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PROJECT ON:

HUMAN
BLOOD
GROUP
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Case study:
Sl.n Father’s Mother’s Child’s
o blood type blood type blood type
Amit Sur: A+ Kalpana Sur:O+ Ananya Sur:A+
1. Anil Sur : A+ Anjali Sur : O+Amit Sur :A+
2. Avijit Sur:A+
Avijit Sur:A+ Maitri Shome:O- Arin Sur:A+
3. Susanta Das:B+ Rina Das:O+ Sayantika
4. Das:O+
Uttam Kumar Rita Debnath:O+ Tanisha
5. Debnath:A+ Debnath:O+
Bimal Sur:A+ Nilima Sur:O+ Puja Sur:A+
6.
Biraj Sur:B+ Sudipta Sayantika Sur:O+
7.
Baidya:O+
8. Gopal Datta:O+ Ratna Datta:AB+ Bina Datta:AB+
Jagganath
Datta:B+
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Conclusion:
Safe blood saves lives. Blood is needed by women with
complications during pregnancy and childbirth, children with
severe anaemia, often resulting from malaria or malnutrition,
accident victims and surgical and cancer patients.
There is a constant need for a regular supply of blood
because it can be stored only for a limited period of time
before use. Regular blood donation by a sufficient number of
healthy people is needed to ensure that blood will always be
available whenever and wherever it is needed.
Blood is the most precious gift that anyone can give to
another person – the gift of life. A decision to donate your
blood can save a life, or even several if your blood is
separated into its components – red cells, platelets and
plasma – which can be used individually for patients with
specific conditions.

our blood is a precious resource, constantly taking care of your

body so it works as well as it should. Your blood carries oxygen to
your cells so they can create energy. It helps your immune
system defend your body against intruders. Blood also manages
how much you bleed when you’re injured. While you can take
care of your blood, you may not be able to avoid diseases that
affect it. Fortunately, healthcare providers can treat most serious
blood conditions, including blood cancers and blood disorders.
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Common blood diseases

Blood Diseases

Your blood is living tissue made up of liquid and solids.

The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts
and protein. Over half of your blood is plasma. The
solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
Blood diseases and disorders affect one or more parts
of the blood and prevent your blood from doing its
job. Many blood diseases and disorders are caused by
genes. Other causes include other diseases, side
effects of medicines, and a lack of certain nutrients in
your diet. Common blood disorders include anemia
and bleeding disorders such as hemophilia.
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INTRODUCTION
About blood
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The blood
carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and picks up waste products (such
as carbon dioxide) for removal from the body.
The bulk of our blood is made up of plasma. Floating in the plasma are the red blood
cells that carry oxygen, the white cells that form part of the immune system, and
clotting cells called platelets.

The 2 main ways to classify blood groups are the ABO system and the Rh system.
Together, they make up the 8 main blood groups.

ABO blood group

The 4 different blood groups in the ABO system are A, B, AB and O. A person's blood
group is determined by a pair of genes - one gene inherited from each parent.

Each blood group is identified by its own set of molecules (called antigens), which are
located on the surface of red blood cells. When a person needs a blood transfusion, the
donated blood must match the recipient's blood or complications will occur.

Rh type blood factor

A person's blood type used to be called their 'Rhesus type' OR 'Rh type'. Rh type is
determined by a different pair of genes to the ones that determine your ABO blood type
(again, one inherited from each parent).
Blood is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative, depending on whether certain molecules are
present. A person who is Rh-negative will experience a severe immune-system reaction
if Rh-positive blood gets into their bloodstream.

BLOOD GROUPS:
What are blood types?
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A blood type is a classification system that allows healthcare providers to

determine whether your blood is compatible or incompatible with someone
else’s blood. There are four main blood types: A, B, AB and O. Blood bank
specialists determine your blood type based on whether you have antigen
A or B on your red blood cells. They also look for a protein called the Rh
factor. They classify your blood type as positive (+) if you have this protein
and negative (-) if you don’t.

Blood types classified according to the ABO system have the following
characteristics:

 Type A - has A antigens in the red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in
plasma;

 Type B - has B antigens in the red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in
plasma;

 Type AB - has A and B antigens in the red blood cells and no

antibodies in plasma;

 Type O - has no antigens in the red blood cells and anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in plasma.

The rhesus factor or antigen may or may not be present in red blood
cells. Therefore, blood may be:

 Rh+ or Rhesus positive;

 Rh- or rhesus negative.

So, taking ABO classification and the presence of the rhesus

factor into account, blood types can be:

 A Rh+ (or A+);

 A Rh- (or A-);
 B Rh+ (or B+);
 B Rh- (or B-);
 AB Rh+ (or AB+);
 AB Rh- (or AB-);
 O Rh+ (or O+);
 O Rh- (or O-).
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Are all blood types compatible?

Not all blood types are compatible with one other.

Therefore, it is important that everybody knows what their blood group

is and the significance of blood type in transfusions.

What are the general rules for transfusions?

Blood types classified according to the ABO system have the
following specific characteristics and consequences with regard to
transfusions:

 People with type A blood may only receive type A and type O blood;
 People with type B blood may only receive type B and type O blood;
 People with type AB blood may receive types A, B, AB and O blood;
 People with blood type O can only receive type O blood.

Because people who have type AB blood can receive any of the other
types, they are called universal recipients.

Because people who have type O blood can donate blood to any of the
other types, they are called universal donors.

The consequences of the presence of the rhesus factor on the

compatibility of blood used in transfusions are:

 People with Rh+ blood can only receive Rh+ blood;

 People with Rh- blood can only receive Rh- blood.
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HOW TO
DETERMINE
BLOOD GROUPS
Blood Type Is Determined Genetically
The A and B antigen molecules on the surface of red blood cells are
made by two different enzymes. These two enzymes are encoded by
different versions, or alleles, of the same gene.
The A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the A antigen, and the
B allele codes for an enzyme that makes the B antigen. A third
version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not
functional; it makes no surface molecules at all.
Everyone inherits two alleles of the gene, one from each parent.
The combination of your two alleles determines your blood type.

The table on the left shows all of the possible combinations of

blood type alleles. The blood type for each allele combination is
shown on the right. For example, if you inherit a B allele from your
father and an A allele from your mother, your blood type will be
AB.
When Blood Types Mix
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Blood plasma is packed with proteins called antibodies. The body

produces a wide variety of antibodies that will recognize and attack
foreign molecules that may enter from the outside world. A
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person's plasma does not contain any antibodies that will bind to
molecules that are part of his or her own body.
When conducting a blood transfusion, it is important to carefully
match the donor and recipient blood types. If the donor blood cells
have surface molecules that are different from those of the
recipient, antibodies in the recipient's blood recognize the donor
blood as foreign. This triggers an immune response resulting in
blood clotting. If the donor blood cells have surface molecules that
are the same as those of the recipient, the recipient's body will not
see them as foreign and will not mount an immune response.
There are two special blood types when it comes to blood
transfusions. People with type O blood are universal donors
because there are no molecules on the surface of the red blood cells
that can trigger an immune response. People with type AB blood
are universal recipients because they do not have any antibodies
that will recognize type A or B surface molecules.
Note: Blood cells are covered with a variety of surface molecules.
For simplicity, only type A and B surface molecules are shown here.
 Funding

this figure shows the criss cross method , a

theoretical approach on to determine the progeny’s blood type.