Lec29& 30-DTFS

208503 Signals and Systems
Lecture 28
Discrete-Time Fourier Series
Properties of Discrete-Time Fourier Series
(article 3.6, 3.7)
Fourier Series
• Fourier Analysis is a set of techniques that allows the frequency analysis of
the signal by resolving the signal into its frequency components.
• The Fourier spectra are an alternate way of describing a signal and are
equivalent (in terms of information) to the time domain representation of the
signal.
• A continuous periodic signal, x(t), with period T is expressed as a sum of an
infinite set of harmonically related sinusoids and a dc component through
the Fourier series.
2
Recap DT Exponential Sequence
• A discrete-time signal x[n] is periodic with period N if
x[n] = x[n + N].
• The fundamental period is the smallest positive integer N for which above
equation holds, and 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑁 is the fundamental frequency.
• The complex exponential 𝑒 ( ⁄ ) is periodic with period N. Furthermore, the set
of all discrete-time complex exponential signals that are periodic with period N is
given by
( ⁄ )
𝜙 [𝑛] = 𝑒 =𝑒 , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
• However, there are only N distinct signals for the above equation. This is a
consequence of the fact that discrete-time complex exponentials which differ in
frequency by a multiple of 2𝜋 are identical. i.e.,
𝜙 [𝑛] = 𝜙 [𝑛]
• This implies when k is changed by any integer multiple of N, an identical
sequence is generated.
• This differs from the situation in continuous time in which the signals defined by
following equation are all different from one another.
( ⁄ )
𝜙 (𝑡) = 𝑒 =𝑒 , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, ⋯
3
Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
• Therefore as a consequence of periodicity of complex
exponentials, DTFS pair is described as
x[ n]   ak e jk0n   ak e jk  2 / N n Synthesis Equation

k N k N
1 1
ak 
N
 x[n]e jk0n 
k N N
 x[n]e
k N
 jk  2 / N  n
Analysis Equation
• For example, k could take on the values k = 0, 1, ... , N-1, or k = 3,

4, ... , N+2. In either case, by virtue of periodicity of exponentials,
exactly the same set of complex exponential sequences appears
in the summation on the right-hand side of the synthesis equation.
• The synthesis equation is termed as the discrete-time Fourier
series and the; coefficients as the Fourier series coefficients.
4
Example 1
• Find the discrete-time Fourier series (DTFS) for .
Sketch the amplitude and phase spectra.
5
Solution
6
Spectrum
7
Example 2: Example 3.11
• Determine DTFS for the signal
Solution
8
Spectrum
9
• Determination of DTFS for the periodic signal shown in figure.
• Because x[n] = 1 for , it is convenient to choose

the length-N interval of summation so that it includes the
range
10
Solution
11
Fourier Coefficients
12
Spectrum
13
MATLAB
• Tr
• Try labelling the axis versus discrete frequency .
14
Properties of DTFS
15
10. Parseval’s Relation/Theorem
• As the frequency-domain representation of a signal is an equivalent
representation, the power of a signal can also be expressed in
terms of its spectrum.
1

N n N
| x[n] |2   | ak |2
n N
• Thus, Parseval's relation states that the average power in a periodic

signal equals the sum of the average powers in all of its harmonic
components.
• In discrete time, there are only N distinct harmonic components,
and since the ak are periodic with period N, the sum on the right-
hand side of eq. can be taken over any N consecutive values of k.
16
17
18
19
Summary of FS
• FS is used to represent periodic time-domain signals by a
discrete spectrum in the frequency-domain. The spectrum for
CT signals is aperiodic, whereas for DT signals the spectrum is
periodic.
• For CT signals, the Fourier representation fails to provide
uniform convergence in the vicinity of a discontinuity (Gibbs
effect).
• Two forms of FS are the trigonometric and the exponential
form. In the trigonometric form, a time-domain function is
expressed in terms of cosine and sine waveforms. In the
exponential form, a time-domain function is expressed in terms
of complex exponentials.
20
Numericals
• Example 3.10-3.13
• Problems 3.9-3.12
21

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208503 Signals and Systems

x[ n]   ak e jk0n   ak e jk  2 / N n Synthesis Equation

• For example, k could take on the values k = 0, 1, ... , N-1, or k = 3,

• Because x[n] = 1 for , it is convenient to choose

• Try labelling the axis versus discrete frequency .

• Thus, Parseval's relation states that the average power in a periodic

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