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Blood Typing and Genetics

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Lezah E Dela Cruz
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72 views20 pages

Blood Typing and Genetics

Uploaded by

Lezah E Dela Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blood Typing and Blood

Genetics
What makes up blood?
 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) –Most abundant cells in
blood; produced in bone marrow and contain protein called
hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) – Part of immune system,
destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
 Plasma – Yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains
electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting
factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
 Platelets (Thrombocytes) – Clotting factors carried in the
plasma; clot together in a process called coagulation to
seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of
blood inside of their body
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all
parts of the body, and carries carbon
dioxide and other waste products back to
the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal.
It also fights against infection and helps
heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
Blood Genetics
 Everyone has two ABO genes.

 There are three versions (called “alleles”) of


this blood type gene: A, B, and O.

 A person’s blood type is determined by


which allele he/she inherits from their
parents (one from the mother, one from the
father).
Pheno vs. Geno
 The genetic makeup of an organism is
called the “genotype”.
 The “phenotype” is the visible properties of
an organism.
 In this case, the A, B, and O allele
combination a person has is their genotype
 Their blood type is their phenotype.
Dominant vs. Recessive Genes
 The “A” allele is dominant and so is the “B”
allele.
 Together though, the “A” and “B” alleles are
co-dominant.
 The “O” allele is recessive.
Determining the Genotype
The blood type gene has three different alleles:
 IAIA is Type A
 IAIB is Type AB
 IBIB results in Type B
 ii is Type O
Determining the Genotype
 Scenario:

 Mom has the alleles IAIA for blood


type and Dad has the alleles IBIB
blood type.
 What will be the blood type for their
child?
Punnett Sqaures

IA IA

IB

IB
Practice
Suppose that a mother has blood Type A
and genotype IAi and the father has blood
Type B and genotype IBi. Draw a Punnett
square to show the possible genotypes of
their children.

What are the phenotypes of the kids?


Practice

IB i

IA

i
Blood Types
 The alleles we discussed “code” for blood
type.
 What they REALLY “code” for is a specific
enzyme.
 That enzyme creates specific antigens on
your red blood cells.
Antigens
 An antigen is a protein (encoded from the
right enzyme) that “sits” on the surface of
your red blood cells.
 There are 2 different blood antigens, A and B.
 If you have the A antigen, you have type A
blood.
 If you have the B antigen, you have type B
blood.
Antigens on Surface of Red Blood Cell
Antibodies
 Blood plasma is packed with proteins called
antibodies.
 The body produces a wide variety of
antibodies that will recognize and attack
foreign molecules.
 A person’s plasma does not contain any
antibodies that will bind to molecules that
are part of his or her own body.
Blood Transfusions
 It is important to carefully match the donor
and recipient blood types.
 If the donor’s blood cells have antigen that
are different from those of the recipient,
antibodies in the recipient’s blood recognize
the donor blood as foreign.
 This triggers an immune response resulting
in blood clotting (agglutination).
Blood Transfusions
Antigen Antibody Can donate Can receive
to… from…

A
B
AB
O
Relative Abundance of Blood Types

A B AB O

40-42% 10-12% 3-5% 43-45%


Rhesus Factor (Rh)
 If a person has a positive Rh factor, this
means that their blood contains a protein
that is also found in Rhesus monkeys.
 Most people (about 85%) have a positive Rh
factor
 Rh is expressed as either positive or
negative.
 The Rh factor, like other antigens, is found
on the surface of the red blood cells.

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