Experiment 1(a)

To compute basic mathematical quantities and perform operation on arrays using

MATLAB.

a. Solve π(1/3) -1 and then compute 2πrh with h=9.

>> h=9;

r = (pi)^(1/3)-1

r = 0.4646

>>2*(pi)*r*h

ans = 26.2721

b. Solve loge3

>>log(exp(3))

ans = 3

c. Solve log10e3

>>log10(exp(3))

ans = 1.3029

d. Solve log(e(3^2) -1)

>>log(exp(3^2)-1)

ans = 8.9999

e.Solve log(e(3^2-1) )

>>log(exp((3^2)-1))

ans =8
f. Solve sin(π/6)2+cos(π/6)2

>> r = 0.4646 (sin(pi/6))^2+(cos(pi/6))^2

ans = 1

g. Solve eπ/2i

>>exp((pi)/(2*i))

ans = 0.0000 - 1.0000i

 Experiment 1(b)
To create arrays and perform arithmetic operations on them.

a. The equation of straight line is y=mx+c where m and c are constant. Compute the y
coordinates of a line with m= 4 and intercept c = -1 at the following x coordinates : 0 to 15.

>>m= 4;

>> c= -1;

>> x= 0:15;

>> y=(m*x)+c

y = -1 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59

b. Create a column vector for A with the values 0, pi/4, pi/2, 3pi/4, pi, 5pi/4. Take r= 2 and
compute the column vectors x= rcos(A) and y= rsin(A) and verify the equation of a circle
x^2 + y^2=r^2.

>> r=2;

>> A=[0;pi/4;pi/2;(3*(pi))/4;pi;(5*(pi))/4]

A=

0.7854

1.5708

2.3562

3.1416

3.9270

>> x=r*cos(A)

x=

2.0000
 1.4142

0.0000

-1.4142

-2.0000

-1.4142

>> y=r*sin(A)

y=

1.4142

2.0000

1.4142

0.0000

-1.4142

>> (x.^2)+(y.^2)

ans =

>> r^2

ans = 4
c. Create a vector x of 11 elements from 0 to 10. Take r= 0.5 nd verify the geometric series
1+r+r^2+r^3+......r^n= 1/(1-r). Repeat the procedures taking n from 0 to 50 and then 0 to
100.

>> n= 0:10;

>> r= 0.5;

LHS

>> sum(r.^n)

ans = 1.9990

RHS

>> 1/(1-r)

ans = 2

LHS=RHS, Hence Verified.

>> n= 0:50;

LHS

>> sum(r.^n)

ans = 2.0000

RHS
>> 1/(1-r)

ans = 2

LHS=RHS, Hence Verified.

>> n=0:100;

LHS

>> sum(r.^n)

ans = 2

RHS

>> 1/(1-r)

ans = 2

LHS=RHS, Hence Verified.

Experiment 2
To generate 2D and 3D using script and function files.

a. Plot y=sinx , x from 0 to π. Take 100 linearly spaced points in given interval.
x = linspace(0,2*pi);
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y = sinx')
title('this plot is created by roll no. ')

b. Plot y=e(-0.4x) * sin(x), x is from 0 to 4π taking 10,50,100 points in the interval.

x=linspace(0,4*pi,10);
y=exp(-0.4*x).*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('This plot is created by roll no ')
x=linspace(0,4*pi,50);
y=exp(-0.4*x).*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('This plot is created by roll no ')
x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
y=exp(-0.4*x).*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('This plot is created by roll no ')

Output:

c. Plot y= cosx and z=1-x2/2+x4/24, where x lies between 0 to π.

x=linspace(0,pi);
y=cos(x);
z = 1-(x.^2/2)+(x.^4/24);
plot(x,y,x,z)
legend('y = cos(x)','z = 1-(x.^2/2)+(x.^4/24)')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y and z')
title('This plot is created by roll no ')

Output:
d. Write a script file to draw a unit circle.
theta=linspace(0,2*pi,50);
x=cos(theta);
y=sin(theta);
plot(x,y)
axis('equal')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('circle')

Output:
e. Write a function to compute the factorial of any integer r.
factorial[fact]=factorial(n)
fact=1;
for i=n:-1:1
fact=fact*i
end

Output:

>> factorial(5)

ans = 120
 Experiment - 3

To create MATALAB Code for the generation of Unit step, Unit impulse, Exponential and
Ramp signal in continous and discrete domain.

%CONTINOUS UNIT STEP FUNCTION

t=linspace(-5,5);
x= (t>=0);
subplot(5,2,1)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x(t)')
title('continous unit step signal created by Roll No. ')

%DISCRETE UNIT STEP FUNCTION

n=-5:5;
x= (n>=0);
subplot(5,2,2)
stem(n,x)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete unit step signal created by Roll No. ')

%CONTINOUS UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

t=(-5:0.01:5);
x= t==0;
subplot(5,2,3)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x(t)')
title('continous impulse signal created by Roll No. ')

%DISCRETE UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

n=-5:5;
x= n==0;
subplot(5,2,4)
stem(n,x)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete impulse signal created by Roll No. ')

%CONTINOUS EXPONENTIAL RISING SIGNAL FUNCTION

t=linspace(-5,5);
x= exp(t);
subplot(5,2,5)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x=exp(t)')
title('continous exponential rising signal created by Roll No. ')

%CONTINOUS EXPONENTIAL DECAYING SIGNAL FUNCTION

t=linspace(-5,5);
x= exp(-t);
subplot(5,2,6)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x=exp(-t)')
title('continous exponential decaying signal created by Roll No. ')

%DISCRETE EXPONENTIAL RISING SIGNAL FUNCTION FOR a>1

n=-10:10;
a=1.5;
x=a.^n;
subplot(5,2,7)
stem(n,x)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete exponential signal for a>1 created by Roll No. ')

%CONTINOUS RAMP SIGNAL

t=linspace(-5,5);
x=t.*(t>=0);
subplot(5,2,8)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x(t)')
title('continous ramp signal created by Roll No. ')

%DISCRETE RAMP SIGNAL

n=-10:10;
x= n.*(n>=0);
subplot(5,2,9)
stem(n,x)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete ramp signal created by Roll No. ')
 Experiment 4

AIM:- To create MATLAB code for performing operations on continous time signals like
addition, multiplication, shifting and scaling:-

t=linspace(-10,10);
x1= (t>=0);
x2= (t>=-2);

%Addition of two signals

x=x1+x2;
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x(t)')
title('Addition of two continous signals created by Roll No. ')

%Multiplication of two signals

y=x1.*x2;
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,y)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('y(t)')
title('Multiplication of two continous signals created by Roll No. ')

%Shifting of signals
z=t+5;
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(z,x1)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x1(z)')
title('Shifting of signals created by Roll No. ')

%Scaling of signals
z1=2.*t+5;
subplot(4,1,4)
plot(z1,x1)
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x1(z1)')
title('Scaling of signals created by Roll No. ')
OUTPUT:-
 Experiment 5

AIM:- To Compute Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform of the signal in
MATLAB :-

syms t x
f= exp(-t^2-x^2);
z= fourier(f)
p=ifourier(z)

OUTPUT:-

z=

pi^(1/2)*exp(- t^2 - w^2/4)

p=

exp(- t^2 - x^2)

 Experiment-6

AIM:- To compute Convolution and Correlation between continous-time signal :-

t=linspace(0,2*pi);
x=cos(t);
y=sin(t);
z=conv(x,y);
w=0:length(z)-1;
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(w,z)
xlabel('w')
ylabel('z')
title('Convolved continous signal created by Roll No. ')

s=xcorr(x,y);
p=0:length(s)-1;
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(p,s)
xlabel('p')
ylabel('s')
title('Discrete correlation signal created by Roll No. ')

OUTPUT:-
 EXPERIMENT 7

AIM: To generate random sequences for the following distribution

and plot probability density function :-
Rayleigh distribution

Uniform distribution

Normal or Gaussian distribution

r = raylrnd(1:5);
u = unifrnd(1,2:5);
n = normrnd(1,3:6);
x = [-2:0.0001:2.5];
p = raylpdf(x,0.5);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(x,p)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p')
title('pdf for Rayleigh distribution created by Roll No. ')
p = unifpdf(x,1,2);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(x,p)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p')
title('pdf for Uniform distribution created by Roll No. ')
p = normpdf(x,0.5,1);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(x,p)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p')
title('pdf for Normal or Gaussian distribution created by Roll No. ')
OUTPUT:-
 EXPERIMENT 8
AIM:- To perform basic mathematical opertions on matrices using Python:-

(A)
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
y = np.array([[7,8],[9,10]])
print('Addition of two matrices')
print(np.add(x,y))

OUTPUT:-
Addition of two matrices :
[[ 8 10]
[12 14]]

(B)
print('Subtraction of two matrices :')
print(np.subtract(x,y))

OUTPUT:-
Subtraction of two matrices :
[[-6 -6]
[-6 -6]]

(C)
print('Multiplication of two matrices :')
print(np.multiply(x,y))
OUTPUT:-
Multiplication of two matrices :
[[ 7 16]
[27 40]]

(D)
print('Division of two matrices :')
print(np.divide(x,y))

OUTPUT:-
Division of two matrices :
[[0.14285714 0.25 ]
[0.33333333 0.4 ]]

(E)
print('Dot product of two matrices :')
print(np.dot(x,y))

OUTPUT:-
Dot product of two matrices :
[[25 28]
[57 64]]

(F)
print('Square root of matrix :')
print(np.sqrt(x))
OUTPUT:-
Square root of matrix :
[[1. 1.41421356]
[1.73205081 2. ]]

(G)
print('Summation of matrix :')
print(np.sum(y))

OUTPUT:-
Summation of matrix :
34

(H)
print('The column wise Summation :')
print(np.sum(y,axis=0))

OUTPUT:-
The column wise Summation :
[16 18]

(I)
print('The row wise Summation :')
print(np.sum(y,axis=1))

OUTPUT:-
The row wise Summation :
[15 19]

(J)
print('The Transpose of matrix :')
print(x.T)

OUTPUT:-

The Transpose of matrix :

[[1 3]
[2 4]]
 EXPERIMENT 9
AIM:-To create graphs in Python using the matplotlib library:-

(A)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1,2,3,4])
plt.ylabel('some numbers ')
plt.show()

OUTPUT:-
(B)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16],'ro')
plt.axis([0,6,0,20])
plt.show()

OUTPUT:-
(C)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

t = np.arange(0.,5.,0.2)

plt.plot(t,t,'r--',t,t**2,'bs',t,t**3,'g^')

plt.show()

OUTPUT:-
(D)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
names = ['group_a','group_b','group_c']
values = [1,10,100]
plt.figure(figsize=(9,3))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.bar(names,values)
plt.subplot(132)
plt.scatter(names,values)
plt.subplot(133)
plt.plot(names,values)
plt.suptitle('Categorical Plotting')
plt.show()

OUTPUT:-