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Science

Science is a systematic discipline that organizes knowledge through testable hypotheses and predictions, divided into natural sciences, behavioral sciences, and formal sciences. Its history dates back to the Bronze Age, with significant contributions from ancient civilizations and a revival during the Medieval renaissances, leading to the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century. The 19th century marked the establishment of modern scientific institutions and the transition from 'natural philosophy' to 'natural science'.

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4 views

Science

Science is a systematic discipline that organizes knowledge through testable hypotheses and predictions, divided into natural sciences, behavioral sciences, and formal sciences. Its history dates back to the Bronze Age, with significant contributions from ancient civilizations and a revival during the Medieval renaissances, leading to the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century. The 19th century marked the establishment of modern scientific institutions and the transition from 'natural philosophy' to 'natural science'.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in

the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe.[1]


[2]
Modern science is typically divided into two or three major branches:
[3]
the natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology), which study
the physical world; and the behavioural
sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which
study individuals and societies.[4][5] The formal
sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which
study formal systems governed by axioms and rules,[6][7] are sometimes
described as being sciences as well; however, they are often regarded as a
separate field because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of
the scientific method or empirical evidence as their main methodology.[8]
[9]
Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical
purposes, such as engineering and medicine.[10][11][12]

The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the
earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the Bronze
Age in Egypt and Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1200 BCE). Their contributions to
mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the
Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts
were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on
natural causes, while further advancements, including the introduction of
the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, were made during the Golden Age of
India.[13]: 12 [14][15][16] Scientific research deteriorated in these regions after
the fall of the Western Roman Empire during the Early Middle Ages (400–
1000 CE), but in the Medieval renaissances (Carolingian
Renaissance, Ottonian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century)
scholarship flourished again. Some Greek manuscripts lost in Western Europe
were preserved and expanded upon in the Middle East during the Islamic
Golden Age,[17] along with the later efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who
brought Greek manuscripts from the dying Byzantine Empire to Western
Europe at the start of the Renaissance.

The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into
Western Europe from the 10th to 13th centuries revived natural philosophy,
[18][19][20]
which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began
in the 16th century[21] as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous
Greek conceptions and traditions.[22][23] The scientific method soon played a
greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that
many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take
shape,[24][25] along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural
science".[26]

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