MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
UNDER MAINTENANCE
INDUSTRIAL

MECHANICAL PHYSICS WORK

Work and Mechanical Energy

NAME:

CAREER:
 Mechanical Engineering in Industrial
Maintenance
SUBJECT:
 Mechanical Physics TEACHER:
 DATE:
 December 9, 2017
 INTRODUCTION

In the following work that has been done, concepts related to Work and
Mechanical Energy will be known, which are not simply topics that we see in our daily
lives but are present in all the actions we perform. When you lift a heavy object
against the force of gravity, work is done; when you climb a rope, you see the power
developed; riding a car, in short, is a sum of activities that lead us to talk about
physics.
Energy can also be highlighted, which is the property or capacity that bodies
and substances have to produce transformations around them. During
transformations, energy is exchanged through two mechanisms: in the form of work
or in the form of heat.
This energy is degraded (converted) and conserved in each transformation,
losing the ability to perform new transformations, but energy cannot be created or
destroyed, only transformed, so the sum of all energies in the universe is always
constant. An object will lose energy in a transformation, but that lost energy will go
somewhere else, for example it can be transformed into heat. Another topic to
mention will be conservative and non-conservative systems. These are groups of
forces that perform work, where the conservative ones are distinguished by the work
along a closed path being zero, since it will depend on the work at the initial and final
points and not on the trajectory, on the other hand, the non-conservative ones are
those in which the work along a closed path is different from zero. These forces do
more work when the path is longer, therefore the work is not independent of the
path.
Having defined the topics to be covered, this report will aim to understand
work and mechanical energy (and the subtopics covered), as well as mathematical
exercises that will help us understand each of them.

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 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

JOB:
This scalar physical magnitude is represented by the letter w, which must meet
three fundamental requirements, which are: Have an applied force, the force must be
applied through a certain distance (displacement) and it must have a component
along the displacement.
The measurement units it has are: Joule (J), Newton (N), Meters (m), Kilogram-
meter (Kgm) which comes from measuring the force in Kg f (Kilograms of force) and
distance in meters.
Therefore, it can be determined that the work is equal to the product of the force
by the distance and by the cosine of the angle that exists between the direction of
the force and the direction that the point or object that moves travels.

Formula:

W = F • cos
α•d

Exercises:
1) A motorcycle brakes and stops in 10 (m). While stopping, the friction force of
the wheels on the pavement is 400 N. Calculate the work done.
Data: d
= 10 m F = 400
N

The formula applies:

W = (400 N) * (10 m)
W = 4000 (J)

2) We drag a box of materials along the floor using a rope that forms a 30º angle
with the horizontal. If we move the box horizontally 2 m by applying a force of
300 N to the rope, what is the work done?
Data: F
= 300 N d =
2m
θ = 30°

Therefore w:
W = (300 N) * (cos 30) *(2 m)
W = 522 N* m

3) Calculate the work performed by each of the forces acting on a 5 kg object.

when it descends 2 m. by a plane inclined 30º with respect to the horizontal, if
there is no friction.

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 Data:
F = 5 kg d = 2
m θ = 30°
The kg are transformed to N, so mxg will be multiplied
W = m * g * d * cos 30°
W= (5 kg x 9.8 m/ s2) * 2 m * cos 30°
W = 84.87 N*m

PERFORMANCE:
It is an expression that is clearly associated with the useful work of operation
and the work consumed by a machine and another important quotient is the energy
obtained (useful energy), from its operation and the energy supplied through a
machine as well as the work.
It is represented by the letter and can be defined as energy efficiency or the
quotient between the useful work performed by a machine in a given time interval
and the total work delivered to the machine in that interval.

Formula:

Energy
efficiency = Energy
used X 100 Energy
consumed

Exercises:

1) An appliance that has an efficiency of 85% has consumed 4.54 kWh. How
much have you benefited from it?

Energy used = Energy consumed x Energy efficiency

100
Energy used = 4.54 kWh x 85
100
Energy used = 3,859 KWh

2) A machine consumes 25,000 Joules to obtain a useful energy of 5,000 J.

a) What is its energy efficiency?
b) b.- If its performance were 35%, how much useful energy would be
obtained?

a) Energy efficiency = Energy used x 100

Energy consumed
Energy efficiency = 5000 J x 100 / 25000 J
25000 J
Energy efficiency = 20%

b) Energy used = Energy consumed x Energy efficiency

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 100
Energy harnessed = 25000 J x 35
100
Energy harnessed = 8750 J

POWER:
It is the scalar physical magnitude that measures the speed with which a body
performs a certain work or exchanges energy with another body. Its unit of
measurement in the International System is the Watt (W) and is represented by the
letter P.
It is worth mentioning that it is associated with the speed of a change in energy
within a system or the time during which work is carried out, the unit of
measurement being the second (S). Therefore, it is possible to affirm that power is
equal to the total energy divided by time.

Formula:

P
=Wt

Exercises:

1) A machine performs 3.50 J in 15.2 s. Calculate the power developed in w

and Hp.
Data: W
= 3.50 J
t=
15.2
s

The formula is raised:

P = 3.50 J
15.2 s
P = 230 watt

1 Hp = 746 watt, so:

P = 230
746
P = 0.308 Hp

2) A construction crane can lift 200 kg to a height of 15 m in 20 s. How

powerful is it?
Data: m =
200 kg

5
 h = 15 m
t = 20
s
First, the work must be calculated, using the EPg formula:
W = m*g*h
W = (200 kg) * (9.8 m/ s2) * (15 m)
W = 29. 400 N

3) A girl of 40 (kg) mass climbs a rope up to 8 (m) high at a constant speed in

15 (s). What power does it develop during the ascent? Data: m = 40 kg d =
8 mt = 15 s

Mass must be transformed into force:

F=m*g
F = (40 kg) * (9.8 m/s2)
F = 392 N

Now you should know the W that it performs:

W=F*d
W = (392 N) * (8 m)
W = 3.136 J

Finally the power:

P = 3.136 J
15 s
P =209.06 w

KINETIC ENERGY:
Due to the movement that occurs in a body, it has the ability to transform its
environment, generating energy. In addition, a force must be applied for a body to be
in motion, modifying the state of rest. This energy due to movement is called kinetic
energy and its unit of measurement in the International System is the Joule (J).
To determine this energy (Ec), two factors that help in its calculation must be
taken into account, such as:
 m: Mass of the body in motion. Its unit of measurement in the System
International is the Kilogram (Kg)
 v: Value of the speed of the moving body. Its unit of measurement in the
International System is the meter per second (m/s).

Formula:

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 Ec = 1 x
mx v2

Exercises:

1) Calculate the kinetic energy of a 860 (kg) car moving at 50 (km/h) Data:
m = 860 kg
v = 50 km/h

It transforms:
50Km/ham/s = 13.9m/s

Therefore:
Ec = 1 * 860 (kg) * (13.92 m/s)2
2
Ec = 83.31 (J)

2) Suppose a cyclist, whose weight is 70 kilograms, moves at a constant speed of

40 kilometers per hour. What is the value of kinetic energy that exists?
Data:
m = 70 kg
v = 40 km/h

It transforms:
40 km/h/s = 19.44 m/s

The formula applies:

Ec = 1 * (70 kg) * (19.44 m/s)2

2
Ec = 13.22 (J)

3) The driver of a 650 (kg) car going 90 (km/h) brakes and reduces his speed to
50 (km/h). Calculate: a. The initial kinetic energy.
b. The final kinetic energy.

Data:
m = 650 kg
V = 90 km/h

It is transformed from km/am/s2

90 km/h = 25 m/s
50 km/h = 13.9 m/s

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 a) Ec= 1 * (650 kg) * ( 25 m/s)2
2
Ec = 203, 1 (J)

b) Ec = 1 * (650 kg) * ( 13.9 m/s)2

2
Ec = 62.7 (J)

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY:

It is a type of Potential Energy, called by the letters EPg, whose purpose is to
calculate the scalar quantity that measures the energy stored in a body, due to its
position with respect to a reference system, its unit of measurement being in joule
(J). This acquires a variation that can be positive, negative or zero.
Three factors must be taken into account to obtain its value, these are:
m: Body mass. Its unit of measurement in the International System is the Kilogram
(kg)
g: Value of the acceleration caused by the action of gravity. Its unit of measurement
in the International System is the meter per second squared (m/s2) h: Height at
which the body is located. Its unit of measurement in the International System is the
meter (m).

FORMULA:

EPg =
mxgxh
Exercises:

1) What potential energy does an 800 (Kg) elevator have at the top of a building,
380 (m) above the ground? Suppose the potential energy in the ground is
0.
Data: m =
800 kg h =
380 mg =
9.8 m/s2

Development:
EPg = (800 Kg)*(9.8 m/s2)*(380 m)
EPg = 2.979 (J)

2) A 2 (Kg) book rests on a table of 80 (cm), measured from the floor. Calculate
the potential energy that the book has in relation to: a) the floor

8
 b) with the seat of a chair, placed 40 cm from the ground
Data: m = 2 Kg h = 80 cm = 0.8
mg = 10 m/s2 h = 40 cm = 0.4 m
(relative to the chair)

to)
EPg = (2 kg)* (10 m/s2) * (0.8 m)
EPg = 16 (J)
B)
EPg = (2 KG) * (10 m/ s2) * (0.4 m)
EPg = 8 (J)

3) We lift a 12 (kg) object and carry it up a 30º inclined ramp for a distance of 14
meters. What potential energy will it have when it reaches the top? Data:
m = 12
kg d = 14 mg =
9.8 m/s2

The height at which the object rises is calculated:

h = dx sine 30
h = 14 mx 0.5
h = 7 meters

The formula is applied

EPg = (12 kg) *(9.8 m/s2) * (7m)
EPg = 823.2 (J)

ELASTIC ENERGY:
It is called by the letter Ep, this is a type of energy that is stored as a result of
the deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. It is equal to
the work done in stretching the spring, which depends on the spring constant k as
well as the distance stretched. According to Hooke's law, the force required to stretch
the spring is directly proportional to the amount of stretch.

Formula:

Epe = k
* x2

Exercises:

1) A force of 540 N stretches a certain spring a distance of 0.150 m. What elastic

energy does the spring have when a mass of 60 kg hangs vertically from it?
Data:
F = 540 N
m = 60 kg

9
 d = 0.150 m

To calculate the Epe it is necessary to know the spring force constant which
is symbolized as K.
K=F
dk = 540 N
0.150 m
k = 3.600 N*m

Now the deformation caused by the weight, being x

X=F
K

F = m*g
F = (60 kg) * (9.8 m/ s2)
F = 588 N

X = 588 N
3.600 N*m
X = 0.163 m

Finally the Epe is:

Epe = (3.600 N* m) * (0.163 m)2
2
Epe = 47.82 J

2) The spring constant of a spring is 24 N/m. Calculate the elastic energy

possessed by a 5 kg body attached to the spring that moves 0.8 m from its
equilibrium point.
Data:
K = 24 N/m
X = 0.8 m

The formula applies:

Epe = (24 N/ m) * (0.8 m)2
2
Epe = 7.68 J

3) A mass of 4 (kg) oscillates suspended with a distance of 0.12 (m) and the
spring constant is 15 N/m. Calculate the deformation and the elastic potential
energy it possesses.
Data: K
= 15 N/mm = 4 kg
d = 0.12 m

You must know the F

F=m*g
F = (4 kg) * (9.8 m/ s2)
F = 39.2 N

1
 The deformation is:
X=F
K
X = 39.2 N
15 N/m
X = 2.61 m

So the Epe:
Epe= (15 N/m) * (2.61 m)2
2
Epe = 51.09 J

HOOKE'S LAW:
It is a law based on cases of unitary elongation, which states that the elastic
deformation suffered by a body is proportional to the force that produces such
deformation that an elastic material experiences is directly proportional to the force
applied to it and as long as it does not exceed the elasticity limit. To formulate
this law the following are taken into account:
• The elongation, the original length (L)
• Young's modulus (E),
• The cross section of the stretched piece (A)
• The law applies to elastic materials up to a limit called the yield strength.

Formula:
F=k*x

Exercises:

1) If a mass of 200 gr is hung from a spring and it is deformed 15 cm, what will be
the value of its constant?
Data:
m = 200 gr
x = 15 cm

Mass transformation and deformation m

= 200 gr * 1 kg
1000 gr
m = 0.20 kg

x = 15 cm * 1 m
100 cm
X = 0.15 m
We transform the mass into F

1
 s2
F = (0.20 kg) * (9.8 m/ )
F = 1.96 N

Now we calculate k, according to Hooke's Law:

K = 1.96N
0.15 mk = 13.06 N/m

2) A 50 N load attached to a spring hanging vertically stretches the spring 5 cm.

The spring is now placed horizontally on a table and stretched 11 cm. What
force is required to stretch the spring this amount? Data:
F = 50 N
X1 = 5 cm = 0.05 m

X2 = 11 cm = 0.11 m

You must know k:

K = 50 N
0.05 m
K = 1000 N/m

The values are replaced, according to Law

F = (1000 N/m) * (0.11 m)
F = 110

3) A ball of mass 15 kg, whose elastic constant is 2100 N/m, is hung from a spring.
Determine the elongation of the spring in centimeters.
Data: m
= 15 kg
K = 2100 N/m

F is determined
F = (15 kg) * (9.8 m/ s2)
F = 147 N

We clear the formula:

X = 147 N
2100 N/m
X = 0.07 m

In cm it would be:
X = 0.07 m * 100cm
1m
X = 7 cm
CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE SYSTEMS

CONSERVATIVE SYSTEM:
It is a mechanical system in which mechanical energy is conserved, being one
of the fundamental laws of physics, which may have a partial character in the law of

1
conservation of mechanical energy, in which potential energy, kinetic energy and
work are linked as related forms in the manifestation of the total energy of a system.
Relates concepts such as:
 g is the acceleration of gravity.
 M, the mass is constant.
 The work done by the force of gravity depends only on the initial and final
positions, and this amount of work is independent of the path used to move
from one point to another.

In addition to the force of gravity, other conservative forces that we can find are: the
electrostatic force between electrically charged particles, and the force exerted by a
spring.

NON-CONSERVATIVE SYSTEM:
These are those in which the work done by them is different from zero along a
closed path. The work done by non-conservative forces is dependent on the path
taken. The longer the distance, the more work is done moving between two points,
such as a friction force (when a body moves on a horizontal real surface the work
performed by the force that performs the movement depends on the path followed
by the body between the initial and final points of the movement) and a magnetic
force.

PRINCIPLE OF
CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY

The principle of conservation of energy, also called the First Law of

Thermodynamics, states that in an isolated system, energy cannot be created or
destroyed, that is, the total energy before the transformation is equal to the total
transformation of energy.
Another way of saying it is that in an isolated system energy is neither created
nor destroyed, it is only transformed into another type or types of energy.
All of the above has to do with the following concepts that have been discussed
previously, such as:

1
 • The force applied by a spring and the force exerted by gravity, the forces allow
"energy to be stored", this being the potential energy associated with the work
performed by these forces.
• Potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy later; for example, when
a spring pushes a body back to its natural length, or when a body is dropped
from a height, thus losing potential energy but gaining speed.
• The forces that allow this conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy are
called conservative forces. That is, energy can be invested but it can be
recovered later.

CONCLUSION

With this report, it was possible to learn to calculate all the concepts seen in it,
with everyday examples and without major complexities, it was also understood that
energy manifests itself in physical changes, for example, when lifting an object,
transporting it, deforming it or heating it.
In short, movement, balance and their relationships with forces and energy
define a broad field of study known as mechanics. The approach in terms of work and
energy therefore provides an overview of mechanics as a fundamental part of
physics.

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