Solution

VECTORS

Class 12 - Mathematics

1.
(c) 6
Explanation:
λ = 2, μ = 4

⇒ λ + μ= 6

2. (a) ±12
Explanation:
We have,
^ ^
a⃗ = 5 i + n j
− −−−−−
2
∴ |a| = √25 + n = 13

⇒ 25 + n2 = 169
⇒ n2 = 169 - 25 = 144
⇒ n = ±12

3.
(c) a⃗ is perpendicular to b ⃗
Explanation:
Since, |a⃗ + b|⃗ = |a⃗ − b|⃗
⃗ 2 ⃗ 2
⇒ [|a⃗ + b|] = [a⃗ − b]

⃗
⇒ a⃗ ⋅ a⃗ + b ⋅ b
⃗
+ a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ + b ⃗ ⋅ a⃗
= a⃗ ⋅ a⃗ + b ⋅ b - a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ − b ⃗ ⋅ a⃗
⃗ ⃗

⇒ a⃗ ⋅ b
⃗
= 0 [∵ a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = b ⃗ ⋅ a⃗ ]
Here a⃗ is perpendicular to b ⃗.

4.
(b) x = 2, y = 3
Explanation:
^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ 2 i + 3j = x i + y j ⇒ x = 2, y = 3

5. (a) 3 AC = 5 CB
Explanation:
Draw ON, the perpendicular to the lien AB

Let i ⃗ be the unit vector along ON

−
−→ −
−→
The resultant force R⃗ = 3OA + 5OB
−
−→ −
−→
The angles between i ⃗ and the forces R⃗ , 3OA, 5OB are ∠CON, ∠AON, ∠BON respectively.
OP OP
⇒ R cos ∠C OP = 3OA × + 5OB ×
OA OB
R
= 3 + 5
OD

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 −
−→
R = 8OC

−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
OA = OC + CA
−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
⇒ 3OA = 3OC + 3CA ...(i)
−
−→ −
−→ −→
OB = OC + CB

−
−→ −
−→ −→
⇒ 5OB = 5OC + 5 CB ...(ii)
−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
⃗
R = 8OC + 3C A + 5C B
−
−→ −
−→ −→
8OC = 3CA + 5 CB
−
−−→ −
−−→
|3C A| = |5C B|

⇒ 3CA = 5CB
6.
(d) in the plane of YZ
Explanation:
in the plane of YZ

7.
(b) 1

√182

Explanation:
^ ^ ^
∵ |p(−3 i − 2 j + 13k)| = 1 [given]
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2 2
⇒ √(−3p) + (−2p) + (13p) = 1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2 2
⇒ √9p + 4p + 169p = 1
1
∴ p =
√182

8.
(c) -a⃗ + b ⃗
Explanation:
Since, opposite sides of parallelogram are same
→ →
∴ AB = a⃗ ⇒ C D = − a⃗
→
and BD = b ⃗ ⇒ D⃗ A⃗ = −b ⃗

Applying addition formula in △BCD,

→ → →
BD = BC + C D = b ⃗ - a⃗ = −a⃗ + b ⃗

9. (a) None of these

Explanation:
Given that,
–
|a⃗ | = 7, |b ⃗| = 11 and |a⃗ + b|⃗ = 10√3
2 ⃗ 2
We have, (a⃗ + b)⃗ ⋅ (a⃗ − b)⃗ = |a⃗| − | b|

Let θ be the angle between (a⃗ + b ⃗) and a⃗ − b.⃗

⃗ ⃗
( a⃗+ b)⋅( a⃗− b)
Then, cos θ = ⃗ ⃗
| a⃗÷ b|| a⃗− b|

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 2 ⃗ 2 2 2
| a⃗| −| b| (7) −(11)
= =
⃗ ⃗ 10√3×2√10
| a⃗+ b|| a⃗− b|
−
−
18×(−4) −3 6
−1
= ⇒ θ = cos ( √ )
20√30 5 5

which is the required angle.

10.
(d) 7
Explanation:
7
Hint
⃗ ⃗ 35 5
|a⃗ × b| = 35 ⇒ |a⃗||b sin θ = 35 ⇒ sin θ = =
√26×7 √26

−−−−− −−− −−−−−

2 25 1
cos θ = √1 − sin θ = √1 − =
26 √26

⃗ ⃗ −− 1
a⃗ ⋅ b = |a⃗|b| cos θ = √26 × 7 × = 7
√26

11.
(c) None of these
Explanation:
Given a⃗, b ⃗ and c ⃗ are any three vectors
now, (a⃗ − b)⃗ ⋅ ((b ⃗ − c )⃗ × (c ⃗ − a⃗)]
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= (a⃗ − b) ⋅ (b × c ⃗ − b × a⃗ − c ⃗ × c ⃗ + c ⃗ × a⃗)

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= (a⃗ − b) ⋅ (b × c ⃗ − b × a⃗ + c ⃗ × a⃗) (where c ⃗ × c ⃗ = 0⃗ )
⃗ ⃗ − a⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × a⃗) + a⃗ ⋅ (c ⃗ × a⃗) − b ⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × c )
= a⃗ ⋅ (b × c ) ⃗ + b ⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × a⃗) − b ⃗ (c ⃗ × a⃗) .
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= [a⃗bc ]⃗ − 0 + 0 − 0 + 0 − [bc a ]

⃗ ⃗
= [a⃗bc ]⃗ − [a⃗bc ]⃗

12. (a) π

Explanation:
Given a⃗ + b ⃗ + c ⃗ = 0⃗
⃗
⟹ a⃗ + b = − c ⃗

⃗ 2 2 ⃗ 2 ⃗ 2
⟹ (a⃗ + b) = − c .⃗ − c ⃗ ⟹ ∣ a⃗ ∣ + ∣ b ∣ +2(a⃗. b) =∣ c ∣⃗

2 2 ⃗ 2 ⃗ ⃗
⟹ 3 + 5 + 2(a⃗. b) = 7 ⟹ 4 + 25 + 2(a⃗. b) = 49 ⟹ 2(a⃗. b) = 49 − 34 = 15

⟹
⃗
2[∣ a⃗ ∣∣ b ∣ cosθ = 15 where θ is angle between a⃗ and b ⃗
⟹ 2× 3× 5 cos θ=-15 ⟹ cosθ =
15

30
⟹ cosθ =
1

2
⟹ θ = arccos(
1

2
)=
π

13.
(d) 3
Explanation:
3
2 ⃗ 2
Given |a⃗| = | b| = 1 and a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = 0
⃗ ⃗ 2 ⃗ 2 ⃗
(3a⃗ + 2b) ⋅ (5a⃗ − 6b) = 15|a⃗| − 12|b| − 8a⃗. b

= (15 × 1) − (12 × 1) − (8 × 0)

= (15 − 12 − 0) = 3

14.
(b) 3(^i − 2^j + 2k
^
)

Explanation:
Let a⃗ = ^i − 2^j + 2k
^

Unit vector in the direction of a vector a⃗

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
a⃗ i −2 j +2k i−2 j +2k
= = =
| a⃗| 2 2 2 3
√1 + 2 + 2

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 ∴ Vector in the direction of a⃗ with magnitude 9
i−2j+2k
= 9 ⋅
3
= 3(i − 2j + 2k) .

1
15. (a) ^ ^
(− j + k)
√2

Explanation:
Normal unit vector to plane = n
^

⃗
a⃗× b
^ =
n
⃗
| a⃗× b|

∣^ ^ ^ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
⃗ ^ ^ ^
a⃗ × b = ∣ 1 −1 −1 ∣ = ((0 j ) + (−2) j + 2k)
∣ ∣
∣1 1 1 ∣

⃗ –
|a⃗ × b| = 2√2

1 ^ ^
^ =
∴ n (− j + k)
√2

16.
(c) 1
Explanation:
Let a = p(2^i − ^j + 2k^
)

Given that, the length of a is 3 units,

i.e., |a| = 3
^ ^ ^
⇒ |p(2 i − j + 2k)| =3
− − −−−− −−−−−−

9p2 = 9
2
2 2
⇒ √4p
^ + p + 4p = 3 ⇒

⇒ p
2
= 1 ⇒ P = ±1

17. (a) λ = −2
Explanation:
Given that, λ^
1 + j + 2k, 1 + λ j − k , and 21 − ^
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
ȷ + λk are coplanar.
^

Let a⃗ = λ^i + ^j + 2k
^
, b⃗ = ^i + λ^j − k
^
and c⃗ = 2^i − ^j + λk
^

Now, a⃗ , b ⃗, c ⃗ are coplanar

∣λ 1 2 ∣

If, ∣ 1 λ −1
∣
= 0
∣ ∣
∣ 2 −1 λ ∣

2
⇒ λ (λ − 1) − 1(λ + 2) + 2(−1 − 2λ) = 0

3
⇒ λ − λ − λ − 2 − 2 − 4λ = 0

3
⇒ λ − 6λ − 4 = 0

2
⇒ (λ + 2) (λ − 2λ − 2) = 0

2
2± √(−2) −4×1×−2
2± √12
⇒ λ = −2 and λ = 2
=
2
–
⇒ λ = −2 and λ = 1 ± √3 .
–
18. (a) 3√5 sq. units
Explanation:
→ →
∣ ∣
Area of △ = ∣ OA × OB

2
∣
∣ ∣

∣ ^ ^ ^∣
i j k
→ ∣ → ∣
OA × OB = ∣ 1 2 3∣
∣ ∣
∣ −3 −2 1∣

= |i(2 -(-6) - ^j (1- (-9)) + k

^
(-2 - (-6))|
= |8^i - 10^j + 4k
^
|
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
= √8 2
+ (−10)
2
+ (4)
2

−−−
= √180
→ →
Area of △ = 1

2
|OA × OB|

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 −−−
= 1

2
× √180
–
= 1

2
× 6√5
–
= 3√5
19.
−5
(d) 2

Explanation:
Given that a⃗ and b ⃗ are orthogonal.
⃗
⇒ a⃗ ⋅ b = 0

⃗ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ a⃗ ⋅ b = (2 i + λ j + k) ⋅ ( i + 2 j + 3k) = 0

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ 2 + 2λ + 3 = 0 (∵ i . j = 0, j ⋅ k = 0, k ⋅ i = 0)

⇒ 2λ = −5
5
⇒ λ = −
2

20. (a) (2, -3)

Explanation:
Given position vectors of A, B, and C are ^i + x^j + 3k
^
,
^ ^ ^
3 i + 4 j + 7k and y^i − 2^j − 5k
^

Then,
−
−→ → →
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
AB = OB − OA = 3 i + 4 j + 7k − i − x j − 3k = 2 i + (4 − x) j + 4k

−
−→ → →
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
BC = OC − OB = y i − 2 j − 5k − 3 i − 4 j − 7k = (y − 3) i − 6 j − 12k

Since, the given vectors are collinear,

−
−→ −
−→
∴ AB = λBC

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ 2 i + (4 − x) j + 4k = λ(y − 3) i − 6λ j − 12λk

⇒ 2 = λ(y − 3), (4 − x) = −6λ, 4 = −12λ

1
⇒ 2 = λ(y − 3), (4 − x) = −6λ, λ = −
3

1 1
⇒ 2 = − (y − 3), (4 − x) = −6 × (− )
3 3

⇒ -6 = y - 3, 4 - x = 2
⇒ y = -3, x = 2

⇒ (x, y) = (2, -3)

21.
(b) 0
Explanation:
0

22.
(b) A circle
Explanation:
Since the vectors ^i = x
^ j = y k and ( i + x j + y k) are orthogonal to each other, then
^ ^ ^ ^ ^

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
( i − x j − y k) ⋅ ( i + x j + y k) = 0

⇒ 1 - x2 - y2 = 0
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
which represent a circle with centre at origin and having radius is 1.

23. (a) aa ′
+ cc =– 1
′

Explanation:
x = ay + b, z = cy + d
x−b z−d
L1 : a
=y= c

x = a y + b ,z= c y + d
′ ′ ′ ′

′ ′
x−b z−d
L2 : ′
=y= ′
a c

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 if two lines are perpendicular, angle between their direction ratio is π

2
π
cos 2
=0
′
aa + cc ±– 1
′
=0
′ ′
aa + cc =– 1

24.
(b) 4(c ⃗ − 3b)⃗
Explanation:
→ →
Given, BD = 4BC
It means D divides the join of BC externally in the ratio 4 : 3.
∴ Position vector of D
⃗
⃗
4c −3 b
=
4−3

⃗
4c ⃗ − 3b

25.
(c) 2π

Explanation:
⃗
a⃗⋅ b
2π

3
is the correct answer. Apply the formula cosθ = ⃗
.
| a⃗|⋅| b|

26.
(c) 16
Explanation:
Given that, |a⃗| = 10, |b ⃗| = 2 and
a⃗ ⋅ b
⃗
= 12
⃗
⇒ |a⃗|b ∣ cos θ = 12
⇒ 10 × 2 × cosθ = 12
3
⇒ cosθ = 5
−−−−− −−− −−−−−
9 4
2
sin θ = √1 − cos θ = √1 − =
25 5

Now, |a⃗ × b|⃗ = |a⃗||b|⃗ sin θn⃗ ∣

⃗
= |a⃗||b|| sin θ||n
^ | = 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ | sin θ|

4 4
= 10× 2× 1× | | = 20 × 5 5
= 4 × 4 = 16

27.
(c) −[a⃗ b ⃗ c ]⃗
Explanation:
⃗ ⃗
(a⃗ + b + c )
⃗ ⋅ [(a⃗ + b) × (a⃗ + c )]
⃗

=(a⃗ + b ⃗ + c ).
⃗ ⃗ + b ⃗ × (a⃗ + c ))
((a⃗ × (a⃗ + c ) ⃗

⃗ ⃗ ⋅ (a⃗ × a⃗ + a⃗ × c ⃗ + b ⃗ × a⃗ + b ⃗ × c )
= (a⃗ + b + c ) ⃗

⃗ ⃗ ⋅ (a⃗ × c ⃗ + b ⃗ × a⃗ + b ⃗ × c )
= (a⃗ + b + c ) ⃗

=a⃗. (a⃗ × c )⃗ + a⃗. (b ⃗ × a⃗) + a⃗. (b ⃗ × c )⃗ + b.⃗ (a⃗ × c )⃗ + b.⃗ (b ⃗ × c )⃗ + c .⃗ (a⃗ × c )⃗ + c .⃗ (b ⃗ × a⃗) + c .⃗ (b ⃗ × c )⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= 0 + 0 + [a⃗b c ]⃗ + [b a⃗ c ]⃗ + 0 + 0 + 0 + [c ⃗ b a⃗] + 0

= [ a⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
c ]⃗ − [a⃗bc ]⃗
b c ⃗ ] − [ab

= − [ a⃗ b
⃗
c⃗ ]

28. (a) -1
Explanation:
We know that,
2 →2
⃗ 2 2
⃗
|a⃗ + b + c |⃗ = | a | + |b| + |c |⃗
⃗ ⃗
+ 2a⃗ ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c ⃗ + 2c ⃗ ⋅ a⃗ ... (i)
Since,

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 a⃗ is perpendicular to b ⃗
⃗
0
⇒ a⃗ ⋅ b =

And according to question

⃗
|a⃗| = |b| = |c |=
⃗ 1

We can rewrite equation (i) as

⃗ 2 2 ⃗ 2 2
|a⃗ + b + c |⃗ = |a⃗| + |b| + |c |⃗ + 0 + 2 cos β + 2 cos α

1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 2 (cos α + cos β )
1=3+2(cosα + cosβ)
-2=2(cosα + cosβ )
⇒ cos α + cosβ = -1

29.
(b) 8
Explanation:
If a⃗ = 2^i + 2^j + 3k
^
,
⃗ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
b = − i + 2 j + k and c ⃗ = 3 i + j

are such that a⃗ + λb ⃗is perpendicular to c ,⃗ then(a⃗ + λb).

⃗
c⃗ = 0 .

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
[(2 i + 2 j + 3k) + λ(− i + 2 j + k)]. (3 i + j ) = 0

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ [(2 − λ) i + (2 + 2λ) j + (3 + λ)k]. (3 i + j ) = 0

⇒ 6 − 3λ + 2 + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 8

30.
(b) 60

√114

Explanation:
→
→
Let a = ˆi + 3ˆj + 7k ˆ
, b = 7 i − j + 8k ,
ˆ ˆ ˆ

then projection of vector a on vector b is given by :

→ → ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a . b ( i +3 j +7k).(7 i − j +8k)
=
∣→∣ √49+1+64
∣ b ∣
∣ ∣

7−3+56 60
= =
√114 √114

31.
−−−
(c) √593
Explanation:
−−−
√593

32. (a) [a⃗bc⃗ ]⃗ = 0

Explanation:
Given that a⃗, b,⃗ c ⃗ are on the same plane.
⟹
⃗
a⃗, b, c ⃗ are coplanar
⃗
⟹ a⃗. (b × c )
⃗ = 0

⃗
⇒ [a⃗bc ]⃗ = 0

33. (a) 1

4
2 ⃗ 2
|a⃗| |b|

Explanation:
2
∣ a1 a2 a3 ∣
∣ ∣
b1 b2 b3
∣ ∣
∣ c1 c2 c3 ∣

⃗
= ((a⃗ × b) ⋅ c )
⃗
2
( c ⃗ is perpendicular to both a⃗ and b ⃗ i.e c ⃗ is parallel to a⃗ × b ⃗ )
⃗ 2
= ((a⃗ × b)] ( ∵ All are unit vectors and cos 0 = 1)
2
⃗ π
= (|a⃗|b| sin )
6

2 ⃗ 2
| a⃗| | b|
=
4

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34.
(b) 2π

Explanation:
–
It is given that vectors a⃗ and b ⃗ such that |a⃗| = |b|⃗ = √2 and a⃗. b ⃗ = −1
let θ be the angle between the vectors a⃗ and b ⃗
−1 −1
⟹ cosθ= = 2
√2× √2

−1
⟹ θ = co s
−1
(
2
) =π − π

3
= 2π

3
.
Which is the required solution.

35.
(c) − 2

3
,−
2

3
,−
1

Explanation:
2 2 1
− ,− ,−
3 3 3

36.
√34
(c) 2

Explanation:
In △ABC ,

Using the triangle law of vector addition, we have

−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
BC = AC − AB

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
= (3 i − j + 4k) − ( j + k)
−
−→ −
−→
∴ BD =
1

2
BC =
3

2
^ ^
i − j +
3

2
^
k (since AD is the median)
In △ABD, using the triangle law of vector addition, we have
−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
AD = AB + BD

^ ^ 3 ^ ^ 3 ^
= ( j + k) + ( i − j + k)
2 2

3 ^ ^ 5 ^
= i + 0j + k
2 2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
3 2 5 1 −−
∴ AD = √( ) + 0 + ( ) = √34
2 2 2

−−
Hence, the length of the median through A is 1

2
√34 units.

37.
(c) 1

2
⃗
(a⃗ − b)

Explanation:
−
−→
Given parallelogram OACB such that OC = a⃗
−
−→ →
AB = b
−
−→ −
−→ −→
OC = OB + BC
−
−→ −
−→ −
−→ −
−→
OB = a⃗ − OA (∵ BC = OA)

−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
OB = OA + AB

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 −
−→ −
−→
⃗
a⃗ − OA = OA + b
−
−→ ⃗
a⃗− b
OA =
2

38. (a) ^i ⋅ k
^
= 0

Explanation:
Dot product of the mutually perpendicular vector is always zero.
here ^i and k
^
are perpendicular to each other
hence, ^i ⋅ k
^
= 0

39. (a) − 83

Explanation:
83
−
2

40.
(b) R - [-4, 7]
Explanation:
Here, a⃗ and b ⃗ are unit vectors.
i.e. |a⃗| = 1 and |b|⃗ = 1
Now, Let θ be the angle between a⃗ and b ⃗
⃗
a⃗⋅ b
So, cos θ = ⃗
| a⃗||| b|

⃗
⇒ a⃗ ⋅ b = cos θ
π 1
Now, we know cos 4
=
√2

2π 1
cos = −
3 2

π √3
cos =
6 2

–
Therefore, a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = cos θ = √3 is not possible.

41.
(b) ± 1

√3

Explanation:
∣ ^ ∣ −−−−−−−
As x(^i + ^j + k
^
) is a unit vector, therefore, x ( i + j + k) = 1 ⇒ x√1 + 1 + 1 = 1 ⇒ x =
∣
^ ^
∣
1

√3

42.
(b) 2
Explanation:
We have:
−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
^
OA = − i +
1

2
^ ^
j + 4k (position vector of A) similarly , OB = ^i + 1

2
^ ^
j + 4k , OC = ^i − 1

2
^ ^
j + 4k ,
−
−→
^
OD = − i −
1

2
^ ^
j + 4k :
−
−→ −
−→ −
−→
,where AB = OB − OA = (^i + 1

2
^ ^ ^
j + 4k) − (− i +
1

2
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
j + 4k) = 2 i + 0 j + 0k (by triangle law of vector
−
−→ −−
→ −
−→ −
−→ −
−→
∣ ∣
addition),similarly AD = 0^i − ^j + 0k
^
, Therefore , area of rectangle ABCD is given by ∣ABX AD∣ ,whereABXAD =
∣ ∣

∣^ ^ ^∣
i j k −−−−−−−−−−−−−
∣ ∣ −−
→ −
−→
∣ ∣ 2
∣2 0
^ ^ ^
0 ∣ = i (0 − 0) − j (0 − 0) + k (−2 − 0) =−2k
^
,∣ABX AD∣ =√0 2 2
+ 0 + (−2) = 2 sq. units.
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣0 −1 0∣

43.
(c) 7
Explanation:

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 Given that,
→
Position vector of A,⃗ OA = 3^i − 5^j + 2k
^

→
and position vector of B, OB = ^i + ^j − k
^

→ → →
∴ AB = OB − OA

= (^i + ^j − k
^ ^ ^ ^
) − (3 i − 5 j + 2k)

= −2^i + 6^j − 3k
^

→ →
∴ Length of AB = |AB |
−−−−−−− − −−
= √4 + 36 + 9 = √49 = 7

44.
−−
(d) √93
Explanation:
−−
√93

∣ i j k ∣

⃗ ∣ ∣ ^ ^ ^
(a⃗ × b) = 1 −1 2 = = (4 − 6) i − (−4 − 4) j + (3 + 2)k
∣ ∣
∣2 3 −4 ∣

= (−2)i + 8j + 5k
−−−−−−−− − −−
⃗
|a⃗ × b| = √4 + 64 + 25 =√93

45.
(b) 3b ⃗ − 2a⃗
Explanation:
⃗
3b − 2a⃗

46.
(c) 3[a⃗ b ⃗ c ]⃗
Explanation:
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
(a⃗ + 2b − c )
⃗ ⋅ {(a⃗ − b) × (a⃗ − b − c )}
⃗

→
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= (a⃗ + 2 b ⃗ ⋅ (a⃗ × a⃗ − a⃗ × b − a⃗ × c ⃗ − b × a⃗ + b × b + b × c )
− c) ⃗

→
= (a⃗ + 2 b ⃗ ⋅ (− a⃗ × b ⃗ − a⃗ × c ⃗ + a⃗ × b ⃗ + b ⃗ × c )
− c) ⃗

⃗ ⃗
= (a⃗ + 2b − c )
⃗ ⋅ (− a⃗ × c ⃗ + b × c )
⃗

= [abc] + 2[abc]

= 3[abc]

47.
(d) The angle between a⃗ and b ⃗ is 45o.
Explanation:
Given that,
The magnitude of (a⃗ × b)⃗ = Magnitude of (a⃗ ⋅ b)⃗
⃗ ⃗
⇒ |a⃗ × b| = |a⃗ ⋅ b|

⃗
|a⃗|b|| sin θ||n
⃗
^ | = |a⃗|b|| (∵ a⃗ × b ⃗ = |a⃗|b∥⃗ sin θ ∣ n
cos θ| ^ and a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = |a⃗|b||
⃗
cos θ∣ )

⇒ | sin θ| ⋅ 1 = | cos θ| [∵ |n
^| = 1 ]

⇒ | tan θ| = 1 ⇒ tan θ = 1= tan

π

4
π
∴ θ=
4

π
So, the angle between a⃗ and b ⃗ is 4
.

48.
(d) ± 4

Explanation:

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 4
±
5

49. (a) 60o

Explanation:
⃗ 1 ⃗
a⃗ ⋅ b = |a⃗||b|
2

|a⃗ | |b ⃗| cos θ = 1

2
⃗
|a⃗||b|

1
cos θ = 2

θ = 60o
50.
5√6
(b) 2
sq units
Explanation:
1
Since, area of △OAB = 2
|OA × OB|

∣^ ^ ^∣
i j k
→ → ∣ ∣
∴ OA × OB = ∣3 −1 1∣
∣ ∣
∣2 1 −3 ∣

^ ^ ^
= 2 i + 11 j + 5k
−− −−−−−−−−− –
2 2 2
∴ |OA × OB| = √2 + 11 + 5 = 5√6

– 5√6
∴ Required area = 1

2
× 5√6 =
2
sq units

51.
−2 −5
(c) ,
1
,
√30 √30 √30

Explanation:
Given vector is a⃗ = −2^i + ^j − 5k
^

Hint
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 −−
2 2
|a⃗| = √(−2) + 1 + (−5) = √30

−2 −5
dirctoion cosines of a⃗ are ( ,
1
, )
√30 √30 √30

52. (a) 4^i + ^j − 2k

^

Explanation:
^ ^ ^
4 i + j − 2k

53.
−−
(b) √ 21
5

Explanation:
−−
5
√
21

54.
(d) 23 units
Explanation:
We have, F ⃗ = 3^i + 4^j − 3k
^

→
and OP ^ ^ ^
= r = 2 i − 2 j − 3k

Clearly, the magnitude of moment of the force about origin =|r ⃗ × F |⃗ ...(i)
∣^ ^ ^ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
Let us first find r ⃗ × F = ⃗
∣2 −2 −3 ∣
∣ ∣
∣3 4 −3 ∣
→
=^i (6 + 12) − ^j (−6 + 9) + k (8 + 6)

= ^ ^ ^
18 i − 3 j + 14k

∴ From Eq. (i),

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 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2 2
|r × F | = √(18) + (−3) + (14)

=23 units

55.
(b) 1 ^
i +
1 ^
j +
1 ^
k
√3 √3 √3

Explanation:
−
−→
ˆ ˆ ˆ
P Q = 3 i + 3 j + 3k , then
→
^ ^ ^
PQ 3 i +3 j +3k
^
PQ = =
→
√32 + 32 + 32
|P Q |

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
3 i +3 j +3k 3( i + j + j )
= =
√27 3√3

1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^
= i + j + k
√3 √3 √3

56.
(b) 1

5
^ ^
(4 i − 3k)

Explanation:
1 ^ ^
(4 i − 3k)
5

57.
(c) Both I and II
Explanation:
Given, a⃗ + b ⃗ + c ⃗ = 0 ...(i)
I. Consider [a⃗bc⃗ ]⃗ = a⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × c )⃗
= −(b ⃗ + c )⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × c )⃗ ...[using Eq.(i)]
= −(b ⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × c )⃗ + c ⃗ ⋅ (b ⃗ × c ))
⃗

= −([bb⃗ c⃗ ]⃗ + [c b⃗ c⃗ ])
⃗

= -(0 + 0) = 0
Thus, the vectors are coplanar.
II. Consider,
⃗
a⃗ × b = a⃗ × (− a⃗ − c )
⃗

= −(a⃗ × a⃗ + c )⃗ [using Eq. (i)]

= −(a⃗ × a⃗ + a⃗ × c )⃗
= −(0⃗ + a⃗ × c )⃗ = −(a⃗ × c )⃗
= c ⃗ × a⃗ ...(ii)
[using Eq.] Similarly,
⃗ ⃗
b × c ⃗ = a⃗ × b

From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get

⃗ ⃗
a⃗ × b = b × c ⃗ = c ⃗ × a⃗

2 2 1
58. (a) ± 3
^
i ∓
3
^
j ∓
3
^
k

Explanation:
It is given that:
^ ^ ^
a⃗ = 3 i + 2 j + 2k and b ⃗ = ^i + 2^j − 2k
^

⃗ ^ ^
∴ a⃗ + b = 4 i + 4 j and a⃗ − b ⃗ = 2^i + 4k
^

∣^ ^ ^∣
i j k
∣ ∣
⃗ ⃗ ^ ^ ^
∴ (a⃗ + b) × (a⃗ − b) = ∣ 4 4 0 ∣ = 16 i − 16 j − 8k
∣ ∣
∣2 0 4∣

⃗ ⃗ −−−
∴ |(a⃗ + b) × (a⃗ − b)| = √576 = 24

→ →
Therefore, the unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors ( a + b )

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 and
→
→
( a − b ) is given by:
ˆ ˆ ˆ
(16 i −16 j −8k)
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
= ± = ± (2 i − 2 j − k).
24 3

59.
(b) 8
Explanation:
We know that, dot product of two orthogonal vectors is always 0.
Hence,
(2^i − ^j + 2k
^
) . (3^i + λ^j + k
^
)=0
⇒ 6 - λ + 2 = 0

⇒ λ =8

60. (a) 0
Explanation:
→
→ → → ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( i − j ).( i + j )
Let ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = i − j, b = i + j , then,projection of vector a on vector b is given by : a . b

→
= =
0
= 0
∣ ∣ √2 √2
∣ b ∣
∣ ∣

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