AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

QUESTION BANK
CUET BASED QUESTIONS
CLASS 11

CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
1 Markers:
1. Psychology studies behaviour of many kinds. They can be the following.
a. Simple behavior b. Complex behavior c. Overt or covert behavior d. All of the above
2. Match the columns:
(a) Structuralism i. Organisation of perceptual
experiences
(b) Functionalism ii. Conditioning
(c) Behaviourism iii. Introspection
iv. Insight
(d) Gestalt Psychology

A. a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i

B. a-I, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv,
C. a-ii, b-I, c-iv, d-iii

3. Psychoanalysis was developed by:

a. Watson b. Freud c. James d. Wundt.

4. Watson developed
a. Structuralism b. Behaviourism c. Psychoanlysis d. Gestalt psychology

5. Abraham Maslow and Carl Roger were the founder of ________ approach
a. Developmental b. Biological c. Humanistic d. Socio-cultural

6. Study of psychology focuses on the active processing and transformation of information

is called
a. Humanistic b. Cognitive c. Behavioural d. Biological

7. Psychology is a science primarily because:

a. It attempts to understand mental and behavioral processes
b. It utilizes the scientific method to study mental and behavioral processes
c. Its intellectual roots are in philosophy
d. Its research findings are understood only by intelligent people
8. Which field of psychology studies the perception, motives, and behaviours are influenced by
the interactions of people?
a. Counseling b. Clinical c. Social d. Environmental
9. Which of the following would be the key concepts of behaviorism?
a. Individualism b. Unconscious c. Environment d. Self
actualization
10. What do you mean by cognition?
a. Act of knowing or perceiving
b. Act of doing something
c. Act of working
d. Both B and C
11. Which of the following is not scientific knowledge?
a. Observation b. Evidence c. Data collection d. Beliefs
12. Mental processes are activities of the mind and brain are related to cognitive processes like:
a. Thinking, problem solving, perception etc b. Subjective experience
c. Overt and covert Behaviour d. Stimulus response relations
13. ________approach to the study human mind was developed by William James
a. Structuralism b. Functionalist c. Introspective d. Behaviouristic
14. ______holds a medical degree and can use medical treatment to cure patients
a. Clinical Psychologist b. Psychologist c. Counselor d. Psychiatrist
15. First psychology Department at in India established by the headship of ________.
a. Prof. K. D Bruta b. Prof. N. N Sengupta c. Prof. G. Gupta d. Prof. Ganguli
16. Thought process is the main component of _________ perspective.
a. Gestalt Perspective c. Biological Perspective
b. Humanistic Perspective d. Cognitive Perspective
17. Who defined “Psychology as the science of immediate experience with consciousness being
the main subject matter”?
a. E.B. Titchener b. William James c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm
Wundt
18. Anything which evokes a response in the Organism is called.
a. Stimulus b. Thing c. Situation d. Incidence
19. Who is the psychologist who constructed the first intelligence test?
a. William James b. J. B. Watson c. William Mc Dougall d. Alfred
Binet
20. Clinical Psychology deals with the practical aspect of _________.
a. Abnormal Psychology c. Educational Psychology
b. Child Psychology d. Experimental Psychology
21. Psychology is the science studying the behaviour of _________.
a. Mankind b. Living organism c. Animals d. Plants
22. General psychology deals with _______.
a. Personality c. Development
b. Intelligent d. Fundamentals of all branches of psychology
23. ________approach to the study human mind was developed by William James
a. Structuralism b. Functionalist c. Introspective chd. Behaviouristic
24. From the following psychologist, who rejected introspection as a method of psychology
_________.
 a. B.F. Skinner b. Fultron c. Cattell d. J.B.
Watson
25. Psychologists with the Biological perspective try to relate behaviour to functions of
_________.
a. Body b. Mind c. Soul d.
Unconscious
26. Roger is struggling to balance his school, home, and social lives. What type of psychologist
would he go to for help?
a. Clinical b. Counselling c. Cognitive d. Human
Factors
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
mark the correct choice as :
a. Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not correct
explanation of Assertion(A).
c. Assertion(A) is true, but reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

1. Assertion (A): Psychology is not only a subject that satisfies curiosities of our mind about
human nature, but it also a subject that offers solutions to variety of problems like political,
economical, social etc.
Reason (R): A psychological analysis of these problems helps both in having a deeper
understanding of these problems and also finding effective solutions.

2. ASSERTION (A) : Environmental psychology studies the interaction between natural

and man-made environment and human behavior.
REASON (R): The knowledge of environmental psychology helps us prevent big disasters.

3. ASSERTION (A): Mind and brain are not interdependent.

REASON (R): Mind and brain are separate entities.

4. ASSERTION (A): Human behavior is not a function of the attributes of a person and
environment.
REASON (R): Rather human behavior is cased and it is difficult to pin point the one cause
behind occurrence of a behavior.

Answers:
1. D, 2. A, 3. B, 4. B, 5. C, 6. B, 7. B, 8. C, 9. C, 10. A, 11. D, 12. A, 13. B, 14. D, 15. B, 16. D,
17. D, 18. A, 19. D, 20. A, 21. A, 22. D, 23. B, 24. D, 25. A, 26. B, 27. A, 28. A, 29. D, 30. D
2 Markers:
1.Define Psychology?
2.Define mental processes.
3.Explain the terms experiences and behaviour in relation to the definition of
Psychology
4.How is Psychology understood in Indian tradition?
5.Mention a few emerging disciplines which borrowed from Psychology.
6.Differentiate between Psychology as a natural science and as a social science.
7.Relate Psychology with Physics.
8.Name main fields of specialization in psychology. Explain at least two.
9.What do you understand by behaviour? Mention its two types.
10.What do you understand by Hypothesis.
11. Many psychologists work in various different fields, they work for the society and the
community including conduction and designing of various programmes to benefit the people of
the community. _______________(CBR) is of major interest to community psychologists,
Elaborate
A11. Community based rehabilitation
12. A very renowned scientist once said, our intelligence is far more superior than we can think
of, the way we can use technology and closely link it with how our mind works, it can bring and
do wonders. Which discipline can psychology be combined with to bring about this change?
A12. Computer science

3 Markers:
1.What is mind? How is it different from brain?
2.What do you mean by ‘Stimulus and Response’?
3.What are the main propositions of Gestalt Psychology?
4.Where and how do community psychologist work?
5.Who is credited with the establishment of first psychological laboratory and
when?
6.Differentiate between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist.
7.Differentiate between a Counsellor and a Clinical Psychologist.
8.What is constructivism?
9.State the major difference between basic and applied Psychology.
10.What is overt and covert behaviour? Briefly explain with the help of an example.
11. Human is a social being, the society has a major impact to our psychological making. Taking
example of Ranjita and Shabnam, support the above statement.
A11. Psychology as a social science
12. Mental activities go on even when we are sleeping, they are different from brain activities,
use some examples to differentiate between the two.
A12. Brain vs Mind
13. Suppose you have to appear for an examination in a short while, what are the various
psychological processes involved in this timespan, define with examples.
A13. Mental processes, experience, behaviour
4 Markers:
1.Critically examine the status of Psychology as a science.
2.Draw a timeline of important events in Psychology since its inception.
3.Compare and contrast the behaviorist and cognitive perspective to psychology.
4.What is Structuralism? How it is different from functionalism.
5.How can knowledge of the field of industrial psychology be used for the growth of an
organization?
6. Some parents volunteered and registered in a programme, where various psychological
attributes of their children can be assessed and analysed over their entire lifespan from
conception to old age. This branch of psychology is known as____________. What are other
branches of psychology
A6.Developmental Psychology
7. Howard was very expressive earlier, but since covid pandemic he does not do so anymore, one
of his psychology friends noticed this and mentioned about changes in his behaviour. What is
meant by behaviour and what are its types?
A7. Responses or reactions we make or activities we are engaged in ,Overt and Covert
8. When psychology began evolving as a modern discipline, John Watson came up with a very
important transition in the evolution process, what was the change and how was it important?
A8.Behaviourism and scientific psychology
6 Markers:
1.Discuss some of the major disciplines linked to the field of Psychology.
2.Give a brief account of the evolution of Psychology.
3.Give an account of the development in Psychology in India?
4.Differentiate between-
a. Clinical Psychology and Counselling Psychology
b. Basic and Applied Psychology.
5.How Psychology is related to Computer Science, Law and Criminology and Medicine
6. Differentiate between Psychiatrist, counsellor and clinical psychologist.
7. Discuss about various branches of psychology
8. Psychologists work at various settings often referred to as human service areas. Elaborate.

Made by- Jalendu Dhamija

AISS
 CHAPTER 2
METHODS OF ENQUIRY IN PSYCHOLOGY

1 Markers (MCQ’s)

1. Validity is______
a. The extent the tests measures what it aims to measure
b. Consistency of tests results
c. Average scores or values
d. Uniformity in instructions, administration , scoring

1. ________ came into existence to study opinions & social facts.

a. Correlation study b. Case study c. Survey research d. Observation
2. A procedure by which a variable maybe selected or assigned in a completely unbiased
manner is called ________
a. Randomisation b. Manipulation c. Matching d. Counter-balancing
3. The variables which are external to the experiment and may interfere with the results
are______
a. Controlled b. Experimental c. Organismic d. Extraneous
4. A narrative of the events that take place in a person’s life is called :
a. Qualitative b. Quasi research c. Case study d. Quantitative
5. A psychological test is a ________and __________tool to assess the individual’s abilities
a. Standardized, valid
b. Standardized, objective
c. Standardized, reliable
d. Standardized, structured
6. For an interview, a list of questions prepared beforehand is called:
a. List b. Items c. Schedule d. Type
7. Matching helps in controlling _________ & __________ variables
a. Controlled & Experimental
 b. Organismic & Extraneous
c. Organismic & Background
d. Controlled & Background
8. A __________ test involves use of language in oral or written form
a. Speed b. Power c. Verbal d. Performance
9. _______ is the process of informing a participant of the actual intent of the experiment
after its successful completion
a. Deception b. Debriefing c. Confidentiality d. Informed consent
10. Cause-effect relationship between two sets of variables in a controlled setting is called
___________ method
a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Case study d. Observation
11. In conducting a survey, the investigator selects a few subjects called a _____ and then
makes the decision regarding the more general significance of his findings
a. Group b. Sample c. Population d. Team
12. Any measurable condition, event or behaviour that is controlled or observed in a study is
called a _____
a. Variance b. Variable c. Sample d. Structure
13. Research with the goal of deciding the strength of the relationship between 2 or more
events or variables is _____
a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Case study d. Observation
14. ________method is used by psychologists in which data is interpreted in terms of
narrative analysis in descriptive forms like field notes, photographs etc.
a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Case study d. Observation
15. Which one Not a Goal of Psychological enquiry.
a.Discussion b. Explanation c. Control d. Application
16. The advantage of this descriptive method of research is that it creates an immense amount
of data to be gathered quickly and inexpensively
a.Observational b.Correlation c.Experiments d.Survey
17. An educated guess about the relationship between two variables - a prediction about what
will happen.
a.Correlation b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Variable
18. If we wanted to find out whether students prefer Pepsi products or Coke products we
would conduct a
a. Variance b. Survey c. Case study d. Naturalistic observation
19. Identify the situational variables.
a. Prior experience and knowledge of the subject, intelligence
b. Independent and dependent variable
c. Time, noise, temperature
d. Extraneous variable
20. Which one of the following is not a principle of ethics in psychology?
a) Respect for persons’ privacy
b) Protecting the participants in the study from any harm
c) Accepting family requests from the client
d) Sharing the benefits of research with all participants.
21. Which of the following do we know to be true about the qualitative approach?
a) When researchers report and comment on behavior, without attempting to
quantify it, they are using a qualitative research method.
b) Qualitative methods can include coding, grouping, and collecting observations.
c) The way people evaluate the friendliness of the people they meet illustrates some
features of a qualitative approach to psychological research.
d) All of the above.
22. The main rule of naturalistic observation.
a.Setting up dependent and independent variable
b. Research and find enough participants
c. Not disturbing participants in the study
d.Getting enough different age groups for study
23. ___________ of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on
the same test on two different occasions.
a) Reliability b) Validity c) Objectivity d) None of the above
24. The data related to height, weight, heart rate, fatigue level, Skin resistance, EEG falls in
the category of ___________
a) Demographic Information
b) Physical Information
c) Physiological Data
d) Psychological Information
25. The questions in the schedule are written clearly in a particular sequence is a __________
type of interview.
a) Personal b) Structured c) Unstructured d) None of the above
26. The situation where one interviewer interviews another person is called as:
a.Interviewer to group b) Group to interviewer
c) Individual to individual d) Group to group
27. In ________ experiments, the independent variable is selected rather than varied or
manipulated by the experimenter.
b. Field experiment
c. Quasi Experiment
d. Positive experiments
e. Pure experiment
28. Freud’s insights that led to the development of psychoanalytic theory emerged from his
observations and showed that meticulous records must be maintained on individual cases.
Which method is being indicated?
f. Performance tests
g. Survey method
h. Case Study
i. Psychological Testing
29. Which of the following is collected as Psychological information _________
a) Emotions b) Delusions c) Consciousness d) All of the above
30. Which of the following statement is true :-
a) In a survey method information can be gathered quickly and efficiently from
thousands of people.
b) Public opinions on new issues can be obtained almost as soon as the issues arise
c) People may give inaccurate information because of memory lapse, or they may
not want to let the researcher know what they really believe about a particular
issue.
d) All of the above
31. Which of this information is not collected as Psychological information ________
a) Creativity b) Interest values c) Blood oxygen levels d) Subjective experiences
32. Which of the following is not a limitation of psychological enquiry?
a) Lack of true zero point
b) Psychological tools are standardized tools
c) Subjective interpretation of qualitative data
d) Relative nature of psychological tools
33. A psychological test that has test items in increasing order of difficulty is called
a) Speed test b) Performance test
c) Power test d) Standardised test
 34. Independent variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to ______
a. Hypothesis-conclusion b. Effect-cause
c. Conclusion-hypothesis d. Cause-effect
35. (A)- Rohan strongly agreed to all the statements in the questionnaire, indicating he agreed
to all the rules of the school.
(R ) - People sometimes offer responses in a questionnaire that they think the
researcher wants to hear.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) Both A and R are false
2 Markers:
1. State any hypothesis. Identify the IV & DV.
2. Define Objectivity.
3. Distinguish between open-ended and close-ended questions.
4. What is Zero correlation?
5. Define Validity of a test.
6. What are the advantages of the survey technique?
7. State 2 demerits of observation method.
8. What is a power test?
9. Differentiate between interview and questionnaire.
10. Differentiate between structured and unstructured interview.
11. Differentiate between individual and group test.
12. Explain the case study method.
13. What is correlation coefficient?
14. What are norms?
15. Differentiate between independent and dependent variable.
16. Differentiate between naturalistic and controlled observation.
17. Define a hypothesis.
18. What is a performance test?
19. What are the characteristic features of scientific research?
20. What is demographic information?
21. Ria is conducting psychological research. Is it important for her to share results of the
study? Why?
22. Diagrammatically represent the steps in conducting psychological enquiry.
23. What is interpretive research?
 24. Distinguish between narrative analysis & content analysis.
3 Markers:
1. Explain Quasi experiment with the help of an example.
2. How can different types of psychological tests be categorized?
3. On what grounds has the experimental method been criticized?
4. How is scientific observation different from day-to-day observation?
5. Explain the characteristic features of a standardized test.
6. Explain the nature of psychological data.
7. Distinguish between naturalistic and controlled observation.
8. What is the difference between experimental and control group?
9. Explain different types of variables.
10. What are the features of a scientific study?
11. What is correlation? Explain its types.
12. Explain the significance of debriefing in psychological research.
13. What are the limitations of psychological enquiry?
14. Ria wants to study people’s attitude towards welfare programmes by circulating a
questionnaire via internet. Is this study likely to reflect the views of the general
population accurately? Justify.
4 Markers:
1. Enumerate the limitations of psychological enquiry.
2. What are the goals of psychological enquiry?
3. What are the techniques employed to control relevant variables in an experimental
setting?
4. What are the steps involved in conducting a psychological enquiry?
5. Enumerate the characteristic features of a standardized test.
6. How do qualitative methods differ from quantitative methods in analyzing data?
7. How can we control relevant variables?
8. Differentiate between field and quasi experiments. Support with examples.
9. What is the significance of debriefing in psychological research?
10. Case study is a valuable research tool in clinical psychology & human development.
Define the concept & state its significance.
6 Markers:
1. Enumerate the ethical guidelines that a psychologist must follow while conducting
psychological research.
2. Give 2 examples of the situations where survey method can be used. What are the
limitations of this method?
3. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of experimental method as a method of enquiry.
 4. How do psychological tests differ from class tests?
5. ‘Research is a continuous process’. Explain with reference to conducting scientific
research.
6. Give a detailed account of different research methods.
7. What are the different types of observation employed in research?

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1. The Government of India is trying to see the effect of vaccines on combating
coronavirus. They have been recording the after effects of taking 1 shot of covaxin and 1
shot of covieshield followed by the effects of the second shot and are still researching
which type of vaccine might need a booster shot also. However, multiple factors might
also bring variations in results like - comorbid health conditions in people, prior
immunity levels and those who have contracted the virus vs. those who have not.
1.1 In the above case, ________________ method of enquiry is being used.
a. Observation b. Case Study
b. Survey d. Experimental
1.2 Independent variable in the above situation is ____________
a. Effect of vaccine on coronavirus
b. Type of vaccine - covaxin and covieshield
c. Amount of vaccine, one shot or two
d. Symptoms of taking the vaccine
1.3 Dependent variable in this situation is __________
a. Various prior health conditions
b. After effects of taking the vaccine
c. Type of vaccine - covaxin and covieshield
d. Amount of vaccine, one shot or two
1.4 What are some of the extraneous variables?
a. Type of vaccine - covaxin and covieshield
b. Amount of vaccine, one shot or two
c. Various factors like comorbid health conditions, prior immunity levels and those
who have contracted the virus vs. those who have not.
d. All of the above

2. An army General observes the movement of his battalion through pictures taken from
a drone.
2.1 He is engaging in non-participant observation
 a. True b. False
2.2 He is carrying out a controlled observation
a. True b. False
ANSWERS 1 Markers (MCQ’s)
1) a) The extent the tests measures what it aims to measure
2) c) Survey research
3) a) Randomisation
4) d) Extraneous
5) c) Case study
6) b) Standardised, objective
7) c) Schedule
8) c) Organismic & Background
9) c) Verbal
10) b) Debriefing
11) a) Experimental
12) b) Sample
13) b) Variable
14) b) Correlational
15) c) Case study
16) a) Discussion
17) d) Survey
18) b) Hypothesis
19) b) Survey
20) c) Time, noise, temperature
21) c) Accepting family requests from the client
22) d) All of the above.
23) c) Not disturbing participants in the study
24) a) Reliability
25) c) Physiological Data
26) b) Structured
27) c) Individual to individual
28) b) Quasi Experiment
29) c) Case Study
30) d) All of the above
31) d) All of the above
32) c) Blood oxygen levels
33) b) Psychological tools are standardized tools
34) c) Power test
35) d) Cause-effect
36) a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

ANSWERS TO CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1.1 d) Experimental
1.2 a) Effect of vaccine on coronavirus
1.3 b) After effects of taking the vaccine
1.4 d) All of the above
2.1 a) True
2.2 b) False

BHAVNA SHARMA
AISG-46
 Chapter- 4 Human Development
1. Piaget's stage of cognitive development in which an infant explores the world by coordination
of sensory experiences with physical actions is called as ____________.
a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational staged d. Formal operational stage
2. Evolution proceeds at:
a. a very fast pace b. a slow pace
c. a very slow pace d. a very slow pace
3. Development is influenced by an interplay of:
a. Biological and socio-emotional process. b. Biological, cognitive and socio-
emotional processes.
c. Cognitive processes. d. Cognitive processes.
4. Which of the following reflects socio-emotional processes?
a. A child hug to her mother. b. A young girl affectionate gesture to his/her sibling.
c. An adolescent’s sorrow at losing a match. d. An adolescent’s sorrow at losing a
match.
5.The process by which an individual grows and changes throughout the life cycle is termed as:
a. growth b. development
b. maturation d. maturation
6. Which of the following reflex is shown by a new-born?
a. Rooting b. More c. Grasp d. Babinski
7.Babinski disappears in:
a. 3 to 6 months b. 8 to 12 months
c.12 to 14 months d.12 to 14 months
8. The approximate age of sensorimotor stage is:
a. 0-2 years b. 2-7 years c. 7-9 years d. 7-11 year
9. The close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their parents is
called:
a. Attachment b. close relationship
c. close bond d. open bond
10. Which of the following can be considered as gross motor skills of three years old child?
a. Hopping b. Jumping c. Hitting d. Runing
11.Fit Jigsaw puzzle precisely is a fine motor skill for the children of:
a. 3 years old b. 4 years old
c. 5 years old d. 9 years old
12.Which of the following is egocentrism?
a. Self-focus b. Thinking that all things are living.
c . Thinking that all things are non-living. d. . Thinking that all things are non-living
13. Focusing on a single characteristic is:
a. Egocentrism b. Animism
c. Centration d. Centration
14.The stage of life that begins at the onset of puberty when sexual maturity or the ability to
reproduce is attained is called:
a. Adulthood b. Adolescence
c. Middle aged d.Middle aged
15. According to Piaget the formal operational thought appears between the age of:
a. 8—10 years b. 10—11 years
c. 11—15 years d. 11—15 years
Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions
a. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c. A is true, R is false
d. A is false, R is true
16. Assertion (A): Growth refers to an increase in the size of body parts or of the organism as a
whole
Reasoning (R): Development is a process by which an individual grows and changes
throughout the life cycle
17. Assertion (A): Maturation refers to the changes that follow an orderly sequence and are
largely dictated by the genetic blueprint which produces commonalities in our growth and
development.
Reasoning (R): Evolution refers to species-specific changes. Natural selection is an evolutionary
process that favors individuals or a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce.
18. Assertion (A): In early childhood children focus on a single characteristic or feature for
understanding an event.
Reasoning (R): This phenomenon is called centration
19. Assertion (A): The growth spurt generally begins at the age of 12 or 13 for boys and at
the age of 10 or 11 for girls.
Reasoning (R): It is normal to have variations in the pubertal sequence
20. Assertion (A): Some adolescents take recourse to smoking and drugs as a way of coping with
stress.
Reasoning (R): This can interfere with the development of coping skills and responsible
decision-making.
21. Assertion (A): An adult is generally defined as someone who is responsible, mature, self-
supporting, and well-integrated into society.
Reasoning (R): There is a variation in developing these attributes, which suggests that there is a
shift in timing when an individual becomes an adult or assumes adult roles.
22.Assertion (A): The elderly tends to look towards others to lean on and to care for them.
Reasoning (R): Indian culture favors dependency of elderly on their children, for old age needs
caring.
23. Assertion (A): Adolescence is commonly defined as the stage of life that begins at the onset
of puberty, when sexual maturity, or the ability to reproduce is attained
Reasoning (R): It has been regarded as a period of rapid change, both biologically and
psychologically
23. Assertion (A): Development is multi-directional
Reasoning (R): Some dimensions or components of a given dimension of development may
increase, while others show decrement
24. Assertion (A): Mastery in developmental tasks is important for effective and normal
development.
Reason (R): Failure in developmental tasks results in deviant behavior
25. Assertion (A): Delinquency refers to variety of behaviors, ranging from legal offences, to
criminal acts e.g.: truancy, stealing etc.
Reason (R): Delinquency is not associated with low parental support, inappropriate discipline
and family discord.
26. Assertion (A): Old age is an issue of perception.
Reason (R): Some people perceive retirement as a negative change which includes dependency
of elderly on their children for financial support
27. Assertion (A): The child develops physically, gains height and weight, learns to walk, runs,
jumps and plays with a ball.
Reason (R): development refers to increase in size of body parts only
28. ASSERTION (A): Ego-centrism means children see the world from other’s perspective.
REASON(R): Children because of ego-centrism engage in animism thinking all things are living
29. Assertion (A): Development is lifelong
Reasoning (R): it takes place across all age groups starting from conception to old age.
30. ASSERTION (A): The career orientation of school students today is very different from
those students who were in schools 50 years ago
REASON(R): Development is influenced by historical conditions.
2Markers:
1.Define development.
2.State the important features of development.
3.Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
4.What are teratogens?
5.Explain animism.
6.What are gender roles?
7.What are the motor skills that occur during the early childhood?
8.How a baby does react when the bottom of his foot is stroked? What is it known as? (HOTS)
9.Name the dimensions of children’s socio-economic development.
10.What is object permanence?
3 Markers:
1.Explain imaginary audience and personal fable.
2.Discuss factors influencing human development.
3.Describe the effect of teratogens on prenatal development.
4.Discuss some emotional processes that influence development.
5.Explain Hypothetical deductive reasoning?
6.What are the characteristics of ayear-old infant in sensory motor stage.
7.What are the gross motor and fine motor skills found during the childhood?
8.Explain developmental tasks by giving appropriate examples.
9.Observing violence on television enhances aggressive behavior among children? Discuss.
(HOTS)
10.Discuss any two major challenges faced by adolescents.
4 Markers:
1.Attachment is an emotional bond between an infant or toddler and primary caregiver, a strong
bond being vital for the child’s normal behavioural and social development. (HOTS)
2.Describe the main features of life-span perspective on development
3.What is development? How is it different from growth and maturation?
4.What is chronosystem? How is it different from mesosystem and ecosystem.
5.An adult thinks differently than eight years old. Discuss.
6 Markers:
1.Discuss the challenges faced by individuals on entry to adulthood.
2.Discuss in detail the hurdles faced by the old people post–retirement by giving suitable
examples. (HOTS)
3.Elaborate on the cognitive changes taking place in a developing child.
4.Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
5.Explain Erickson’s theory of psychosexual development
Answers for 1 marker
1.Ans: a. 2.Ans- A 3. Answer - b. 4. Answer–d. 5.Answer: (b) 6. Answer: d 7. Answer: b. 8.
Answer: a. 9. Ans- a. 10. Ans- d. 11. Answer: b. 12. Ans- a. 13. Answer-c.14.Ans-b. 15. Ans-
c.16.Ans-b. 17. Ans-b. 18. Ans-a. 19.Ans-a. 20. Ans-a.21.Ans-a. 22. Ans-a. 23-Ans-a. 24. Ans-
a. 25.Ans-c.26.Ans-b. 27. Ans-c. 28.Ans-d. 29. Ans-a.30-Ans-a

SHILPA MONDAL
AISN
 CHAPTER 5: SENSORY, ATTENTIONAL AND PERCEPTUAL
PROCESSES

1.Robin is interested in studying the relationship between stimuli and the sensations they evoke.
Which discipline should he pursue?
a) physics b) chemistry c) psychophysics d) psychology
2.Sheela stated that she could still feel the effect of a visual stimulus even after the removal of
that stimulus from the visual field. She is talking about an effect called----------------------.
a) colour vision b) after image c) saturation d) hue
3. Filter –attenuation theory is a modification of which of the following?
a. two-factor theory b. Filter theory c. Gestalt Theory d. Divided attention
theory
4. Our ‘perceptual span’ is a magical number that ranges from ---------------- to ------------.
a) 5 to 9 b) 3 to 8 c) 4 to 10 d) 6 to 10
5. The process of organizing visual field into meaningful wholes is known as -----------------.
a. depth b. form c. sensation d. attention
6. The figures support the ------------------------ law of perception.
a. similarity b. proximity c. continuity d. closure
7. We can assess the distance of an approaching automobile, the loudness with which to call a
person at a distance. This is possible because of our ability of --------------- perception.
a. depth b. form c. sensation d. attention
8. Which cues are often used by artists to induce the third dimension in two dimensional
pictures?
a. monocular b. binocular c. illusionary d. constancy
9. ----------------------- is the perceived intensity of light.
a) color b) rhodopsin c) brightness d) hue
10. Sanam can easily attend to two different things at the same time. Which attention is she high
on?
a. selective b. sustained c. divided d. alternating
11. Rohan is impulsive with excessive motor activity and an inability to attend. He may be
suffering from what problem?
a. PTSD b. ADHD c. SAD d. Depression
12. Saahil’s tutor comes at 4:30 p.m. Every day. Anyone ringing the doorbell around that time,
he perceives it to be his tutor. What is this phenomenon called?
a. mental disorder b. mental stress c. mental set d. mental asylum
13. We can notice a stimulus as they carry a minimum value or weight called. What is it called?
a. DL b. AL c. SL d. FL
14. What is the adjustment of our eye to a range of light intensities is called?
a. Selection b. Attention c. Perception d. Adaptation
15. The seven notes used in Indian classical music represent a gradual increase in their timbre.
a. pitch b. timbre c. loudness d. range
16. Attention refers to the property/properties of -------------------
a) alertness b) concentration c) search d) all of the above
17. Complete the flow chart:
Stimulus - Sensory receptors - _______________ ____________ - Perception.
18. When we see words on a page, the page stays behind. This indicates about the most primitive
organization of perception called---------------------.
a. figure b. ground c. figure-ground d. background
19. When some portion of an object is covered by another, the overlapped object is considered
farther. Which cues is being talked about?
a. motion parallax b. overlapping c. texture gradient d. aerial perspective
20. Attention can be affected by internal, external, motivational and -------------- factors.
a. cognitive b. sensitive c. perceptive d. Attentive
2 Markers:
1. What is selective attention influenced by?
2. State any example of a perceptual cue.
3. Sargam usually uses top-down processing to learn about objects. How do you think this
process of recognition takes place?
4. Which are the two internal senses? What purpose do they serve?
5. This figure is based on one of the laws of perception. State another example based on the same
principle.
6. This figure supports a psychological cue. Identify and explain.
7. When we see moving pictures in a cinema, we are influenced by this kind of illusion. Identify
and elaborate the phenomenon at work.
8. Why do distant objects appear to move slowly than the objects that are close?
9. Our sense organs have functional limitations. Justify.
10. Give one instance of perception being influenced by the socio-cultural factors.
3 Markers:
1. What are the practical implications of attention?
2. What is perceptual constancy? State its kinds.
3. Explain the concept of DL with the help of an example.
4. How is filter theory different from filter-attenuation theory?
5. What do you mean by cognitive style?
6. How is ‘focus’ different from ‘fringe’?
7. How do negative after images appear?
8. What has been Muller-Lyer’s contribution to the field of perception?
9. What are the different sensations at work?
10. These images support a particular notion of perception. Identify and explain.
4 Markers:
1. What is sustained attention? What are the factors that affect to sustain your attention?
2. What does the multi-mode theory of attention state?
3. How can we identify a child having ADHD?
4. Imagine, you are granted with the gift to double the efficiency of ONE of your senses. Which
sense would it be and why?
5. Illusions are examples of non-veridical perceptions. Elaborate.
6 Markers:
1. Describe the processing approaches in perception with suitable examples from daily life.
2. Depth perception is supported by numeral monocular cues. Discuss them.
3. Explain the properties of perception.
4. State examples for the three types of perceptual constancies.
5. Our perception is guided by a number of laws as proposed by the Gestalt Psychologists. Write
about them.
ANSWER KEY (SECTION A-1 MARKERS)
1. PSYCHOPHYSICS 2. AFTER IMAGES 3. TRUE 4. a. 5 to 9 5. FORM PERCEPTION
6. CLOSURE 7. DEPTH 8. FALSE 9. BRIGHTNESS 10.DIVIDED ATTENTION 11. ADHD
12. MENTAL SET 13. ABSOLUTE LIMEN 14. ADAPTATION 15. FALSE 16. ALL OF THE
ABOVE 17. ATTENTION – CNS PROCESSING 18. FIGURE & GROUND PERCEPTION
19.OVERLAPPING 20. COGNITIVE FACTORS

MADE BY: SAMPURNA SATPATHY

AISV-6
 CHAPTER 6- LEARNING

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
· Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential
produced by experience or practice. It is an inferred process and differs from performance
which is the observed behaviour/response/action.

· The main types of learning are: classical and operant conditioning, observational
learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, concept learning, and skill learning.

· Pavlov first investigated classical conditioning in the course of studies on digestion in

dogs. In this kind of learning an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus
(CS) that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response (CR) that
anticipates and prepares the organism for US.

· Skinner first investigated operant or instrumental conditioning (OC). An operant is any

response voluntarily emitted by an organism. OC is a type of learning in which response
is strengthened if followed by reinforcement. A reinforcer can be any event that increases
the frequency of preceding response. Thus, the consequence of a response is crucial. The
rate of OC is influenced by the type, number, schedule, and delay of reinforcement.

· Observational learning is also known as imitation, modelling and social learning. We

acquire knowledge by observing a model's behaviour. The performance depends on
whether the model's behaviour is rewarded or punished.

· In verbal learning words get associated with one another on the basis of structural,
phonetic, and semantic similarity and contrast. They are often organised in clusters.

· In experimental studies, paired-associates learning, serial learning, and free recall

methods are used. Meaningfulness of material, and subjective organisation influence
learning. It may be incidental also.
 1 MARKERS
Q1. Observant learning is very common in
a. Plants b. Monkey children c. Human children d. Birds
Q2. ________ theory of operant conditioning is an extension of theories of Pavlov
a. Ebbinghaus's b. Freud's c. Watson's d. Skinner's
Q3. The other name for Pavlovian conditioning
a. Classical conditioning b. Chimpanzee conditioning c. Operant conditioning
d. Clinical approach
Q4. __________ is the key term for understanding operant conditioning.
a. Recall b. Reinforcement c. Retention d. None of the above
Q5. The apparatus which was specially designed for Skinner's experiments was known as
Skinner's.
a. Platform b. Rods c. Pigeon d. Box
Q6. Skinner mastered in
a. Verbal rote learning b. None of these c. Operant conditioning d. Perceptual process
Q7._____ stands for a relatively permanent change in a behavioural tendency which occurs as a
result of reinforced practice.
a. Actions b. Memory c. Thinking d. Learning
Q8. After a week at his new school, Ram has formed a mental representation of the layout of the
school campus and no longer gets lost. Ram has developed-
a. Cognitive map b. Spontaneous recovery c. Social learning d. Skill
Q9. Which of the following is a feature of learning?
a. Learning always involves some kinds of experience.
b. Behaviour changes that occur due to learning are relatively permanent.
c. Learning involves a sequence of psychological events.
d. All of the above
Q10. Which of the following is determinant of classical conditioning?
a.Time relations between stimuli b. Type of unconditioned stimuli
c. Intensity of conditioned stimuli d. All of the above
Q11. Learning is:
a. an inferred process b. a performance c. observed behaviour d. not permanent
Q12. The simplest kind of learning is called
a. Observing b. Conditioning c. Experiencing d. Cognitive maps
Q13. Observational learning was first investigated by:
a. P. Pavlov b. D. Roberts c. B. F. Skinner d. Albert Bandura
Q14. ____increases the rate of response that precedes its presentation
a. Punishment b. Positive reinforcer c. Negative reinforcer d. None of the above
Q15. A primary reinforcer is biologically important since it determines the:
a. Organism's survival b. Organism's experience c. Organism's acquired
character d. None of the above
Q16. Which of the following can be learned by the method of observational learning?
a. Aggressiveness b. Courtesy c. Pro-social behaviour d. All of the above
Q17. The process by which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes clear is known as:
a. Insight learning b. Latent learning c. Verbal learning d. Observational learning
Q18. The kind of learning in which a new behaviour is learned but not demonstrated until
reinforcement is provided for displaying it, is known as:
a. insight learning b. latent learning c. operant conditioning d. classical
conditioning
Q19. In which of the following the extinction of a response is more difficult?
a. Partial reinforcement b. Continuous reinforcement c. Discontinuous
reinforcement d. None of the above
Q20. From which of the following learning styles are mainly derived?
a. Perceptual modality b. Information processing c. Personality patterns
d. All of the above
Q21. Match the following:
1) Classical Conditioning i)Kohler
2) Operant Conditioning ii)Pavlov
3) Insightful Learning iii)Bandura
4) Observational learning iv) Skinner
a. 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii b. 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-iv, 4-ii c. 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-iii, 4-i d. 1-i, 2-iii, 3-iv, 4-ii
Q22. A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response. In
Pavlov's dogs, the food is:
a. Unconditioned Stimulus b. Conditioned Stimulus c. Conditioned Response
d. Neutral Stimulus
Q23. In Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivates at the sight of the bowl, even when it's empty.
This is an example of:
a. Conditioned Response b. Unconditioned Stimulus c. Unconditioned Response
d. Neutral Stimulus
Q24. The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of
the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of a reinforcer is called ____
a. Extinction b. Spontaneous Recovery c. Operant Conditioning d. Reinforcement
Q25. Learning by watching and imitating the actions of another, or noting the consequences of
those actions is called ________
a. Discovery b. Rote learning c. Observational learning d. Latent learning
Q26. Paying a fine for speeding is an example of what type of learning?
a. Positive Reinforcement b. Negative Reinforcement c. Punishment
d. Classical Conditioning
Q27. Getting a sticker when you get a good grade on a test is an example of what type of
learning?
a. Positive Reinforcement b.Negative Reinforcement c.Punishment d.
Classical Conditioning
Q28. Leaving early for work to avoid traffic is an example of what type of learning?
a. Positive Reinforcement b. Negative Reinforcement c. Punishment d.
Classical Conditioning
Q29. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned
stimulus with the conditioned response is called:
a. Stimulus Generalization b.Neutral Stimulus c.Unconditioned Stimulus
d.Conditioned Stimulus
Q30. A previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after
pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's dogs, when the dogs linked the bowl with the
food it is called:
a. Conditioned Stimulus b. Unconditioned Stimulus c. Unconditioned Response
d. Neutral Stimulus
 2 MARKERS
Q1.Define the following in 20-30 words
i. Biofeedback
ii. cognitive map
iii. dyslexia
iv. free-recall
v. insight
vi. mental set
vii. modeling
viii. spontaneous recovery
ix. extinction
Q2. What is the mechanism of action of aversion therapy?
Q3. How can you tell whether a child has a learning disability?
Q4. Distinguish generalization from discrimination.
Q5. What is extinction? What factors influence extinction?
Q6. What is learning?
Q7. What is negative reinforcement?
Q8. What is verbal learning?
Q9. How is intermittent reinforcement administered?
Q10. What takes place during the autonomous stage of skill acquisition?
Q11. What is the serial anticipation method?
Q12. Give an example of insightful learning that you have encountered.
Q13. What happens if reinforcement is delayed?
Q14. What is habituation?
Q15. What factors influence extinction?

3 MARKERS
Q1. How does classical conditioning demonstrate association learning?
Q2. Discuss the various kinds of reinforcement.
Q3. Describe the processes for researching verbal learning.
Q4. What are the stages in the development of skill learning?
Q5. Describe the many types of cognitive learning.
Q6. Using a graph, explain the phenomena of spontaneous recovery.
Q7. Distinguish between aversive and appetitive conditioning.
Q8. What variables promote learning?
Q9. What was skinners major contribution to psychology? How are responses acquired through
operant conditioning?
Q10. Differentiate between Classical and Operant conditioning
Q11. Discuss the main features of verbal learning.
Q12. Why is motivation a prerequisite for learning?
Q13. Distinguish between extinction and spontaneous recovery

4 MARKERS
Q1. Using pertinent examples, explain how a psychologist would use:
i. extinction
ii. Modeling
Q2. Explain the distinction between insight and latent learning.
Q3. Discuss the various schedules of reinforcement.
Q4. Discuss the determiners that influence the course of verbal learning.
Q5. What is a skill? What are the stages through which skill learning develops?
Q6. What does the notion of preparedness for learning mean?
Q7. What is reinforcement? Differentiate among positive and negative reinforcers and
Punishment

6 MARKERS
Q1.A good role model is essential for a growing child. Discuss the type of learning that
facilitates it.
OR
A good role model is very important for a growing up child. Discuss the kind of learning that
supports it.
Q2. How can students with learning difficulties be identified?
Q3. How does classical conditioning demonstrate learning by association?
Q4. Explain the procedures for studying verbal learning.
Q5. What is classical conditioning? Why it is known as Pavlovian conditioning?
Q6. Explain the different forms of cognitive learning.
Q7. Explain Operant Conditioning with example.
Q8. Discuss the factors that influence the course of operant conditioning.
Q9. “When learning takes place, be it classical or operant conditioning, it involves the
occurrence of certain processes”. Explain.

ANSWER KEY/HINTS
MCQ BASEQ QUESTION
ANSWER 1. OPTION C-Human children
ANSWER 2. OPTION D-Skinner’s
ANSWER 3. OPTION A-classical conditioning
ANSWER 4. OPTION A-recall
ANSWER 5. OPTION D-box
ANSWER 6. OPTION C-operant conditioning
ANSWER7. OPTION D-learning
ANSWER 8. OPTION A-cognitive map
ANSWER 9. OPTION D-all of the above
ANSWER 10. OPTION D-all of the above
ANSWER 11. OPTION A- an inferred process
ANSWER 12. OPTION B-conditioning
ANSWER 13. OPTION D-Albert Bandura
ANSWER 14. OPTION B-positive reinforcer
ANSWER 15. OPTION A-organism’s survival
ANSWER 16. OPTION D-all of the above
ANSWER 17. OPTION B-latent learning
ANSWER 18. OPTION A-Insight learning
ANSWER 19. OPTION A-partial reinforcement
ANSWER 20. OPTION C-personality patterns
ANSWER 21. OPTION A-1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii
ANSWER 22. OPTION A-unconditioned stimulus
ANSWER 23. OPTION A- conditioned response
ANSWER 24. OPTION A-extinction
ANSWER 25. OPTION C-observational learning
ANSWER 26. OPTION C-punishment
ANSWER 27. OPTION A- positive reinforcement
ANSWER 28. OPTION B- negative reinforcement
ANSWER 29. OPTION A-stimulus generalisation
ANSWER 30. OPTION A-conditioned stimulus
6 MARKERS
ANSWER 1. Observational learning, concept of modelling
ANSWER 2. Symptoms of learning disabilities
ANSWER 3. Classical conditioning was first explained in Pavlov’s experiments in which a dog
was kept on a harness with a tube attached to the dog’s jaw on one end, a measuring jar on the
other end. The dog was kept hungry in the course of experiments, every time the dogs was given
food a bell was rung before it, slowly the dog become conditioned to believe that the ringing bell
meant that food was coming. So, he began salivating at the sound at the bell. The dog continued
to salivate even when food was not given after the bell. Hence, salivation became a conditioned
response to the conditioned stimulus.
ANSWER 4. Paired associated, serial learning, free recall
ANSWER 5. This type of learning was first investigated by Ivan P. Pavlov; Classical
conditioning is a behaviorist theory of learning. It posits that when a naturally occurring stimulus
and an environmental stimulus are repeatedly paired, the environmental stimulus will eventually
elicit a similar response to the natural stimulus; Pavlov’s dog experiment
ANSWER 6. Insight learning and latent learning
ANSWER 7: This type of conditioning was first investigated by B.F. Skinner. Skinner studied
occurrence of voluntary responses when an organism operates on the environment. He called
them operants. Operants are those behaviours or responses, which are emitted by animals and
human beings voluntarily and are under their control. The term operant is used because the
organism operates on the environment. Conditioning of operant behaviour is called operant
conditioning; Skinner box;
Example: Examples of instrumental conditioning abound in our everyday life. Children who
want to have some sweets in the absence of their mother learn to locate the jar in which mother
hides the sweets for safekeeping and eat it. Children learn to be polite and say ‘please’ to get
favours from their parents and others. One learns to operate mechanical gadgets such as radio,
camera, T.V., etc. based on the principle of instrumental conditioning. As a matter of fact human
beings learn short cuts to attain desired goals or ends through instrumental conditioning.
ANSWER 8. Types of reinforcements; Number of Reinforcement and other Features; Schedules
of Reinforcement; Delayed Reinforcement
ANSWER 9. Reinforcement; extinction; generalization; discrimination and spontaneous
recovery

Shimran Vohra
Amity International School, Pushp Vihar
 Chapter 7
Human Memory
CUET BASED MCQ-1 marker
1. Which one of them is not a component of working memory given by Baddley?
a. The central executive b. Phonological loop c. Control processes d.
Visuospatial sketchpad
2. Who proposed the levels of processing model?
a. Atkinson and Shiffrin b. Baddeley c. Craik and Lockhart d. Allan Collins and
Ross Quillian
3. Which of the following is the method used for memory measurement?
a. Priming b. Sentence verification task c. Free Recall and recognition d. All of the
above
4. Which of these stages of the memory processes are in correct order?
a. Encoding, retrieval, storage b. Storage, retrieval and encoding c. Retrieval,
storage and encoding d. Encoding, storage and retrieval
5. The first model of memory, known as______________. It was proposed by Atkinson and
Shiffrin in 1968.
a. Levels of processing model b. Stage Model c. Dual coding Hypothesis d.
Working Memory model
6. _________________ rehearsal simply maintains information through repetition and when
such repetitions discontinue the information is lost.
a. Elaborative b. Practice c. Maintenance d. Memory
7. The capacity of short-term memory can be used using______________________.
a. Amnesia b. Chunking c. Meditation d. Method of loci
8. Which of these statements about long-term memory is/are correct?
a. Episodic memory contains memories relating to our personal life experiences.
b. One major classification within long-term memory is that of episodic and semantic .
c. Implicit memory is a kind of memory that a person is not aware of.
d. Procedural memory is the memory of general awareness and knowledge
Options:
a. a & d ii)b & c iii) a & c iv) c & d
9. Which of the following are causes of forgetting?
a. Forgetting due to lack of practice b. Forgetting due to Trace Decay
c. Forgetting due to accident d. forgetting due to Interference
Options:
i. a&c ii)b & c iii) b & d iv) c & d
10. Priyanka learned how to make tea from her father when she was just eight years old. Now
she is twenty three, she makes tea every day for herself without even thinking about it in an
effortless manner. This example demonstrates which type of long memory?
a. Episodic memory b. Autobiographical memory c. Declarative memory
d. Procedural memory
11. (A): Information that enters the short-term memory store fades away quickly if not
rehearsed.
(R): the short term memory store has a capacity to hold new information for as long as thirty
seconds before it is forgotten.
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(iii) Both A is true and R is false
(iv) A is False and R is true
12. A: Simply repeating a piece of information can ensure that it gets stored in the long-term
memory
R: Elaborative Rehearsal involves deep level processing which important for long ter retention of
that information
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(iii) Both A is true and R is false
(iv) A is False and R is true
13. (A): Forgetting can only occur because the memory traces decay over time and retrieval
cues do not play an important role in recall.
(R): Retrieval cues are aids which help us in in recovering information stored in the memory
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(iii) Both A is true and R is false
(iv) A is False and R is true

14. (A): Some memories re like photographs taken with a camera. Some instances stay in our
memory in the form of a vision and or image with vivid details.
(R): this is because human memory is flawless as it can remember each and every detail from
birth to death.
 (i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(iii) Both A is true and R is false
(iv) A is False and R is true
15. Suppose that you call the information operator to find a friend’s phone number. When
you start to dial the number, you get a busy tone. Later, when you start to dial the number
again, you realize you have forgotten it. This experience probably occurred because the phone
number was only temporarily stored in your ________________________.
a. STM b. LTM c. Sensory memory d. None of these
16. You remember some specific football plays from the first half of last week's game; this
is_________________ memory.
a. Semantic b. Procedural c. Episodic d. None of these
17. "Memory as a Storage Metaphor" was emphasized by _________________________.
a. Hermann Ebbinghaus b. Frederick Bartlett c. Elizabeth Loftus d. Tulving

18. Match the following:

List 1(Theory of) List 2 (affected by)

a. Decay i. Intervening activities
b. Interference ii. perceptions
c. trace change iii. time factors
d. forgetting as retrieval change iv. different conditions

Options
A B C D
A. 3 1 2 4
B. 4 1 2 3
C. 2 1 3 4
D. 3 2 4 1
19. As you read this question your sensory memory is briefly holding the image of the letters
on the page, your short term memory is storing the first part of the question, and your long term
memory is helping you identify the words. This best fits the ___________model of memory.
a. Information –processing b. Levels of processing c. The hierarchical network
d. Knowledge representation
20. If you watch a sequel to movie, and have trouble remembering if a character was in the first
movie, you are experiencing.
a. Repressive Memories b. Proactive Interference c. Retroactive Interference
d. Memory Decay
21. If you recite the rhyme "Thirty days has September, April, June, and November" to remember
the number of days in each month, you are using:
a. Mental picture b. Mnemonic device c. Schema d. Chunking
22. Most people find they have no problem riding a bicycle to classes in college even though they
have not ridden one since they were young. What type of memory can account for this?
a. Semantic memory b. Episodic memory c. Explicit memory d. Procedural memory
23. The span of Short-Term Memory is _____________.
a. a. 5+/-2 b. 7+/-2 c. 9+/-2
24. When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that
are:
a. At the beginning of the list b. At the end of the list c. In the middle of the list
d. Hardest to pronounce
25. Ram knows English and he finds difficult to learn Spanish. It happens because of
a. Retroactive Interference b. Proactive Interference c. Backward Moving
d. None of the above
26. Mnemonics are strategies for improving:
a.Thinking b. Intelligence c. Memory d. Concentration
27. Which of the following bits of information would be the easiest to chunk, and thus encode?
a. 198734 b. IEKFEC c. 248695 d. XYZZYX
28. An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam. After
allowing the students three minutes to look over the list, she asks one student to recite the terms
back to her, from memory. What information will this student likely be able to recall from the
list?
a) The student won’t recall any of the terms because he has not used rehearsal to encode
them
b) Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the
end of the list, showing a recency effect.
c) Since there was a delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at
the beginning of the list, showing a primacy effect.
d) The student will recall only those items to which he has attached some meaning,
regardless of where they fall on the list.

29. Assertion (A): Mnemonics using images does not require that you create vivid and interacting
images of and around the material you wish to remember.
Reason (R): The method of loci requires that you first visualize objects/places that you know
well in a specific sequence, imagine the objects you want to remember and associate them one
by one to the physical locations.
a. Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

30. Assertion (A): All concrete objects generate images and the knowledge related to them is
encoded both verbally as well as visually. This is known as dual coding hypothesis, originally
proposed by Paivio.
Reason (R): According to this hypothesis, concrete nouns and information related to abstract
objects and images.
a. Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Very Short Answer-2 markers

31. On what basis did Bousfield came to a conclusion that participants organize words ir items in
ther individual ways and recall accordingly. Support ypur answers with relevant findings.
32. How does forgetting takes place due to trace decay?
33. What does semantic memory store?
34. With the help of an example briefly discuss how chunking enhances our memory system.
35. Give the significance of long term memory
Short Answer- 3 markers
36. How do you encounter interference and enhance memory?
37. How you measure memory using free recall method?
38. The first component of the working memory is the phonological loop which holds a limited
number of sounds and if we do not rehearse they decay within two seconds. Which type of
memory is discussed here? Name the other two components of it.
39. What do you mean by cognitive economy?
40. Yash is student of class 12th. He adopts the method of PQRST for his preparation. Explain the
method in detail.

Long answers- 4 markers

41. Write about the deepest level of processing?
42. How are maintenance rehearsal different from elaborative rehersal?
43. What are the methods of memory measurement? Explain any two.
44. On what basis did Ebbinghaus’s reproductive view of memory was critiqued, support your
answer with relevant research findings.
45. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the notion of control processes. Identify and explain all the
control processes employed to monitor the flow of information through various stage.

Very Long Answers/HOTS- 6 markers

46. “Memory is a constructive process”. Discuss
47. Discuss various methods of memory improvement which are most effective then Mnemonics in
detail
48. Explain about knowledge representations in the form of images in detail. How do mental
models help in this process?

Answer key:MCQs
1. Control Processes 2. Craik and Lockhart 3. Free Recall and recognition 4. Encoding,
storage, retrieval 5. Stage Model 6. Maintenance Rehearsal 7. Chunking 8. C is the
correct option 9. Option C (ii& iv) 10. Procedural memory 11. Option I (Both A and R are
true and R is the correct explanation of A) 12. Option IV (A is False and R is true) 13. Option
IV (A is False and R is true) 14. Option iii (Both A is true and R is false 15. Sensory memory
16.Episodic memory 17. Hermann Ebbingaus 18. Option D (3 2 4 1) 19.
Information processing 20. Memory Decay 21. Mnemonic device 22. Procedural memory
23. 7+/-2 24. In the middle of the list 25.Proactive 26. Memory 27. XYZZYX 28.
Since there was a delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the beginning
of the list, showing a primacy effect. 29.Option D (Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is
true.) 30. Option C (Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.)

MEETIKA SETH
AIS VKC LUCKNOW
 CHAPTER 8: THINKING
1.______________ is a complex mental process involved in manipulating analyzing information.
a. Mental Image c. Thinking
b. Thinking d. Concept
2. All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather," is valid
logically but it is untrue because the original statement is false. This is an example of
_____________ (inductive / deductive reasoning).
a. Inductive Reasoning c. Decision Making
b. Analogy d. Deductive Reasoning
3._________________ and _______________ are two building blocks of thinking.
a. Mental Image & Thought c. Concept & Thought
b. Mental Image & Problem-Solving d. Concept & Mental Image
4. People who tend to be creative use:
a. Subordinate thinking c. Convergent Thinking
b. Divergent Thinking d. Little or no Thinking
5.Two major obstacles to solve a problem are _______________ and ________________.
(i) Mental Set (iii) Lack of Motivation
(ii) Convergent Thinking (iv) Functional Fixedness
a. (i), (ii) c. (iii), (iv)
b. (ii), (iii) d. (i), (iii), (iv)
6. Assertion (A): Thinking, therefore, is a higher mental process through which we manipulate
and analyze the acquired or existing information
Reason (R): Such manipulation and analysis occur by means of abstracting, reasoning,
imagining, problem solving, judging, and decision-making.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
7. Assertion (A): Concepts usually fall into hierarchies or levels of understanding.
Reason (R): The levels are classified as superordinate (the highest level), basic (an intermediate
level), and subordinate (the lowest level).
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
8. Assertion (A): Behaviourist B.F. Skinner believed we learn language by following the
learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement.
Reason (R): Chomsky believes language development is just like physical maturation- given
adequate care, it “just happens to the child”
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
9. Assertion (A): Eleanor Rosch argues that in considering how people think about concepts,
prototypes are often involved in real life.
Reason (R): A prototype is the best representative member of the category.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
10. Assertion (A): Creative thinking thus refers to originality and uniqueness of ideas or
solutions that did not previously exist.
Reason (R): Convergent thinking refers to thinking that is required to solve problems which
have only one correct answer. The mind converges to the correct solution.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
11. Match the following
(i) Superordinate Level a. Lowest Level
(ii) Basic Level b. Highest Level
(iii) Subordinate Level c. Intermediate Level
a. i-a, ii-b, iii-c c. i-a, ii-b, iii-c
b. i-b, ii-c, iii-a d. i-c, ii-b, iii-a
12. “I saw a four legged animal that barks and wags its tail” or “an animal”. The level of concept
is _______
a. Highest c. Intermediate
b. Lowest d. NA

13. Identify the phenomenon in the image.

a. Inductive Reasoning c. Deductive Reasoning
b. Divergent Reasoning d. Creative Reasoning
14."The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin from the bag is
a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies." is an example of ___________
a. Inductive Reasoning c. Decision Making
b. Analogy d. Deductive Reasoning
15.Choose the correct statement.
(i) Analogy is a form of reasoning which involves four parts, A is to B as C is to D.
(ii) Analogies are automatic and require no conscious effort by the person and occur as a matter
of habit.
(iii) They help us in identifying and visualizing the salient attributes of an object or event, which
would otherwise go unnoticed.
(iv) In analogy we already know the various solutions or choices and one must be selected.
a. (i), (ii) c. (iii),(iv)
b. (ii), (iii) d. (i), (iii)
16._______________ according to Chomsky is a phase when learning must occur if it is to occur
successfully.
a. Universal Grammar c. Readiness
b. Critical Period d. Pragmatics
17._____________________ Brainstorming technique can be used to increase fluency and
flexibility of ideas to open ended situations.
a. Eleanor Rosch c. Benjamin Lee Whorf
b. Osborn d. Noam Chomsky
18._____________________ was a pioneer in creative thinking.
a. J.P Guilford. c. Benjamin Lee Whorf
b. Arthur Jensen d. Bruner
19. Choose the correct order
How does creative thinking proceed?
[1.] Verification [2.] Illumination [3.] Incubation [4.] Preparation
a. 1,2,3,4, c. 4,3,2,1
b. 2,3,4,1, d. 3,4,2,1
20. Edward de Bono has used the term ______ to what Guilford termed as _______.
a. Vertical thinking, divergent thinking b. lateral thinking, vertical thinking
b. lateral thinking, divergent thinking d. divergent thinking, lateral thinking
21. A physician might see a new patient with symptoms like certain cases she has seen in the
past, so she might diagnose this new patient with the same illness. Because of this the doctor
might overlook symptoms that would point to a different illness altogether. Further have a
dramatic impact on the health of the patient and possible outcomes. This is an example of
__________________.
a. Mental Set c. Mental Image
b. Functional Fixedness d. Prototype
22.Creative thinking is also generally characterized by what Bruner calls __________.
a. Effective Surprise c. lateral surprise
b. Unusual Surprise d. Aha Effect
23._____________________ proposed the linguistic relatively hypotheses.
a. Eleanor Rosch c. Benjamin Lee Whorf
b. Osborn d. Noam Chomsky
24. By about nine months of age the sounds of infants get elaborated to strings of some sounds
combinations, such as" dadadadadada" into repetitive patterns called_____________.
a. Echopraxia c. Telegraphic speech
b. Echolalia d. Holophrases
25.______________ believed that we learn language the same way as animals learn to pick keys
or press bars.
a. Watson c. Benjamin Lee Whorf
b. B. F Skinner d. Noam Chomsky
26. Choose the correct statement
(i) Before two years thought is preverbal and is experienced more in action (Piaget’s sensory
motor stage).
(ii) The Russian psychologist, Piaget, argued that thoughts and language develop in a child
separately until about two years of age, when they merge.
(iii) Linguistic relativity hypothesis. In its strong version, this hypothesis holds what and how
individuals can possibly think is determined by the language and linguistic categories they use
(linguistic determinism).
(iv) Experimental evidence, however, maintains that it is not possible to have the same level or
quality of thoughts in all languages depending upon the availability of linguistic categories and
structures.
a. (i), (ii) c. (i), (iii)
b. (iii), (iv) d. (i), (iv)
27. Assertion (A): Fluency is the ability to produce many ideas for a given task or a problem.
Reason (R): It indicates variety in thinking. It may be thinking of different uses of an object, or
different interpretation of a picture, story, or different ways of solving a problem.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
28. Assertion (A): Concept formation helps us in organising our knowledge so that whenever we
need to access our knowledge, we can do it with less time and effort.
Reason (R): A prototype is the best representative member of the category
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

29. Assertion (A): American psychologist, Jean Piaget believed that thought not only determines
language, but also precedes it.
Reason (R): A child’s observation of other’s behaviour and imitation of the same behaviour, no
doubt involves thinking but not language.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
30. Choose the correct statement
(i) Language consists of a system of symbols organized by means of certain rules that we use to
communicate with each other.
(ii) The first characteristic of language is that it involves rules.
(iii) Language consists of a system of symbols organized by means of certain rules that we use to
communicate with each other.
(iv) The last characteristic of language is that it involves symbols.
a. (i), (ii) c. (i), (iii)
b. (iii), (iv) d. (i), (iv)
2 Markers:
1.What are concepts? Why do we need to form concepts?
2.What is prototype? How is it different from a prototype?
3.What is problem solving? List the two major obstacles to problem solving?
4.How judgment is different from decision making?
5.What do you understand by functional fixedness?
6.What is creative thinking?
7.Why is divergent thinking important in creative process?
8.What factors play a major part in language use?
9.Discuss various type of communication.
10.How can originality be developed?
3 Markers:
1.Concepts usually fall into hierarchies or levels of understanding. Identify the levels with
appropriate examples. What is information processing model?
2.What are main aspects of thinking?
3.How can you distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning process?
4.How can you differentiate between convergent and divergent thinking in context of creative
thinking?
5.What are the ways to relate language to thought?
6.What is communication?
7.Explain the functions of non-verbal behavior.
8.Highlights on the relationship between culture and thinking.
9.Why is divergent thinking more important in creative thinking.
10.Explain the role of concept in thinking process.
4 Markers:
1.Comment on the definition and nature of thinking.
2.Describe the abilities that comes under divergent thinking.
3.The question of whether a behavior develops as a result of inherited characteristics or from the
effects of learning has been raised with regards to language acquisition. Comment.
4.There is a predictable pattern in which children proceed from almost no use of language to the
point of becoming competent language users. Discuss the stages that follows the course of
language development.
5.The first step in developing creative thinking is to identify inhibiting factors that impede
creative expression. Discuss.
6 Markers:
1.Identify the barriers to creative thinking and strategies to overcome them?
2.Discuss the nature and process of creative thinking.
3.Conflicting views has been expressed by different psychologists on examining the relationship
between language and thought with regard to whether language determined thought or that
thought determines language. Comment.
4.Demonstrate an understanding of some cognitive processes involved in problem solving and
decision making.
5.Discuss the meaning and nature of language. ‘
ANSWERS of CUET Based 1. b. Thinking 2. Deductive reasoning. 3. d. Concept & Mental
Image Inductive Reasoning. 4. b. Divergent Thinking 5. d. (i), (iii), (iv) 6. (a) Both Assertion (A)
and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 7. (a) Both
Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A). 8. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A). 9. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).10. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 11. b. i-b, ii-c, iii-a 12. b. Lowest
13. c. Deductive Reasoning. 14. a. Inductive Reasoning 15. d. (i), (iii) 16. b. Critical Period 17.
b. Osborn 18. a. J.P Guilford 19. c. 4,3,2,1 20. b. lateral thinking, divergent thinking 21. a.
Mental Set 22 a. Effective Surprise 23. c. Benjamin Lee Whorf 24. b. Echolalia 25. b. B. F
Skinner 26. c. (i), (iii) 27. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. 28. (a) Both
Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A). 29. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. 30. c. (i), (iii)
Ms. Sonam Negi
PGT Psychology
Amity International School, Sector-1, Vasundhara
 Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion
1. Amita puts in 11-12 hours everyday in order to get through various medical entrance
examinations. However, she doesn’t succeed in getting a selection. She feels disheartened.
Which of the following statements is not true in the above case?
a. Behaviour is goal driven. Goal seeking behaviour persists until the goal is achieved.
b. Development in motivation is closely related to development of emotion.
c. There is a lack of motivation.
d. Frustration is a common basic emotion at the time of failure.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding motivation?
a) It focuses on explaining what moves behavior.
b) It is derived from Greek word ‘movere’.
c) It’s a general state that enables us to make predictions about behavior in many
different situations,
d) Broad cluster of motivation includes drives, needs, goals and incentives.
3. Assertion: When one of the random activities leads to goal achievement, it reduces the drive.
Reasoning: The condition of lack of some necessity leads to drive.
a. Both A and R are correct, R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are correct, R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is correct, R is incorrect.
d. A is incorrect, R is correct.
4. Which of the following do not fall under the broad cluster of Motivation?
a. Instincts and drives c) needs
b. Goals and incentives d) emotions
5. Which of the following statements are true
a. The term instinct refers to an urge to do something
b. Instincts are learnt.
c. We are born with social motives
d. The goal of sexual activity is homeostasis.
6. Siddharth has a strong desire to receive feedback on his performance. Which need does this
tendency in him indicate?
a. Need for affiliation c) need for achievement
b. Need for association d) need for power
7. An internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thoughts is called
a) motivation c) aggression
b) emotion d) all of the above
8. Homeostatic mechanisms are involved in
 a. drinking c) eating
b. maintaining body temperature d) all of the above
9. The general preference among humans to be with others is called the
a. affiliation motive c) need for self-actualization
b. need for achievement d) group motive
10. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be met before all other needs?
a. self-actualization c) self-esteem
b. safety d) biological
11. According to Maslow, the highest motive people can experience is
a) biological c) intellectual
b) self-esteem d) self-actualization
12. Emotion is expressed through ____________ and __________ channels?
a. Innate and expressed c) biological and psychological
b. Natural and hereditary d) verbal and non-verbal
13. The term ___________ refers to an urge to do something.
a. Impulse c) instinct
b. Motive d) drive
14. Most psychologists believe that at least the most basic emotions are
a) learned primarily through social experiences.
b) learned primarily from parents.
c) inborn and do not have to be learned.
d) different from culture to culture.
15. _________ explains motives resulting mainly from interaction of the individual with his
social environment.
a. biological c) social
b. psychosocial d) emotional
16. In avoidance-avoidance conflict, the individual is compelled to choose between:
a) One positive and one negative alternative
b) Two negative alternatives
c) Two positive alternatives
d) Two negative alternatives and two positive alternatives
17. The type of conflict in which the goal of the individual has both positive and negative
valence of approximate equal intensity is known as:
a) Approach-avoidance conflicts
b) Avoidance-avoidance confects
c) Approach-approach conflict
d) Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts
18. When progress towards a goal is blocked and underlying tension is unresolved, we speak of:
a) Frustration c) Goal
b) Critical Period d) Restriction
19. A motivated behaviour is directed towards:
a) Situation c) Goal
b) Object d) Group
20. The first stage of motivational cycle is ______________.
a. Arousal c) Drive
b. Goal d) Need
21. A tension within an organism which tends to organize the field of the organism with respect
to certain incentives or goals and to incite activity directed towards their attainment is called:
a) Need c) Libido
b) Valence d) drive
22. Which of the following statements is True?
i. The VMH is located in the middle of the hypothalamus. TRUE/FALSE
ii. James-Lange theory argues that your perception about your bodily changes following an
event, brings forth emotional arousal. TRUE/FALSE
iii. Facial expressions can convey the intensity as well as the pleasantness or unpleasantness
of the individual’s emotional state. TRUE/FALSE
a. i only c) ii and iii
b. i and iii d) i, ii, iii
23. Which of the following plays a role in the mechanism of thirst:
a) Lateral hypothalamus c) Ventromedial hypothalamus
b) Anterior hypothalamus d) None of the above
24. Which one of the following refers to need for affiliation?
a) Seeking the company other human beings and wanting to be close to them physically as
well as psychologically.
b) People prefer moderately difficult and challenging tasks.
c) People hold a desire to be charge of something
 d) Ignorance of most of the things around us is a motivator.
25. Which of the following statements holds true regarding PTSD?
a. a major lifelong stress post a trauma gives rise to anxiety
b. flashbacks and nightmares around the trauma disturb frequently
c. cannot be treated and helped and turns into chronic depression
d. PTSD refers to Post traumatic Stress Disorder.
26. Stimulus --- Specific physiological changes --- perception --- emotion
Which of the theories proposes the above representation?
a. James Lange Theory c) Schachter and Singer Theory
b. Cannon- Bard Theory d) McClelland Theory
27. ‘We often engage in it without any clear goal’ Which of the following needs holds true for
this statement ?
a) Need for Affiliation c) Self Actualisation
b) Need for Achievement d) Curiosity and Explortion
28. ____________ is an emotional sinkhole. The constant low mood affects our thinking,
behaviour and interest in life in general. It disturbs our eating, sleeping and relationships.
a) Anxiety c) Stress
b) Depression d) PTSD
29. Which of the following cannot be a stimulus for hunger?
a) Stomach contractions c) low blood glucose
b) low level of fat and protein d) none of these
30. Osmoreceptors present in anterior hypothalamus are connect with _____ of biological needs.
a) Hunger c) Thirst
b) Sex d) Fear

2 Markers
1. Expand VMH.
2. What do you mean by motivation.
3. Briefly elaborate Approach-Avoidance conflict.
4. State basic emotions as per Izard.
5. Mention two types of motivation with examples.
6. What is curiosity?
7. Explain need for achievement and why is it important?
8. What do you understand by Frustration aggression hypothesis?
9. Why it is important to have positive meaning in life?
10. Name the two regions of hypothalamus involved in hunger motive?
11. Draw the motivational cycle.
12. Briefly describe any experience over the last year which has left you with a positive
feeling.
13. Sex is more than a biological drive. Discuss.
14. Explore the physiology of emotion.

3 Markers:
1. Is it important to interpret and label emotions?
2. What are instincts?
3. How will you balance emotions in your life?
4. Why need for affiliation is important to human beings?
5. Discuss Two Factor theory of Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer?
6. How can we enhance positive emotional well-being?
7. Does physiological arousal precede or follow an emotional experience? Explain
8. Is it important to consciously interpret and label emotions to explain them?
9. Why is it important to manage your anger? Suggest two ways of enhancing positive
emotions?
10. What happens when our bodily loses water? Explain the role of osmoreceptors in thirst
drive?
11. “We get easily bored with repetitive experiences. So we look for something new”.
Discuss with reference to the format of your current examination system.
12. How can we manage our negative emotions?
13. How does the need for power manifest itself?

4 Markers
1. Discuss Maslow`s hierarchy of needs and state at least one criticism of his theory.
2. Why can’t we classify Sex as purely a biological drive?
3. Differentiate between James-Lange and Canon-Bard Theory of emotions?
4. Define Anxiety. Suggest strategies for anger management.
5. What are the goals of power motivation? Describe power motives as given by David
McClelland.
6. How would you help a friend in managing negative emotions?
7. Is there a correlation between body movements and communication of emotions.
 6 Markers

1. What are the biological bases of hunger and thirst needs? Elaborate by giving suitable
examples.
2. Differentiate between frustration and conflict? Describe three forms of conflicts with
suitable examples?
3. Why is it important to manage negative emotions? Suggest ways to manage negative
emotions?
4. Define Motivation. What are the motivational properties of behaviour?
5. Culture and emotions have positive correlation`. Do you agree with the statement?
Support your answer with relevant examples.
6. Is there a relation between biological and psychosocial motives?

Answer Key:
1. c

2. b
3. b
4. d
5. b
6. d
7. d
8. d
9. a
10. d
11. d
12. d
13. c
14. c
15. b
16. b
17. a
18. a
19. c
20. d
21. d
22. d
23. b
24. a
25. c
26. a
27. d
28. b
29. d
30. c

Common Errors
1. Differentiation between biological mechanism of two of the biological needs namely
hunger and thirst.
2. Conceptual distinction between seeking behaviour as part of both need for achievement
as well as curiosity and exploration
3. Clarity regarding frustration and conflict
4. James Lange Theory and Cannon Bard theories described the physiological bases of
emotions, whereas Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer described the cognitive basis of
emotions.
5. Conceptual differentiation between psychological states of Depression, Anxiety, PTSD
mentioned in the chapter.
Points to remember
· The process of persistent behaviour directed towards a specific goal, which results from
certain driving forces, is called motivation.
• There are two types of motivation, namely, biological, and psychosocial motivation.
• Biological motivation focuses on the innate, biological causes of motivation like hormones,
neurotransmitters, brain structures (hypothalamus, limbic system), etc. Examples of biological
motivation are hunger, thirst, and sex.
• Psychosocial motivation explains motives resulting mainly from the interaction of the
individual with his social environment. Examples of psychosocial motives are need for
affiliation, need for achievement, curiosity and exploration, and the need for power.
• Maslow arranged various human needs in an ascending hierarchical order, beginning with the
most basic physiological needs, and then safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem
needs, and finally on the top of the hierarchy is the need for self-actualisation.
• Other concepts related to motivation are frustration and conflicts.
• Emotion is a complex pattern of arousal that involves physiological activation, conscious
awareness of feeling, and a specific cognitive label that describes the process.
• Certain emotions are basic like joy, anger, sorrow, surprise, fear, etc. Other emotions are
experienced as a result of combination of these emotions.
• Central and autonomic nervous system play a major role in regulating emotions.
• Culture strongly influences the expression and interpretation of emotions.
• Emotion is expressed through verbal and non-verbal channels.
• It is important to manage emotions effectively in order to ensure physical and psychological
well-being

Aditi Sharma
Amity International School, Sector 43, Gurgaon
 Sample paper
Psychology (037)
Class- XI
Time allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 70

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

i. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.

ii. Question Nos. 1 -18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.

iii. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

iv. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.

v. Question Nos. 28 - 31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.

vi. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to
this question should not exceed 200 words.

vii. Question Nos. 33 – 36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A
Q If President Joe Biden wants to understand the behavior of covid patients in different 1
1 countries, he would consult a ------------- psychologist.
. a. Health Psychologists
b. Clinical & counselling psychologists
c. Cross-cultural & cultural psychologists
d. Environmental psychologists

Q If Nestle company increase the price of Nescafe from 15 rupees per 70gm to 17 rupees 1
2 per 70gm & wants to study the increase/decrease on market demand for the same. This
. will reflect the use of concepts from psychology in the field of______
a. Philosophy
b. Sociology
c. Political Science
 d. Economics
Q Which of the following approaches has the most optimistic view of human nature? 1
3 a. Structuralism
A b. Psychoanalysis
. c. Behaviorism
d. Humanistic
OR
Radha had trembling feet, shaky voice when she debuted on stage for a debating
competition. The counselor noticed her and tried comforting her. What did the
counselor notice?
a. Mental processes
b. Radha’s experiences
B c. Overt behavior
.
d. Esoteric experiences
Q The introspective report in an experiment is given by____________ . 1
4 a. Experimenter
. b. Subject
c. Both the experimenter and subject
d. The Trainees employed for data collection
Q In an experiment randomly assigned, participants drank wine or water. All participants 1
5 then completed an anxiety questionnaire. In this experiment the IV was:
. a. the results of the memory test
b. the participants
c. the random assignment
d. what the participants drank
Q In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of 1
6 Reason (R). Mark the correct choice
. Assertion (A): In unstructured interview an interviewer has the flexibility to take
decisions about the questions to be asked.
Reason (R): unstructured interview also called close ended questionnaire.
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
1
Q You are watching a new-born when it is startled by a loud noise. The baby extends its
7 arms and legs, then quickly brings them in as if trying to grasp something. This
. illustrates the:
a. grasp reflex
b. tonic reflex
c. Moro reflex
d. stepping reflex
Q If object A overlaps object B we perceive object A as being closer. Which depth cue 1
8 are we using?
. a. relative size
b. linear perspective
c. proximity
d. interposition
Q Although Priya was seated next to his friend, he was able to smell the burning popcorn 1
9 a full minute earlier than his friend. Bill must have a lower________ for smell
. a. Absolute Threshold
b. Transduction
c. Differential limen
d. Sensory adaptation

Q Gerhardt got sick after eating a peach. Now he feels sick when he looks at peaches, 1
1 nectarines or plums. This illustrates:
0 a. generalization
. b. intermittent reinforcement
c. modelling
d. spontaneous recovery
Q You are online one evening when an advert appears showing your favorite movie star 1
1 wearing a new brand of sunglasses. The advertiser hopes that your positive feelings
1 toward the movie star will make you want the sunglasses. In this situation, the
. sunglasses would be the:
a. US
b. UR
c. CS
d. CR
Q Leaving early for work to avoid traffic is an example of what type of learning? 1
1 a. Positive Reinforcement
2 b. Negative Reinforcement
. c. Punishment
d. Conditioning
Q Remembering when you got first prize in 3rd standard is an example of ________ 1
1 a. episodic memory
3 b. semantic memory
. c. procedural memory
d. sensory memory
Q In stage models of memory, information moves from: 1
1 a. sensory to short-term to long-term memory
4 b. sensory to long-term to working memory
. c. short-term to long-term to explicit memory
d. sensory to eidetic to iconic memory
Q Magnus was locked in a room. The only way to escape was to force open a window 1
1 and climb out. Magnus remained locked in the room because he never thought to use
5 his keys to force the window. Magnus’ problem was:
. a. amnesia
b. functional fixedness
c. interference
d. misinformation

Q In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of 1

1 Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
6 Assertion (A): Creative thinking involves the production of novel and original ideas or
. solutions to problems
Reason (R): For creative expression individuals are required to carry out divergent
thinking which is an open-ended thinking.
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Q According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion 1
1 a. depends on the intensity of physiological arousal
7 b. occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal
. c. can occur only after physiological arousal
d. precedes physiological arousal

Q According to Maslow (humanist), our need for 1

1 a. love must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for food.
8 b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our
. need for self-esteem.
c. self-actualization must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our
need for friendship.
d. political freedom must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our
need for economic security
Section B
Q Professor Gupta is going to observe and record children’s play behavior at a nursery 2
1 school without attempting to influence or control the behavior. Which method of
9 research is involved? Explain the process and discuss its merits and demerits
A OR
. A Pharma company, after a detailed testing on some volunteers, has claimed that they
have successfully devised a vaccine for curing COVID-19. Describe the method of
enquiry, that was possibly used for testing the effectiveness of the vaccine?

B
.
In earlier movies, frames of still images were displayed in quick succession so that the
Q viewer perceives it to be in motion. Which illusion is being referred to here? Explain it
2 briefly. 2
0
.
Q How is development multi-directional? 2
2
1
.
Q Poonam fashion her dress, styles of talking etc., on different models who she holds in 2
2 high esteem. She also chose her career goals inspired by persons whom she holds in
2 high regard. IPS Kiran Bedi became her role model. Aggressiveness, prosocial
. behavior, courtesy, politeness diligence and indolence are acquired by this method of
learning. Identify the type of Poonam's learning and explain in detail.
2
Q Why does forgetting take place?
2
3
.
Section C
Q Critically analyze the method of enquiry that you will be using, if you have to 3
2 understand certain behaviors displayed by children, while they are engaged in physical
4 activities in a park.
.
Q 'Behaviorists dominated the field of psychology for several decades after Watson.' 3
2 Discuss the contribution of behaviorism to the evolution of Psychology.
5 OR
. 'More recently a need is felt to have multi/interdisciplinary initiatives to arrive at a
better understanding of reality. This has led to a collaboration across disciplines.'
Discuss the statement.
Q How does culture influence the expression of emotions? 3
2
6
.
Q Are judgement and decision-making interrelated processes? Discuss 3
2
7
.
Section D
Q Describe the motor development during the stage of infancy. 4
2
8
.
Q What are the monocular cues of depth perception? Explain with examples. 4
2 OR
9 What are the binocular cues of depth perception? Explain with examples.
A
.
B
.
Q “Learning disabilities become manifest in different combinations in children who 4
3 suffer from this disorder irrespective of their intelligence,
0 motivation, and hard work for learning.” With reference to this discuss the symptoms
. of children who suffer from learning disability.
Q What is memory? What are the stages of memory? 4
3
1
.
Section E
Q As a researcher you are going to find out the attitude of the students towards teachers in 6
3 your school, In, this situation you are requested to describe the goals of psychological
2 research?
. OR
As a budding psychologist you have been assigned the task of conducting
psychological research on the topic" Impact of online gaming on the well-being of
adolescents". Which all ethical issues will you be keep in mind while carrying out the
assigned task?
Section F

Q Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

3 Aditya 's father is in the Navy. This often takes him away from the family and Aditya
3 sometimes does not see his father for months at a time. This situation impacts him, and
. he becomes anxious when his father leaves. His anxiety has an effect on his
development in other areas, even though he has no interaction with his father’s work or
say in the decision-making process. Because of this, he has already moved three times
and lived in two different countries by the age of five. Aditya is also influenced by the
value of the military community that he belongs to.
Aditya's family would be included in which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's systems?
OR 2
Based on the below given statement, Identify the environment in which Aditya is not
directly involved with but influence by, "his anxiety has an effect on his development
A in other areas, even though he has no interaction with his father’s work or say in the
. decision-making process."

B
.
Q Aditya values of the military community that he belongs to is included in which
3 system? 2
4
.
 Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Asha a 15-year-old class 10 student is finding it very difficult to choose her stream for
+2. She is unable to decide whether to take up PCB or Commerce. Ajay a 17-year-old
child of the same school has recently his mother to Covid-19 Pandemic. He stays lost
most of the time, do not speak to anyone, most of the time on the verge of tears and
failed in his term 1 examination. When asked he always says “I don’t feel like doing
anything, my mom was my everything”
Q Identify the type of psychologist that can help Asha to overcome her problem. Briefly
3 explain the role of that psychologist. 2
5
.
Q Identify the type of psychologist that can help Ajay to deal with his sufferings. Briefly
3 explain the role of that psychologist. 2
6
. SHILPA MONDAL
AIS-NOIDA

Sample paper
Psychology (037)
 Class- XI

Time – 3 Hours Maximum Marks –

70

GeneralInstructions:
All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
ii. Question Nos. 1 -18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
iii. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying
2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
iv. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
v. Question Nos. 28 - 31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
vi. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks.
Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
vii. Question Nos. 33 – 36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has
two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30
words.
SECTION A

1 All behaviours, covert or overt, are associated with or triggered by 1

some ______ in the environment or changes that happen internally.
a. Experiences c. Beliefs
b. Stimulus d. Ideas

2 Choose the correct statement. 1

(i) Human behaviour can be controlled and modified through the
application of psychological principles.
(ii) Psychology is a study of behaviour or responses (to stimuli)
which can be measured and studied objectively.
(iii) Humanists viewed human beings as motivated by unconscious
desire for gratification of pleasure seeking (and often, sexual)
desires.
(iv) Human behaviour can be explained in terms of causes which
are internal (to the organism) or external having location in the
outside environment.
a. (i), (ii), (iii) c. (i), (ii), (iv)
b. (ii), (iii), (iv) d. (i), (iii), (iv)

3 Assertion (A): A related area is counselling, which aims to improve 1

everyday functioning by helping people solve problems in daily
living and cope more effectively with challenging situations.
Reason (R): Counselor has a medical degree with years of
 specialised training in the treatment of psychological disorders.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

4 Assertion (A): Scientific knowledge generated by psychology often 1

validates common sense.
Reason (R): Psychology as a science looks for patterns of
behaviour which can be predicted and not explained after the
behaviour occurs.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

5 Identify the type of correlation 1

a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation

b. Negative Correlation d. None of the Above
6 Roma wants to discover how new psychological therapy affects 1
depressed patients. In a genuine trial, you’d split half of the psych
ward into treatment groups. With half getting the new
psychotherapy therapy and the other half receiving standard
depression treatment. And the physicians compare the outcomes of
this treatment to the results of standard treatments to see if this
treatment is more effective. Identify the method of enquiry that
Roma will employ.
a. Controlled Experiment c. Field Experiment
b. Laboratory Experiment d. Quasi Experiment
7 "Nobody understands me." "My parents just don't know what I'm 1
going through-- what do they know about what it's like being a
teenager?" "You just don't know how it feels."
a. Imaginary Audience c. Personal Fable
b. Pretend Play d. Egocentricism
8 Choose the correct statement. 1
(i) Light adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to bright light
after exposure to dim light.
 (ii) Dark adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to a dimly
illuminated environment after exposure to bright light.
(iii) Dark Adaptation may take half an hour or even longer
depending on the previous level of exposure of the eye to light.
(iv) The rods have a photo-sensitive chemical substance, called
rhodopsin or visual blue.
a. (i), (ii), (iii) c. (i), (ii), (iv)
b. (i), (iii), (iv) d. (ii), (iii), (iv)
9 1

a. Principle of Surroundedness. c. Principle of Proximity

b. Principle of Similarity d. Principle of Symmetry
10 In_______ conditioning the onset and end of CS precedes the onset 1
of US with some time gap between the two.
a. Simultaneous c. Delayed
b. Trace d. Backward
11 Taking an antacid before having a spicy meal is an example of 1
__________.
a. Positive Reinforcement c. Punishment
b. Negative Reinforcement d. Aversion
12 Choose the correct statement. 1
(i) It has been found that with increasing number of reinforced trials
resistance to extinction increases and learned response reaches its
highest level.
(ii) Resistance to extinction increases with increasing number of
reinforcements during acquisition trials, beyond that any increase in
number of reinforcements reduces the resistance to extinction.
(iii) If reinforcement is delayed during acquisition trials, the
resistance to extinction increases.
(iv) Intermittent or partial reinforcement during acquisition trials
makes a learned response less resistant to extinction.
a. (i), (ii), (iii) c. (i), (iii), (iv)
b. (ii), (iii), (iv) d. (i), (ii), (iv)
13 Identify the type Interference 1

a. Retroactive Interference c. Reproactive Interference

b. Proactive Interference d. Amnesia
14 This curve was given by _______. 1
 a. Bartlett c. Eleaner Rosch
b. Ebbinghaus d. Atkinson & Shiffrin
15 Choose the correct statement. 1
(i) Analogy is a form of reasoning which involves four parts, A is to
B as C is to D.
(ii) Analogies are automatic and require no conscious effort by the
person and occur as a matter of habit.
(iii) They help us in identifying and visualizing the salient attributes
of an object or event, which would otherwise go unnoticed.
(iv) In analogy we already know the various solutions or choices
and one must be selected.
a. (i), (ii) c. (iii), (iv)
b. (ii), (iii) d. (i), (iii)
16 1

Identify the phenomenon in the image.

a. Inductive Reasoning c. Deductive Reasoning
b. Divergent Reasoning d. Creative Reasoning
17 Assertion (A): Aggressive acts are often directed towards the self 1
or blocking agent, or a substitute.
Reason (R): Frustration occurs when an anticipated desirable goal
is not attained, and the motive is blocked.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
18 Assertion (A): The two regions of hypothalamus involved in 1
hunger are - the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventro-medial
hypothalamus (VMH).
 Reason (R): VMH is the excitatory area. Animals eat when this
area is stimulated
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
SECTION B
19 State the characteristics of a good psychological test 2
20 Differentiate between primary and secondary sexual characteristics 2
OR
Comment on the physical development during childhood phase.
21 Attention is a flexible process that allows selection of stimulus over 2
others at three stages. Explain.
22 How is a primary reinforcer different from secondary reinforcer? 2
23 Explain dual coding hypothesis. 2
SECTION C
24 Psychology often runs against Common sense. Comment with the 3
help of a relevant research example.
OR
Explain any three branches of psychology in detail.
25 How is normal observation different from a scientific observation. 3
26 Language is a result of inherited characteristics (nature) or from the 3
effects of learning (nurture) has been raised about language. Explain
the statement with the help of relevant findings.
27 Emotions are physiologically similar. Our experience of emotion 3
grows from our awareness of our present arousal. Explain this
statement with the help of a relevant theory.
SECTION D
28 Cognitive development suggests that intelligence changes as 4
children grow. A child's cognitive development is not just about
acquiring knowledge, the child must develop or construct a mental
model of the world. Explain this statement with the help of a theory.
29 Explain the factors that affect selective attention. 4

OR
Explain the factors that affect sustained attention.
30 Differentiate between S-S learning and Instrumental Conditioning. 4
31 Explain the role of control processes in transferring information 4
from one memory store to another.
OR
Memory primarily consists of reproduction of stored materials.
Critically evaluate.
SECTION E
32 Let's examine a recent study on coral bleaching. Corals normally
have tiny photosynthetic organisms living inside of them, and
bleaching happens when they leave the coral, typically due to
environmental stress. The photo below shows a bleached coral in
front and a healthy coral in back. A lot of research on the cause of
bleaching has focused on water.
However, a team of Australian researchers hypothesized that other
factors might be important too. Specifically, they tested the
hypothesis that high CO2 levels, which make ocean waters more
acidic, might also promote bleaching.
Answer 32.1, 32.2, 32.3 on the basis of the above case.
32. What kind of experiment would you do to test this hypothesis? 3
1 What would be your control and experimental groups ?
32. What your independent and dependent variables would be. 1
2
32. Name and identify the types of relevant variables that affect the 2
3 study.
SECTION F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

The relation between the mind and the brain is the mind–brain or
mind–body problem. Do mental, mind, events cause brain events?
Do brain events cause mental effects? There are alternative ways of
treating the mind–brain issue. Another is to consider the process as
a mechanism with different levels of explanation, in the following
way. We can now understand brain processing from the level of ion
channels in neurons, through neuronal biophysics, to neuronal
firing, through the computations performed by populations of
neurons, and how their activity is reflected by functional
neuroimaging, to behavioural and cognitive effects. Sometimes the
cognitive effects seem remarkable, for example the recall of a whole
memory from a part of it, and we describe this as an ‘emergent
property’, but once understood from the mechanistic level upwards,
the functions implemented are elegant and wonderful, but
understandable and not magical or poorly understood.
33. Explain any two accounts that explain the mind and behaviour 2
relationship.
OR
Comment on the relationship between mind and the physical
symptoms exhibited by the body with the help of any discipline
34 Explain any relatable branch of psychology that is discussed in the 2
case.
 Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Children use their ability to use mental representations, rather than
the physical appearance of objects or people, improves greatly.
During this stage, Examples of abstract representations include
engaging in pretend play and talking about events that happened in
the past or people who are not currently in the room. During this
stage children have difficulties thinking about more than one aspect
of any situation at the same time; and they have trouble decentring
in social situation just as they do in non-social contexts.
35. Identify the chief characteristics of this stage of development 2
discussed in the case study.
36. Identify this stage and the other chief characteristics that are a part 2
of it.

Ms. Sonam Negi

PGT Psychology
Amity International School, Sector-1, Vasundhara
 Sample paper
Psychology (037)
Class- XI
Time – 3 Hours Max Marks – 70

General instructions:
· There are 35 Questions in this paper.
· The paper is divided into 6 sections, Section A, B, C,D,E and F.
· Section A has 18 questions, from Question No. 1 to 18 carrying 1 mark each.
Answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words.
· Section B has 5 questions, from Question No. 19 to 23, carrying 2 marks each.
Answer to these questions should not exceed 80 words.
· Section C has 2 case study based questions with two sub-parts, from Question
No. 24 to 25, carrying 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should not
exceed 80 words.
· Section D has 4 questions, from Question No. 26 to 29, carrying 3 marks each.
Answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words.
· Section E has 4 questions, from Question No. 30 to 33, carrying 4 marks each.
Answer to these questions should not exceed 120 words.
· Section F has 2 questions, from Question No. 34 to 36, carrying 6 marks each.
Answer to these questions should not exceed 200 words.
Section A
1. Which of the statements are NOT TRUE about humanistic perspective?
(i) Emphasized the free will of human beings and their natural striving to grow and
unfold their inner potential.
(ii) Took a more positive view of human nature.
(iii) Founded by Carl Rogers and Freud.
(iv)Shook the world with their radical view of human nature.
Choose the correct option:
a). i and ii b). ii and iii
c). i and iv d). iii and iv

2. The Government of India is trying to see the effect of vaccines on combating

coronavirus. They have been recording the after effects of taking 1 shot of covaxin and
1 shot of covieshield followed by the effects of the second shot and are still researching
which type of vaccine might need a booster shot also. However, multiple factors might
also bring variations in results like - comorbid health conditions in people, prior
immunity levels and those who have contracted the virus vs. those who have not.
In the above case, ________________ method of enquiry is being used.
a. Observation b. Case Study c. Survey d. Experimental

3. ……………………. Is who you are and what your commitments and beliefs are:
a. Personal self b. Social self c. Personal identity d. Identity
4. Pavlov mastered in __________________________________.
a. Verbal rote learning b. Classical conditioning c. Perceptual process d. None
of the above.

5. People who earn a monthly salary are being reinforced on a ________ ________
schedule.
A. Continuous reinforcement b. Partial reinforcement c. Delayed
reinforcement d. None of the above

6. Match the following:

I. Brainstorming A. Effective Surprise.
II. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis B. Convergent Thinking.
III. Guilford C. Benjamin Lee Whorf.
IV. Bruner D. Osborn.
Options
A) I-A, II-B, III-C, IV-D B) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A
C) I-D, II-B, III-C, IV-A D) I-D, II-C, III- A, IV-B

7. Wants, desires, needs, hunger refer to------------------------

A. Intelligence b. Cognitive behavior c. Motive d. Abnormal behavior

8. Assertion: Simply repeating a piece of information can ensure that it gets stored in
the long-term memory
Reasoning: Elaborative Rehearsal involves deep level processing which important for
long term retention of that information
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(iii) Both A is true and R is false
(iv) A is False and R is true

9. Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two
eyes are called …………………….
A. Perceptual constancies b. monocular cues c. illusions d. binocular cues

10. Dr. Khatter believes that there is a relationship between the amount of
carbohydrates a child eats and the hyperactivity of a child. The more carbohydrates, the
more hyperactive the child is. This belief is an example of ______________
correlation.
i. Positive ii. Negative iii. Zero iv. None of the above

11. Alisha has always had difficulties in interpersonal interactions and is excessively
shy.
Select the suitable learning technique to deal with her behavior.
a. Aversion b. Rewards c. Flooding d. Assertive learning
12. Illumination involves
a. Insight experience b. New solution c. Unconscious thought process
d. None of these.

13. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be met before all other needs?
A) self-actualization b. safety c. self-esteem d. biological

14. Assertion: Information that enters the short-term memory store fades away quickly
if not rehearsed.
Reasoning: the short term memory store has a capacity to hold new information for as
long as thirty seconds before it is forgotten.
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(iii) Both A is true and R is false
(iv)A is False and R is true

15. Artists mostly use________ to create an impression of depth on a flat surface.

a. Texture gradient b. Linear perspective c. Pictorial cues d. Binocular
disparity
16. Shaila is participating in inter-state dance competition. She is nervous one could
see because she is again and again fidgeting with her jewelry, her hair and dress.
Which kind of behaviour is this?
e. Overt b. Covert c. Anxiety d. None of the above
17. Match list I with list II
List I List II
A. Functionalist approach I. Abraham Maslow
B. Behaviorism II. William James
C. Humanistic III. Piaget
D. Constructivism IV. John Watson

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
4 A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
18. Psychoanalysis was founded by:
a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Rogers d. John Watson

Section B
19 a. What is the difference between growth and development?
OR
19 b. What do you mean by imaginary audience?

20. Sargam usually uses top-down processing to learn about objects. How do you think
this process of recognition takes place?
21. A researcher studying relationship between watching television violence and
the level of aggression among children. Formulate a relevant hypothesis and
identify the Independent and Dependent variable.
22. Distinguish between appetitive and aversive stimuli.

23. How episodic memory is different from semantic memory?

Section C-Case based questions

24. Amrita is a 14 year old girl who has suddenly lost her appetite for all things she
loved to eat. She constantly checks her weight on the weighing scales that ends in
crying and banging of doors. Though she is tall and thin girl her sunken eyes and pale
face makes hr look unhealthy. Her doctor has advised her to improve diet but she does
not follow his advice. Her interest in academics has diminished as she is always tired.

a. What is amrita suffering from?

b. What are the other disorders in this category.

25. Jina is a clinical psychologist who deals with different kinds of patients who suffer
from different psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders and
substance abuse and so on. She works to improve everyday functioning of such type of
people and help them to solve problems in daily lives and cope more effectively with
challenging situations. Arina on the other is a counselling psychologist. Her work is not
much different from that of Jinas’. She works with issues like motivation, daily life
hassles or behavioral issues of children.

A. In the given case Jina deals with which type of patients?

i. People suffering from anxiety
ii. People who are unemployed
iii. Heart patients
iv. ALL OF THE ABOVE

B. Which of the following is true about the passage?

i. The task of Jina is similar to Arina
ii. Both Arina and Jina are clinical psychologist
iii. The task of Jina is difficult than Arina
iv. None of the above
Section D
26 a. What are the main propositions of Gestalt Psychology?
Or
26 b. Discuss the role of organisational psychologist in corporate setting.

27. Differentiate between control and experimental group.

28. How can you distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning process?

29. What is self-actualization? Explain Hierarchy of needs with the help of a diagram.

Section E
30. Explain Piaget’s view of cognitive development.

31 a. Discuss the two processing approaches in perception.

OR
31 b. Discuss any 4 principles of perception with the help of figures.

32. How can we identify a child having ADHD?

33 a. Why does forgetting take place?

OR
33 b. Discuss any 4 mnemonic technique for enhancing memory.

Section F

34. Himanshu is going to study relationship between poverty and unemployment in his
locality after the pandemic and he has decided to use experimental method for it.
Explain experimental method and different types of variables.
Or

35. Discuss in brief the various types of observation.

Meetika Seth
PGT PSYCHOLOGY
AIS VKC LUCKNOW
 Sample paper
Psychology (037)
Class- XI
TIME- 3 HOURS MAX MARKS:70
GeneralInstructions:
All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
ii. Question Nos. 1 -18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
iii. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying
2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
iv. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
v. Question Nos. 28 - 31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
vi. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks.
Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
vii. Question Nos. 33 – 36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has
two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30
words.

SECTION A
Q1. ________ can be defined as the learning acquired through everyday life situation.
a. consciousness b. Cognition c. decision making d. memorization

Q2. All the mental activities associated with knowing; namely, perceiving, thinking,
and remembering, etc are known as ______.
a. Cognition b. Mental processes c. Behavior d. Experiences

Q3. A tentative statement of the relationship between variables as answer to the

research questions is known as ________.
a. Hypothesis b.Research c.Theory d.Prediction

Q4. Sound of words is coded in ______ memory

a. Sensory memory b. Short term memory c. Long term memory d.
None of the above

Q5. The monocular cue to distance in perspective drawings is

a. height in the horizontal plane b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d.
gradient of texture
Q6. Assertion (A): the questionnaire consists of a predetermined set of questions.
Reason (R): the respondent doesn't have to read the questions and mark the answers on
paper rather they respond verbally to the interviewer
a. both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

Q7. When the Conditioned stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus are presented
together it is called :
a. Simultaneous conditioning b. Delayed conditioning c. Trace conditioning d.
Backward conditioning

Q8. __________ is the key term for understanding operant conditioning

a. recall b. none of these c. retention d. Reinforcement

Q9. The apparatus which was specially designed for skinner's experiments was known
as skinner's __________
a. Box b. Bowl c. Ring d. Chamber

Q10. ______ function to monitor the flow of information through various memory stores
a. Control processes b. Short term memory c. Long term memory d.
Episodic memory

Q11. Phenotype refers to

a. That which is observable in genes b. Recessive genes c. Dominating
genes d. Genetic characteristics seen and unseen

Q12. _____ is a mental representation of a sensory experience; it can be used to think

about things, places, and events:
a. Image b. Mental set c. Concept d. None of the above

Q13. One of the stages of creative thinking is evaluation, it involves

a. testing of apparent solution to see if it is a satisfactory solution
b. insight experience c. new solution d. none

Q14. Assertion (A): if you are traveling in a crowded bus during a hot summer day,
you may not experience the usual discomfort if you are going for a picnic with some
close friends.
Reason (R): the nature of experience can only be understood by analysing a complex
set of internal and external conditions
a. both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

Q15. The second stage of the motivational cycle is the________

a. Arousal b. Goal directed behavior c. Need d. Drive

Q16. Intrinsic motivation is

a. the desire to accomplish difficult tasks
b. the desire to work for others benefit
c. motivation to be in change and exert influence over others
d. the desire to perform activities because they are rewarding in and of themselves

Q17. Assertion(A): any knowledge discipline is hard to define.

Reason (R): it evolves continuously
a. both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

Q18. Motion parallax is a

a. optic flow b. texture gradients c. depth cue d. pictorial cue

SECTION B
Q19. Define hypothesis and give an example.

Q20.A.”The newborn is not as helpless as you think”. Discuss.

OR
Q20. B. What are reflexes? Name some reflexes that are present in a newborn child.

Q21. Define absolute and differential threshold.

Q22. What is verbal learning?

Q23. What is the meaning of episodic memory?

SECTION C
Q24. What is interpretive method of research?
Q25. Explain the motivational cycle with the help of an example.

Q26. What are the components of divergent thinking?

Q27. A. Describe humanistic perspective on human behavior.

OR
Q27.B. What is gestalt psychology?

SECTION D
Q28.A. What is selective attention? Describe the factors that affect selective attention.
OR
Q28. B. Discuss the role of pereciver in the process of perception.

Q29. Discuss the various schedules of reinforcement.

Q30.A. Differentiate between episodic and semantic memory

OR
Q30. B. How does information travel from one store to another?

Q31. Discuss Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development.

SECTION E
Q32. Describe the various aspects of ethical principles.

SECTION F
Q33A. Structuralism is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of
mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these
elements combine to form more complex experiences. The founder of structuralism
used controlled methods, such as introspection, to break down consciousness to its
basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole. Structuralism
developed the idea that the structure of mind (i.e., cognitive structure) is the result of
evolutionary and genetically determined biological forces and that the products of
human effort reflect the biological basis of structure. Structuralism studies the human
mind and the basic units that can be identified through introspection. Functionalism
focuses on more objective forms of study and argues that it’s necessary to study aspects
of the mind and behavior in terms of function.
i. Who is the founder of structuralism? (1)
ii. What is introspection? (1)
OR
Q33. B. Industrial-organizational psychologists work in a variety of fields and
industries — from information technology and healthcare to biotechnology and
consulting firms. Depending on which job description you read, an I/O psychologist
might look like just another human resources manager. In general, the HR manager is
more likely to work directly with employees, hearing complaints, resolving disputes,
and so on. The i/o psychologist is more likely to be researching, gathering data, and
developing competency models. But the line is sometimes blurred, as these roles vary
from one company to the next. There are multiple ways that i/o psychologists apply
their skills and knowledge in the workplace.
i. What is the importance of industrial/organisational psychologists in MNC’s?
(1)
ii. Enlist any two other branches of psychology. (1)

Q34. The client reported complaints of sadness, anger, sleep disturbances, poor
academics, motivational and emotional problems and low self-esteem. The client had
an accident eight months before a bike hit him as he was crossing the road. When the
client was taken to hospital his hand was completely damaged and doctors had to
amputee his hand. The client continued his school after 3 and half months of his injury
as he was recovered now but his hand was amputee which was the cause of distress for
him. The client was angry that why this accident was happened to him. The client was
very upset that he was not able to do his work by himself. He was worried that his
family was not financially strong they were not able to spend enormously for the
treatment as artificial hand for their child so it will be helpful for him to perform his
daily tasks. The client was uncomfortable while facing other people according to him
they looked at him in a strange way.
i. How would a clinical psychologist help this client? (1)
ii. What approach would a psychiatrist adopt to alleviate the client’s problems? (1)

Q35. When a child reaches age two, their minds start to develop at a rapid pace. It
seems like they are learning something new every minute, and they are continuing to
build on the things that they have learned in the past. At this age, psychologist Jean
Piaget has theorized that they entered a new stage in cognitive development: the
preoperational stage. Children learn how to play pretend during the preoperational
stage, but they ironically have a hard time seeing things from other people’s points of
view. Piaget theorized that children were still very egocentric during the preoperational
stage. This means they are unable to empathize or see things from another person’s
point of view. When a parent tells a child that they have to share a cookie so that their
brother can eat, the idea that the brother may also want a cookie may go over the
child’s head.
i. Due to egocentrism, children start thinking that all things are living, like oneself
and start attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects. What is this
 tendency known as? (1)
ii. During this stage children also indulge in centration. Define the concept of
centration in regard to Piaget’s preoperational stage. (1)

Q36. Although some of the physical changes that happen during adolescence are
internal and not visible, others can be seen easily by others. These obvious changes in
the body can affect how adults and peers of both sexes view and treat young people.
The changes that occur both inside and outside the body during adolescence happen
through a process called “puberty.” This process stems from the release of certain
hormones (chemicals) in the brain. These hormones released are the same in all
adolescents, but differences in hormone levels lead to different results in males and
females. The physical changes in adolescents shift them from their childhood bodies to
their adult bodies. During these growth spurts, bones and muscles get longer and
stronger, which allows adolescents to take on tasks they were likely not able to do as
younger children, such as lifting heavy objects and walking, running, or biking long
distances. Some adolescents may be embarrassed by these changes at first, but they
need to know that they happen to everyone. At times, due to these changes, the
adolescent is not able to accept this transitionary period and hence indulge in certain
eating disorders. An eating disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is centered
on body image, body weight and an obsession with food and associated distressing
emotions and thoughts. Eating disorders can affect physical, psychological and social
aspects of life. They often go overlooked but can be deadly if left untreated
i. Explain the primary and secondary sexual characteristics encountered during
adolescence. (1)
ii. Explain any one type of eating disorder that adolescents are likely to indulge
in? (1)

Shimran Vohra
Amity International School, Pushp Vihar