in response to chemical as observed in case of growth of pollen tube.
 Hydrotropism: e.g. roots beneath the Earth’s surface bend in the direction of underground w^ater.
Other example may include the climbing of tendrils in response to touch. When they come in contact with
any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part of the
tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus cling to it.

Plant Hormones

There are five main types of plant hormones or growth regulators:

 Auxins: Helps in cell elongation and thus phototropism, geotropism, and other plant responses.
 Gibberellins: Stimulate growth of the stem and flowering.
 Cytokinins: They cause cell division, enlargement, and organ formation. They are present in greater
concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
 Ethylene: Promotes ripening of fruits.
 Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves and fruits.

Hormones In Animals
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers & are produced in trace
amounts. The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms Examples:

 Adrenaline: Secreted from adrenal gland which prepare the body for fight or flight situation.
 Thyroxin: Secreted from thyroid gland and regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism so as to
provide the best balance for growth.
Deficiency of iodine in diet may cause hypo-secretion of thyroxin which results in goiter.
 Growth hormones which regulate growth and. development of the body are secreted from
pituitary gland.
Hyper-secretion may cause gigantism and hypo-secretion may cause dwarfism.
 Testosterone in males and oestrogen in females lead to changes take place during puberty’.
 Insulin produced by pancreas regulates the blood sugar level in the body.