1.

Write a program in c++ to print one statement for n times using while loop
and Write a program in c++ to print numbers from 1 to n using do while loop.

Ans:while: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int n, i = 1;

cout << "Enter the value of n: ";

cin >> n;

while (i <= n) {
cout << "Hello world "<<endl;
i++;
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

do while:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter the value of n: ";
cin >> n;

int i = 1; // Start from 1

do {
cout <<"Hello world "<<endl;
i++;
} while (i <= n); // Loop until i is greater than n

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

2. Write a program in c++ using if else like if age>=18 then he or she can drive
else cannot drive Write a program in c++ to check entered no is positive or
negative or zero using if else ladder.

Ans: 1st: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;

if (age >= 18) {

cout << "You can drive." << endl;
} else {
cout << "You cannot drive." << endl;
}
 return 0;
}

2nd: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int num;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> num;

if (num > 0) {
cout << "The number is positive." << endl;
} else if (num < 0) {
cout << "The number is negative." << endl;
} else {
cout << "The number is zero." << endl;
}

return 0;
}

3.3. Using Switch case program to print months name in c++. And Write a program in
c++ to calculate factorial of given number.

Ans: 1st: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int month;

cout << "Enter a number (1-12) to get the month name: ";
cin >> month;

switch (month) {
case 1:
cout << "January" << endl;
break;
case 2:
cout << "February" << endl;
break;
case 3:
cout << "March" << endl;
break;
case 4:
cout << "April" << endl;
break;
case 5:
cout << "May" << endl;
break;
case 6:
cout << "June" << endl;
break;
case 7:
cout << "July" << endl;
break;
 case 8:
cout << "August" << endl;
break;
case 9:
cout << "September" << endl;
break;
case 10:
cout << "October" << endl;
break;
case 11:
cout << "November" << endl;
break;
case 12:
cout << "December" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and 12." <<
endl;
}

return 0;
}

2nd: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int num;
unsigned long long factorial = 1; // Using unsigned long long for larger
results

cout << "Enter a non-negative integer: ";

cin >> num;

if (num < 0) {
cout << "Factorial is not defined for negative numbers." << endl;
} else {
for (int i = 1; i <= num; ++i) {
factorial *= i; // Multiply current factorial by i
}
cout << "The factorial of " << num << " is: " << factorial << endl;
}

return 0;
}

4. Display value stored in array at even or odd index And .Fibbonaci series
program in c++.

Ans: 1st: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{ {
const int size = 10;
int arr[size] = {10, 21, 32, 43, 54, 65, 76, 87, 98, 109};
int choice;

cout << "Enter 1 to display values at even indices or 2 for odd indices: ";
 cin >> choice;

if (choice == 1) {
cout << "Values at even indices: ";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i += 2) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
} else if (choice == 2) {
cout << "Values at odd indices: ";
for (int i = 1; i < size; i += 2)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
} else {
cout << "Invalid choice! Please enter 1 or 2." << endl;
}

return 0;
}

2nd: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int matrix1[2][2], matrix2[2][2], result[2][2] = {0};

// Input for the first matrix

cout << "Enter elements of the first 2x2 matrix:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
cin >> matrix1[i][j];
}
}

// Input for the second matrix

cout << "Enter elements of the second 2x2 matrix:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
cin >> matrix2[i][j];
}
}

// Matrix multiplication
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < 2; k++) {
result[i][j] += matrix1[i][k] * matrix2[k][j];
}
}
}

// Output the result matrix

cout << "The resulting 2x2 matrix after multiplication is:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
 cout << result[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}

return 0;
}

6 Vehicle Hierarchy: Design a program to represent different types of vehicles

(Car, Truck, Motorcycle) that inherit common attributes (color, wheels, engine) and
behaviors (accelerate, brake) from a base Vehicle class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Vehicle {
protected:
string color;
int wheels;
string engine;

public:

Vehicle(string c, int w, string e) : color(c), wheels(w), engine(e) {}

// Common behaviors
void accelerate() {
cout << "The vehicle is accelerating." << endl;
}

void brake() {
cout << "The vehicle is braking." << endl;
}

// Display vehicle information

void displayInfo() {
cout << "Color: " << color << ", Wheels: " << wheels << ", Engine: " <<
engine << endl;
}
};

class Car : public Vehicle {

public:
Car(string c, string e) : Vehicle(c, 4, e) {} // Cars typically have 4 wheels

void specificFeature() {
cout << "The car has a sunroof." << endl;
}
};

class Truck : public Vehicle {

public:
Truck(string c, string e) : Vehicle(c, 6, e) {} // Trucks typically have 6
wheels
 void specificFeature() {
cout << "The truck can carry heavy loads." << endl;
}
};

class Motorcycle : public Vehicle {

public:
Motorcycle(string c, string e) : Vehicle(c, 2, e) {} // Motorcycles typically
have 2 wheels

void specificFeature() {
cout << "The motorcycle has a sporty design." << endl;
}
};

int main() {
// Create objects for each vehicle type
Car myCar("Red", "V6");
Truck myTruck("Blue", "Diesel");
Motorcycle myMotorcycle("Black", "Parallel-Twin");

// Display information and features for each vehicle

cout << "Car Details:" << endl;
myCar.displayInfo();
myCar.accelerate();
myCar.specificFeature();

cout << "\nTruck Details:" << endl;

myTruck.displayInfo();
myTruck.brake();
myTruck.specificFeature();

cout << "\nMotorcycle Details:" << endl;

myMotorcycle.displayInfo();
myMotorcycle.accelerate();
myMotorcycle.specificFeature();

return 0;
}

7. Shape Inheritance: Create a program to model various shapes (Circle,

Rectangle, Triangle) that inherit properties (area, perimeter) and methods
(calculateArea, calculatePerimeter) from a base Shape class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <cmath> // For mathematical operations
using namespace std;

class Shape {
protected:
double area;
double perimeter;

public:
 Shape() : area(0), perimeter(0) {}

void displayProperties() {
cout << "Area: " << area << ", Perimeter: " << perimeter << endl;
}
};

class Circle : public Shape {

private:
double radius;

public:

Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}

void calculateArea() {
area = M_PI * radius * radius;
}

void calculatePerimeter() {
perimeter = 2 * M_PI * radius;
}

void displayDetails() {
cout << "Circle:" << endl;
calculateArea();
calculatePerimeter();
displayProperties();
}
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {

private:
double length, width;

public:

Rectangle(double l, double w) : length(l), width(w) {}

void calculateArea() {
area = length * width;
}

void calculatePerimeter() {
perimeter = 2 * (length + width);
}

void displayDetails() {
cout << "Rectangle:" << endl;
calculateArea();
calculatePerimeter();
displayProperties();
}
};
class Triangle : public Shape {
private:
double side1, side2, side3;

public:

Triangle(double a, double b, double c) : side1(a), side2(b), side3(c) {}

void calculateArea() {
double s = (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2;
area = sqrt(s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s - side3));
}

void calculatePerimeter() {
perimeter = side1 + side2 + side3;
}

void displayDetails() {
cout << "Triangle:" << endl;
calculateArea();
calculatePerimeter();
displayProperties();
}
};

int main() {

Circle myCircle(5); // Radius = 5

Rectangle myRectangle(4, 6); // Length = 4, Width = 6
Triangle myTriangle(3, 4, 5); // Sides = 3, 4, 5

myCircle.displayDetails();
cout << endl;

myRectangle.displayDetails();
cout << endl;

myTriangle.displayDetails();

return 0;
}

8. Employee Management: Develop a system to manage different types of employees

(Full-time, Part-time, Contractor) who inherit common attributes (name, ID,
department) and methods (calculateSalary, displayInfo) from a base Employee class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
protected:
string name;
int id;
string department;
public:
Employee(string n, int i, string d) : name(n), id(i), department(d) {}
void calculateSalary() ;
void displayInfo() {
cout << "Name: " << name << "\nID: " << id << "\nDepartment: " <<
department << endl;
}
};

class FullTimeEmployee : public Employee {

private:
double salary;

public:
FullTimeEmployee(string n, int i, string d, double s) : Employee(n, i, d),
salary(s) {}
void calculateSalary() { cout << "Full-Time Employee Salary: $" << salary <<
endl; }
};

class PartTimeEmployee : public Employee {

private:
double hourlyRate;
int hoursWorked;

public:
PartTimeEmployee(string n, int i, string d, double hr, int hw) : Employee(n, i,
d), hourlyRate(hr), hoursWorked(hw) {}
void calculateSalary() { cout << "Part-Time Employee Salary: $" << hourlyRate
* hoursWorked << endl; }
};

int main() {
FullTimeEmployee ft("Alice", 101, "HR", 5000);
PartTimeEmployee pt("Bob", 102, "IT", 20, 80);

ft.displayInfo();
ft.calculateSalary();

cout << endl;

pt.displayInfo();
pt.calculateSalary();

return 0;
}

9. Bank Account Hierarchy: Design a program to represent various types of bank

accounts (Savings, Checking, Credit) that inherit common attributes (accountNumber,
balance) and behaviors (deposit, withdraw) from a base BankAccount class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class BankAccount {
protected:
string accountNumber;
 double balance;

public:
BankAccount(string acc, double bal) : accountNumber(acc), balance(bal) {}
virtual void deposit(double amount) {
balance += amount;
cout << "Deposited $" << amount << ", New Balance: $" << balance << endl;
}
virtual void withdraw(double amount) {
if (amount <= balance) {
balance -= amount;
cout << "Withdrawn $" << amount << ", Remaining Balance: $" << balance
<< endl;
} else {
cout << "Insufficient funds!" << endl;
}
}
virtual void displayInfo() {
cout << "Account Number: " << accountNumber << "\nBalance: $" << balance <<
endl;
}
};

class SavingsAccount : public BankAccount {

private:
double interestRate;

public:
SavingsAccount(string acc, double bal, double rate) : BankAccount(acc, bal),
interestRate(rate) {}
void applyInterest() {
double interest = balance * (interestRate / 100);
balance += interest;
cout << "Interest Applied: $" << interest << ", New Balance: $" << balance
<< endl;
}
};

class CheckingAccount : public BankAccount {

public:
CheckingAccount(string acc, double bal) : BankAccount(acc, bal) {}
void withdraw(double amount) override {
if (amount <= balance) {
balance -= amount;
cout << "Withdrawn $" << amount << ", Remaining Balance: $" << balance
<< endl;
} else {
cout << "Overdraft not allowed!" << endl;
}
}
};

int main() {
SavingsAccount sa("12345", 1000, 5);
CheckingAccount ca("67890", 500);

sa.displayInfo();
sa.deposit(200);
sa.applyInterest();
 cout << endl;

ca.displayInfo();
ca.withdraw(600);

return 0;
}

10.. Animal Kingdom: Create a program to simulate the animal kingdom, where
different species (Mammal, Bird, Reptile) inherit characteristics (name, age,
habitat) and behaviors (eat, sleep, sound) from a base Animal class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Animal {
protected:
string name;
int age;
string habitat;

public:
Animal(string n, int a, string h) : name(n), age(a), habitat(h) {}
void eat() { cout << name << " is eating." << endl; }
void sleep() { cout << name << " is sleeping." << endl; }

};

class Mammal : public Animal {

public:
Mammal(string n, int a, string h) : Animal(n, a, h) {}
void sound() { cout << name << " says: Roar!" << endl; }
};

class Bird : public Animal {

public:
Bird(string n, int a, string h) : Animal(n, a, h) {}
void sound() { cout << name << " says: Chirp!" << endl; }
};

class Reptile : public Animal {

public:
Reptile(string n, int a, string h) : Animal(n, a, h) {}
void sound() { cout << name << " says: Hiss!" << endl; }
};

int main() {
Mammal lion("Lion", 5, "Savanna");
Bird parrot("Parrot", 2, "Rainforest");
Reptile snake("Snake", 3, "Desert");

lion.eat();
lion.sleep();
lion.sound();

cout << endl;

 parrot.eat();
parrot.sleep();
parrot.sound();

cout << endl;

snake.eat();
snake.sleep();
snake.sound();

return 0;
}

11. University Hierarchy: Develop a system to manage different types of university

staff (Professor, Lecturer, TeachingAssistant) who inherit common attributes (name,
ID, department) and methods (teach, research, advise) from a base UniversityStaff
class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class UniversityStaff {
protected:
string name;
int id;
string department;

public:
UniversityStaff(string n, int i, string d) : name(n), id(i), department(d) {}
void teach() ;
void research() ;
void advise() ;
};

class Professor : public UniversityStaff {

public:
Professor(string n, int i, string d) : UniversityStaff(n, i, d) {}
void teach() { cout << name << " is teaching a lecture." << endl; }
void research() { cout << name << " is conducting research." << endl; }
void advise() { cout << name << " is advising students." << endl; }
};

class Lecturer : public UniversityStaff {

public:
Lecturer(string n, int i, string d) : UniversityStaff(n, i, d) {}
void teach() { cout << name << " is teaching a class." << endl; }
void research() { cout << name << " is preparing course material." << endl; }
void advise() { cout << name << " is helping students with assignments." <<
endl; }
};

class TeachingAssistant : public UniversityStaff {

public:
TeachingAssistant(string n, int i, string d) : UniversityStaff(n, i, d) {}
void teach() { cout << name << " is assisting in teaching." << endl; }
void research() { cout << name << " is assisting in research." << endl; }
void advise() { cout << name << " is mentoring students." << endl; }
};
int main() {
Professor prof("Dr. Smith", 101, "Physics");
Lecturer lect("Ms. Johnson", 102, "Mathematics");
TeachingAssistant ta("Mr. Brown", 103, "Computer Science");

prof.teach();
prof.research();
prof.advise();

cout << endl;

lect.teach();
lect.research();
lect.advise();

cout << endl;

ta.teach();
ta.research();
ta.advise();

return 0;
}

12. 12. Implement a program to create a student class from which derive test
class and from test class derive result class.Implement a class hierarchy for a
simple library system with a base class LibraryItem and derived classes Book and
Magazine.

Ans: 1st: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Student {
protected:
string name;
int rollNumber;

public:
Student(string n, int r) : name(n), rollNumber(r) {}
};

class Test : public Student {

protected:
int marks1, marks2;

public:
Test(string n, int r, int m1, int m2) : Student(n, r), marks1(m1), marks2(m2)
{}
};

class Result : public Test {

public:
Result(string n, int r, int m1, int m2) : Test(n, r, m1, m2) {}
void displayResult() {
cout << "Name: " << name << "\nRoll Number: " << rollNumber << "\nTotal
Marks: " << marks1 + marks2 << endl;
 }
};

int main() {
Result res("John", 101, 85, 90);
res.displayResult();

return 0;
}

2nd: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class LibraryItem {
protected:
string title;
int id;

public:
LibraryItem(string t, int i) : title(t), id(i) {}
void displayInfo() {
cout << "Title: " << title << "\nID: " << id << endl;
}
};

class Book : public LibraryItem {

private:
string author;

public:
Book(string t, int i, string a) : LibraryItem(t, i), author(a) {}
void displayInfo() {
LibraryItem::displayInfo();
cout << "Author: " << author << endl;
}
};

class Magazine : public LibraryItem {

private:
int issueNumber;

public:
Magazine(string t, int i, int issue) : LibraryItem(t, i), issueNumber(issue) {}
void displayInfo() {
LibraryItem::displayInfo();
cout << "Issue Number: " << issueNumber << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Book book("The Great Gatsby", 101, "F. Scott Fitzgerald");
Magazine magazine("National Geographic", 202, 45);

book.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
magazine.displayInfo();

return 0;
}

13. Implement a program to perform multiple inheritance for Educational Institute

database

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;

public:
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}

void displayPersonInfo() {
cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << endl;
}
};

class Student : public Person {

protected:
int studentID;
string course;

public:
Student(string n, int a, int id, string c) : Person(n, a), studentID(id),
course(c) {}

void displayStudentInfo() {
cout << "Student ID: " << studentID << ", Course: " << course << endl;
}
};

class Teacher : public Person {

protected:
int employeeID;
string subject;

public:
Teacher(string n, int a, int empID, string subj) : Person(n, a),
employeeID(empID), subject(subj) {}

void displayTeacherInfo() {
cout << "Employee ID: " << employeeID << ", Subject: " << subject << endl;
}
};

class TeachingAssistant : public Student, public Teacher {

public:
TeachingAssistant(string n, int a, int id, string c, int empID, string subj)
: Person(n, a), Student(n, a, id, c), Teacher(n, a, empID, subj) {}

void displayTeachingAssistantInfo() {
displayPersonInfo();
displayStudentInfo();
displayTeacherInfo();
 }
};

int main() {
TeachingAssistant ta("John Doe", 25, 1001, "Computer Science", 2001,
"Programming");
ta.displayTeachingAssistantInfo();
return 0;
}

14. Multiple Inheritance -> - Problem Statement: Create a program to model a

"FlyingCar" class that inherits attributes (wingspan, fuelCapacity) and methods
(fly, drive) from both "Car" and "Airplane" base classes.

Ans: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Car {
protected:
double fuelCapacity;

public:
Car(double fuel) : fuelCapacity(fuel) {}

void drive() {
cout << "The car is driving. Fuel capacity: " << fuelCapacity << " liters."
<< endl;
}
};

class Airplane {
protected:
double wingspan;

public:
Airplane(double wing) : wingspan(wing) {}

void fly() {
cout << "The airplane is flying. Wingspan: " << wingspan << " meters." <<
endl;
}
};

class FlyingCar : public Car, public Airplane {

public:
FlyingCar(double fuel, double wing) : Car(fuel), Airplane(wing) {}

void showCapabilities() {
drive();
fly();
}
};

int main() {
FlyingCar myFlyingCar(50, 20);
myFlyingCar.showCapabilities();
return 0;
}
 15. Multilevel Inheritance -> Problem Statement: Develop a system to
represent a "Professor" class that inherits properties (name, ID, department) and
behaviors (teach, research) from a base "Employee" class, which in turn inherits
attributes (name, age) from a base "Person" class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;

public:
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
};

class Employee : public Person {

protected:
int ID;
string department;

public:
Employee(string n, int a, int id, string dept) : Person(n, a), ID(id),
department(dept) {}

void work() {
cout << name << " is working in the " << department << " department." <<
endl;
}
};

class Professor : public Employee {

public:
Professor(string n, int a, int id, string dept) : Employee(n, a, id, dept) {}

void teach() {
cout << name << " is teaching." << endl;
}

void research() {
cout << name << " is conducting research." << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Professor prof("John Doe", 45, 101, "Computer Science");
prof.work();
prof.teach();
prof.research();
return 0;
}

16. Hierarchical Inheritance -> - Problem Statement: Design a program to

represent different types of "Vehicles" (Car, Truck, Motorcycle) that inherit
common attributes (color, wheels, engine) and behaviors (accelerate, brake) from a
base "Vehicle" class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Vehicle {
protected:
string color;
int wheels;
string engine;

public:
Vehicle(string c, int w, string e) : color(c), wheels(w), engine(e) {}

void accelerate() {
cout << "The vehicle is accelerating." << endl;
}

void brake() {
cout << "The vehicle is braking." << endl;
}

void displayInfo() {
cout << "Color: " << color << ", Wheels: " << wheels << ", Engine: " <<
engine << endl;
}
};

class Car : public Vehicle {

public:
Car(string c, string e) : Vehicle(c, 4, e) {}
};

class Truck : public Vehicle {

public:
Truck(string c, string e) : Vehicle(c, 6, e) {}
};

class Motorcycle : public Vehicle {

public:
Motorcycle(string c, string e) : Vehicle(c, 2, e) {}
};

int main() {
Car car("Red", "V8");
Truck truck("Blue", "Diesel");
Motorcycle motorcycle("Black", "Single-Cylinder");

car.displayInfo();
truck.displayInfo();
motorcycle.displayInfo();

return 0;
}

17. Hybrid Inheritance -> - Problem Statement: Create a program to model a

"Smartphone" class that inherits attributes (screenSize, batteryLife) and methods
(makeCall, sendText) from both "Phone" and "Computer" base classes, using multiple
inheritance, and also inherits attributes (weight, dimensions) from a base "Device"
class, using single inheritance.

Ans: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Device {
protected:
double weight;
string dimensions;

public:
Device(double w, string d) : weight(w), dimensions(d) {}

void showDeviceDetails() {
cout << "Weight: " << weight << " kg, Dimensions: " << dimensions << endl;
}
};

class Phone {
protected:
double screenSize;

public:
Phone(double screen) : screenSize(screen) {}

void makeCall() {
cout << "Making a call from the phone." << endl;
}
};

class Computer {
protected:
double batteryLife;

public:
Computer(double battery) : batteryLife(battery) {}

void sendText() {
cout << "Sending a text using the computer's software." << endl;
}
};

class Smartphone : public Phone, public Computer, public Device {

public:
Smartphone(double screen, double battery, double weight, string dimensions)
: Phone(screen), Computer(battery), Device(weight, dimensions) {}

void displaySmartphoneDetails() {
makeCall();
sendText();
showDeviceDetails();
}
};

int main() {
Smartphone mySmartphone(6.5, 10, 0.2, "15x7 cm");
mySmartphone.displaySmartphoneDetails();
 return 0;
}

18. 18. Multipath Inheritance -> - Problem Statement: Develop a system to

represent a "StudentAthlete" class that inherits properties (name, ID, GPA) and
behaviors (study, playSport) from both "Student" and "Athlete" base classes, which
both inherit attributes (name, age) from a base "Person" class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;

public:
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
};

class Student : public Person {

protected:
int ID;
double GPA;

public:
Student(string n, int a, int id, double gpa) : Person(n, a), ID(id), GPA(gpa)
{}

void study() {
cout << name << " is studying. GPA: " << GPA << endl;
}
};

class Athlete : public Person {

protected:
string sport;

public:
Athlete(string n, int a, string s) : Person(n, a), sport(s) {}

void playSport() {
cout << name << " is playing " << sport << "." << endl;
}
};

class StudentAthlete : public Student, public Athlete {

public:
StudentAthlete(string n, int a, int id, double gpa, string s)
: Student(n, a, id, gpa), Athlete(n, a, s) {}

void showDetails() {
study();
playSport();
}
};
int main() {
StudentAthlete sa("Alice", 20, 1001, 3.8, "Soccer");
sa.showDetails();
return 0;
}

19. Implement a Rectangle class with attributes for length and width. Include
constructors, a destructor, and member functions to calculate the area and
perimeter.

Ans: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Rectangle {
private:
double length, width;

public:
// Constructor
Rectangle(double l, double w) {
length = l;
width = w;
}

// Destructor
~Rectangle() {
cout << "Rectangle object destroyed.\n";
}

// Member function to calculate area

double calculateArea() {
return length * width;
}

// Member function to calculate perimeter

double calculatePerimeter() {
return 2 * (length + width);
}

// Member function to display rectangle details

void display() {
cout << "Length: " << length << ", Width: " << width << endl;
cout << "Area: " << calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Perimeter: " << calculatePerimeter() << endl;
}
};

int main() {
// Create a Rectangle object
Rectangle rect(7.0, 3.0);

// Display rectangle details

rect.display();

return 0;
}
20. Write a program to demonstrate parameterized constructors to employees.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
private:
string name;
int id;
double salary;

public:
// Parameterized Constructor
Employee(string n, int i, double s) {
name = n;
id = i;
salary = s;
}

// Function to display employee details

void display() {
cout << "Employee ID: " << id << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Salary: $" << salary << endl;
}
};

int main() {
// Create Employee object using parameterized constructor
Employee emp1("John Doe", 101, 50000);
Employee emp2("Jane Smith", 102, 60000);

// Display employee details

cout << "Employee 1 details:\n";
emp1.display();
cout << "\nEmployee 2 details:\n";
emp2.display();

return 0;
}
21. 21. Implement a Program to find out areas of different shapes using
function overloading.
ans:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Area {
public:
double calculate_area(double radius) {
return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}
double calculate_area(double length, double width) {
return length * width;
}
};

int main() {
 Area shape;
double radius = 5.0;
cout << "Area of circle with radius " << radius << ": " <<
shape.calculate_area(radius) << endl;
double length = 5.0, width = 10.0;
cout << "Area of rectangle with length " << length << " and width " << width <<
": " << shape.calculate_area(length, width) << endl;

return 0;
}

25.

26.

27.Implement a program to define a Student class with attributes like name, roll
number, and marks. Implement member functions to input and display student details.

ANs: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Student {
private:
string name;
int rollNumber;
float marks;

public:
// Member function to input student details
void inputDetails() {
cout << "Enter student name: ";
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter roll number: ";
cin >> rollNumber;
cout << "Enter marks: ";
cin >> marks;
}

// Member function to display student details

void displayDetails() {
cout << "Student Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Roll Number: " << rollNumber << endl;
cout << "Marks: " << marks << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Student student;

student.inputDetails(); // Input student details

student.displayDetails(); // Display student details

return 0;
}

28. Implement a program to overload unary and binary operators.

Ans: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex {
private:
int real, imag;

public:
// Constructor to initialize complex number
Complex(int r = 0, int i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}

// Overloading unary operator (negation)

Complex operator-() {
return Complex(-real, -imag);
}

// Overloading binary operator (+)

Complex operator+(const Complex& c) {
return Complex(real + c.real, imag + c.imag);
}

// Function to display complex number

void display() {
cout << real << " + " << imag << "i" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Complex c1(3, 4), c2(1, 2), result;

cout << "Complex number 1: ";

c1.display();

cout << "Complex number 2: ";

c2.display();

// Using overloaded binary operator

result = c1 + c2;
cout << "Result of addition: ";
result.display();

// Using overloaded unary operator

result = -c1;
cout << "Result of negation: ";
result.display();

return 0;
}

29. Implement a program to overload relational operators.

Ans: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Box {
private:
int length;
public:
Box(int l = 0) : length(l) {}

bool operator==(const Box& b) {

return length == b.length;
}

bool operator>(const Box& b) {

return length > b.length;
}

void display() {
cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Box box1(10), box2(15);

cout << "Box 1: ";

box1.display();

cout << "Box 2: ";

box2.display();

if (box1 == box2)
cout << "Both boxes are of equal length." << endl;
else
cout << "Boxes are not of equal length." << endl;

if (box1 > box2)

cout << "Box 1 is larger than Box 2." << endl;
else
cout << "Box 1 is smaller than Box 2." << endl;

return 0;
}

30. Program to overload insertion and extraction operators using C++.

Ans: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Student {
private:
string name;
int age;

public:

friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, Student& s) {

cout << "Enter name: ";
in >> s.name;
cout << "Enter age: ";
in >> s.age;
return in;
 }

friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Student& s) {

out << "Name: " << s.name << ", Age: " << s.age << endl;
return out;
}
};

int main() {
Student student;

cin >> student;

cout << student;

return 0;
}

31.. Implement a program to create a base class Shape with a virtual function
area(). Derive two classes Circle and Rectangle from Shape and implement the area()
function in each derived class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
virtual double area() = 0;
virtual ~Shape() {}
};

class Circle : public Shape {

private:
double radius;

public:
Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}

double area() override {

return M_PI * radius * radius;
}
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {

private:
double length, width;

public:
Rectangle(double l, double w) : length(l), width(w) {}

double area() override {

return length * width;
 }
};

int main() {
Shape* shape1 = new Circle(5.0);
Shape* shape2 = new Rectangle(4.0, 6.0);

cout << "Area of Circle: " << shape1->area() << endl;

cout << "Area of Rectangle: " << shape2->area() << endl;

delete shape1;
delete shape2;

return 0;
}

32. Implement a program to creat a base class Employee with a virtual function
calculateSalary(). Derive two classes FullTimeEmployee and PartTimeEmployee and
implement the calculateSalary() function in each derived class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
protected:
string name;
double baseSalary;

public:

Employee(string n, double b) : name(n), baseSalary(b) {}

virtual double calculateSalary() = 0;

void display() {
cout << "Employee Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Base Salary: $" << baseSalary << endl;
}

virtual ~Employee() {}
};

class FullTimeEmployee : public Employee {

private:
double annualBonus;

public:

FullTimeEmployee(string n, double b, double bonus) : Employee(n, b),

annualBonus(bonus) {}

double calculateSalary() override {

 return baseSalary + annualBonus;
}
};

class PartTimeEmployee : public Employee {

private:
double hourlyRate;
int hoursWorked;

public:

PartTimeEmployee(string n, double b, double rate, int hours) : Employee(n, b),

hourlyRate(rate), hoursWorked(hours) {}

double calculateSalary() override {

return baseSalary + (hourlyRate * hoursWorked);
}
};

int main() {

FullTimeEmployee fullTimeEmp("John Doe", 50000, 5000);

PartTimeEmployee partTimeEmp("Jane Smith", 20000, 25, 120);

cout << "Full-Time Employee Details:" << endl;

fullTimeEmp.display();
cout << "Total Salary: $" << fullTimeEmp.calculateSalary() << endl;

cout << endl;

cout << "Part-Time Employee Details:" << endl;

partTimeEmp.display();
cout << "Total Salary: $" << partTimeEmp.calculateSalary() << endl;

return 0;
}

33. Implement a program to write user input data to a file name (abc.txt) and then
read it back from the file.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string userInput;

ofstream outFile("abc.txt");

if (!outFile) {
cout << "Error opening file for writing." << endl;
return 1;
 }

cout << "Enter data to write to the file (type 'exit' to stop):" << endl;
while (true) {
getline(cin, userInput);
if (userInput == "exit") break;
outFile << userInput << endl;
}

outFile.close();

ifstream inFile("abc.txt");

if (!inFile) {
cout << "Error opening file for reading." << endl;
return 1;
}

cout << "\nData read from the file:" << endl;

while (getline(inFile, userInput)) {
cout << userInput << endl;
}

inFile.close();

return 0;
}

34. Implement a program that uses try, catch, and throw to handle division by zero
exceptions. Create a custom exception class InvalidAgeException and use it to
validate the age input for a Person class.

Ans: #include <iostream>

#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class InvalidAgeException : public exception {

public:
const char* what() const noexcept override {
return "Invalid age input! Age cannot be negative or zero.";
}
};

class Person {
private:
string name;
int age;

public:

Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {

if (age <= 0) {
throw InvalidAgeException();
}
}
 void displayDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};

double divide(int numerator, int denominator) {

if (denominator == 0) {
throw runtime_error("Division by zero error!");
}
return static_cast<double>(numerator) / denominator;
}

int main() {
try {

Person person1("John", 30);

person1.displayDetails();

Person person2("Alice", -5);

} catch (const InvalidAgeException& e) {

cout << "Error: " << e.what() << endl;
}

try {

cout << "Result of division: " << divide(10, 2) << endl;

cout << "Result of division: " << divide(10, 0) << endl;
} catch (const runtime_error& e) {
cout << "Error: " << e.what() << endl;
}

return 0;
}