Types of Operating Systems

Submitted to:
Dr. Vaibhav Saran
(Assistant professor)
Department of forensic sciences

SHUATS

Submitted by:
Avinash Anand
19MSFS010
Semester 2nd
M.Sc Forensic Science
INTRODUCTION
An Operating System is a program which performances as an interface between the
computer system users and the computer hardware components. It displays for a
comprehensible setting in which a user may effortlessly develop and execute programs.
Else, hardware knowledge would be compulsory for computer programming. Operating
Systems obscures the complexity of hardware from apathetic users. The Operating
Systems accomplishes resources and distributes them to specific programs and users. With
the management of the Operating Systems, a programmer is cleared of difficult hardware
deliberations.
Operating Systems affords services for:

 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and users

A running program does one very simple thing, i.e., it executes instructions. Billions of
times every second, the processor procures instructions from memory, decodes it, and
executes it. After it is finished with this instruction, the processor moves on to the next
instruction, and so on, until the program finally concludes. There is a body of software, in
actual fact that is in control for making it easy to run programs, allowing programs to
share memory, facilitating programs to interact with devices. That body of software is
known as the Operating System (OS), as it is in charge of making sure the system operates
appropriately and proficiently in an easy-to-use manner.
The primary requirement for the Operating Systems ascends from the fact that user needs
to be delivered with services and Operating Systems ought to expedite the provisioning of
those services. The Operating Systems makes memory accessible to an application when
necessary. Additional characteristic for the usage of Operating Systems is that; it is used
as a pre-defined library for hardware- software interaction and because of that system
programs apply to the installed Operating Systems since they cannot stretch hardware
directly.
In fact, Operating Systems itself is a program but it has a main concern which application
programs lacks. Operating Systems uses the ‘Kernel’ (one program running at all times)
mode of the microprocessor, whereas, other programs use the user mode. The
dissimilarity between two is that; all hardware instructions are effective in kernel mode,
where some of them cannot be used in the user mode

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

Operating systems are from the early computer generation. Operating systems keep
progressing over the period of time. Following are some of the significant types of
operating system which are most frequently used.

Batch Operating System

The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user
formulates job on an offline device like punch cards and submits it to the computer
operator. To expedite processing, jobs with analogous requirements are batched together
and run as a group. Thus, the programmers left their programs with the operator.
The operator then categorizes programs into batches with comparable requirements.
However, there are some problems with the Batch Systems like there is a deficiency of
communication between the user and job, the Central Processing Unit is frequently
sluggish, because the speeds of the mechanical Input/ Output devices are slower than the
Central Processing Unit. In this type of Operating System, it is difficult to provide the
desired priority.

Figure 1 Batch Operating System

Advantages of Batch Operating System:
 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required by any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in
queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time for batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:

 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.
 Batch systems are hard to debug.
 It is sometime costly.
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.

Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank Statements etc.

Time Sharing Operating Systems

Time sharing is a technique which enables several people, situated at many terminals, to
use a specific computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical
extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared between multiple users
concurrently is designated as time-sharing. The main variance between Multi-
programmed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in instance of multi-
programmed batch systems the purpose is to make the most of processor use, whereas in
Time-Sharing Systems objective is to reduce response time. Multiple jobs are performed
by the CPU by switching between them, but the switch occurs frequently. Thus, the user
can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, processor
accomplish each user program in a short burst or quantum of calculation. That is if ‘n’
users are existing, each one can get time quantum. When the user submits the command,
the response time is in limited seconds at most. Operating systems use, CPU scheduling
and multiprogramming, to provide each user with a lesser percentage of a time. Computer
systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing
systems. Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are to provide advantage of quick
response, avoiding duplication of software, and reduction of CPU idle time. Whereas, the
disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are problems of reliability, problem of
security and integrity of user programs and data, and of data communication.

Figure 2 flow chart showing time sharing OS

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Less chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs and data
 Data communication problem

Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to function multiple real time
application and multiple users. Data processing jobs are disseminated among the
processors accordingly to which one can execute each job most resourcefully. The
processors connect with one another through various communication lines, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines.
These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a
distributed system may be different in size and function.

Figure 3 DISTRIBUTED OS
These processors are referred as sites, nodes, and computers and so on.
The various merits of this system are as follows:
 The individual using this system can avail the resources that are present on another
site while sitting on one side.
 Speed up the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
 If one site be unsuccessful in a distributed system, the remaining sites can
potentially continue operating.
 Better service to the customers.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.
 Reduction of delays in data processing.

Network Operating System.

This particular operating system goes on in a server and provides it with the facility of
managing data, groups, users, security, networking functions and other applications.
The primary determination of the network operating system is to permit shared file
and printer access between multiple computers in a network, characteristically a Local
Area Network (LAN), and a private network or to other networks.
The examples of this include Linux, Novell Netware, UNIX, Mac OS X, Microsoft
Windows server 2003 and 2008, etc.
 Figure 4 NETWORK OS

The advantages of network operating systems are following:

 Centralized servers are highly stable.
 Security is server managed.
 Upgrades to novel technologies and hardware can be easily assimilated into the
system.
 Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

Whereas, the disadvantages of network operating systems are:

 High cost of buying and running a server.
 Dependency on a central location for most operations.
 Regular maintenance and updates are necessary.

Real Time Operating System

Real time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval
compulsory to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment.
Real time processing is always connected, whereas, connected system need not be real
time. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated
information is termed as response time. So in this method response time is very less as
compared to the online processing. These operating systems are employed during the
period of rigid time requirements when the processor is operated or else the data flow and
real time systems can be employed as a control device in a dedicated application. The
system will be a failure if this specific system is not well defined and if there is no time
constraint present.
Also, this system is employed in science experiments, imaging procedures used in
medicine, robots, control system employed in various industries, etc.
There are two types of real-time operating systems.
i. Hard Real - Time Systems: A hard real-time system promises that critical tasks
complete on time. In hard real-time systems secondary storage is partial or
misplaced with data stored in ROM. In these systems virtual memory is
practically never found.
ii. Soft Real - Time Systems: Soft real time systems are less obstructive. Usually
other tasks are preceded by the Critical real-time task and hence preserve the
priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard
real time systems. And the various examples comprise of scientific projects such
as exploration in undersea and planetary rovers, multimedia, etc.

Advantages of RTOS:
 Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more
output from all the resources
 Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For
example, in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one task to
another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
 Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
 Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are small,
RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
 Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very
less on few applications to avoid errors.
 Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and
they are expensive as well.
 Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer
to write on.
  Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupt
signals to response earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less
prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments, medical

imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems, etc.

Prominent Operating Systems

UNIX

Unix is a computer operating system originally advanced in 1969 by a group of AT&T

employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy.
Unix is one of the oldest operating systems in the computer world, and is still extensively
used today. However, it is not a very noticeable operating system. Rather obscure in its
operation and interface, it is preferably appropriate for the needs of large enterprise
computing systems.

It is also the most common operating system run by servers and other computers that form
the bulk of the Internet. Unix operating systems are commonly used in both servers and
workstations. The Unix environment and the client-server program model were
indispensable elements in the expansion of the Internet and the restructuring of computing
as centered in networks fairly than in individual computers. Unix was designed to be
portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration. Unix systems are
categorised by numerous concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a classified file
system; treating devices and certain types of Inter-Process Communication (IPC) as files;
and the use of a large number of small programs that can be strung together through a
command line interpreter using pipes, as disparate to using a single monolithic program
that includes all of the same functionality.
These concepts are known as the Unix philosophy.

Linux

Linux shows and feels much like any other UNIX system; indeed, UNIX compatibility
has been a chief design aim of the Linux project. However, Linux is much newer than
most UNIX systems. Its expansion began in 1991, when a Finnish student, Linus
Torvalds, wrote and christened Linux, a trivial but self-contained kernel for the 80386
processor, the first true 32-bit processor in Intel's range of PC-compatible CPUs. Linux
development revolved largely around the central operating-system kernel—the core,
privileged executive that manages all system resources and that interacts directly with the
computer hardware. The basic Linux system is a customary environment for applications
and user programming, but it does not impose any standard resources of managing the
available functionality as a whole. In its overall design, Linux resembles any other
traditional, non-microkernel UNIX implementation. It is a multiuser, multitasking system
with a full set of UNIX-compatible tools. Linux's file system observes to traditional UNIX
semantics, and the standard UNIX networking model is implemented fully.

Windows

Windows XP implements the Win32 API. The Win32 API is the primary API for the
family of Microsoft operating systems (Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, and XP). A Windows
XP application runs as a separate process, and each process may contain one or more
threads. Windows XP uses the one-to-one mapping, where each user-level thread maps to
an associated kernel thread. However, Windows XP also provides support for a fiber
library, which provides the functionality of the many-to-many model. By using the thread
library, any thread belonging to a process can access the address space of the process. The
general components of a thread include:
• A thread ID exclusively ascertaining the thread
• A register set demonstrating the status of the processor
• A user stack, employed when the thread is running in user mode, and a kernel
stack, employed when the thread is running in kernel mode
• A private storage area used by various run-time libraries and dynamic link
libraries (DLLs)

Microsoft DOS

MS-DOS was written for the Intel 8088 architecture, which has no mode bit and therefore
no dual mode. A user program running skewed can obliterate the operating system by
writing over it with data; and multiple programs are able to write to a device at the same
time. Microsoft's first version of Windows Version 1.0 was based upon a GUI interface to
the MSDOS operating system. The example of the single-tasking system is the MS-DOS
and because of this capability it uses the simple technique wherein it does forms a process
but rather runs a program. It has a command interpreter that is invoked when the computer
is started. Hence, this operating system performs the function of loading the memory and
providing memory as much as possible by writing the program over itself.
In in operating system the various levels of functionality and also the interfaces between
them aren’t separated well. For instance, application programs are able to access the basic
I/O routines to write directly to the display and disk drives. Such freedom leaves MS-DOS
vulnerable to errant (or malicious) programs, causing entire system crashes when user
programs fail. The MS-DOS operating system allows only 11-character file names.
SUMMERY
An operating system is a program that acts as an intermediate between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
 The purpose of an operating system is to arrange for an environment in which a
user
can execute programs. Thus, the most important aim of the operating system is to
make computer system easy for usage.

 Nowadays operating systems make systems relatively easy to use, and virtually all
operating systems you use today have been influenced by the developments.

 In the 1960s, the common arrangement of computing facility was a mainframe

computer system. The mainframe computer system would be ordinarily housed in
a
computer centre with a controlled environment which was usually an air
conditioned
area with a clean room like facility. The users used to bring in a deck of punched
cards which encoded the list of program instructions.

 It was in initial 1970s Bell Laboratory scientists originated up with the now well-
known Operating Systems: UNIX. Similarly, when the microcomputers came into
picture in the year 1980, a precursor to the present DOS was a system known as
CP/M.

 Most of the OS has a perception or a notion that when a program is executed, it

can be
regarded as a process. Clearly, with multiple applications active at the same time
there
are many processes that are active. The OS needs to manage all these processes.

 In a nutshell we can say that the operating systems such as Mach, MS Windows,
UNIX, Windows/NT, MS-DOS, OS/2 and Mac OS are the set of programs which
the ultimate role in controlling the computer.