ORAL-COMM-Q1-Lesson-3-Models-of-Communication

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Oral Communication
ACTIVITY
Compare and contrast the pictures above. Which of the

two situations shows a more effective
communication? Why do you think so?
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
These communication
There are three models are:
general types of
communication
models in which all 1. Linear Model
other communication 2. Transactional Model
models are mostly 3. Interactional Model
categorized.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION: LINEAR MODEL
LINEAR MODEL The sender

communicates with the
The linear receiver without
communication model receiving feedback. It
is a one-way also represents the one-
interaction where way process of
feedback is not communication.
present.
KEY FEATURES:
• One way communication

• Used for mass communication
• Senders send message and receivers only receive
• No feedback
• No concept of noise
PROS CONS
• Good at audience • Communication is not

persuasion and continuous as no
propaganda concept of feedback
setting • No way to know if
• Intentional results communication was
effective
LINEAR MODEL ● Aristotle’s Model
(300 BC)
Different models that ● Lasswell’s Model
follow linear model of (1948)
communication and the
year they were ● Berlo’s SMCR
presented/published are Model (1960)
listed at the right
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
● Aristotle was a Greek

philosopher and writer born in
Stagira, Northern Greece. He
studied physics, logic,
mathematics, etc.
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
● Considered as the first model of communication and

was proposed before c. 300 B.C.
● Most widely accepted among all communication models.
It is mainly focused on speaker and speech.
● Speaker-centered model
● Highly used to develop public speaking skills and
create a propaganda at that time so it is less focused
on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication
Elements as a good communicator
ETHOS – credibility of the speaker

PATHOS – emotional bond
LOGOS – sense of reason
EXAMPLE:
A politician (the speaker) gives a speech on a market

square during an election campaign (the occasion). His
goal is the win the votes of the citizens (the audience)
present as well as those of the citizens potentially
watching the speech on TV.
● It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements:
Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.
Criticisms
● There is no concept of feedback

● There is no concept of communication failure;
noise/barriers
● This model can only be used in public speaking
Lasswell’s Model of Communication
Harold Dwight Lasswell, (born February 13,

1902, Donnellson, Illinois, U.S, an influential
political scientist known for seminal studies of
power relations and of personality and politics
and for other major contributions to
contemporary behavioral political science. He
authored more than 30 books and 250
scholarly articles on diverse subjects, including
international relations, psychoanalysis, and
legal education.
● Also known as “action model”

COMPONENTS MEANING ANALYSIS
WHO The communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis
SAYS WHAT The content of the message Content Analysis
IN WHICH CHANNEL The medium/media Media Analysis
TO WHOM The receiver of the message or an audience Audience Analysis
WITH WHAT EFFECT The feedback of the receiver to the sender Effect Analysis
EXAMPLE:
A news reporter disseminates news regarding the negative

impact of social media on BBC television to inform the
general public.
Criticisms
● Does not include feedback and ignores the possibility

of noise
● Very linear and does not consider barriers
● Generally used for media presentation
Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
David Berlo was an American

communications theorist who is known
for developing the SMCR model of
communication in 1960.
According to Berlo, effective
communication occurs when the sender
of a message and its receiver are on
the same level or are roughly similar.
● SMCR refers to Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver
● Focuses on encoding and decoding which happens

before sender sends the message and before receiver
receives the message respectively.
EXAMPLE:
Watching the news on the television is the perfect example
of Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model of communication.
The news presenter is the source of the news and she
conveys the message to the audience. The news is the
message, the television — the channel, and the audience
are the receivers of the message.
Criticisms
● There is no concept of feedback
● No concept of noise
● It is a rather complex model.
● It requires people to be on the same level for effective communication to
happen. However, that rarely happens in everyday life.
● The main drawback of the model is that it omits the usage of sixth sense as a
channel of communication, which is an asset to human beings (thinking,
understanding, analyzing etc.)
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION:
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF Oral Communication
COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION: TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
TRANSACTIONAL Transactional model
MODEL relates communication with
social reality, cultural up-
The transactional bringing and relational
communication model context (relationships).
seems like a two-way Non-verbal feedback like
communication process gestures, body language,
with immediate is also considered as
feedback. feedback in this model.
KEY FEATURES:
• Used for interpersonal communication

• Senders and receivers interchange roles
• Simultaneous feedback
• Context of environment and noise
• Feedback is taken as a new message
PROS CONS
• Simultaneous and • Encourages non-verbal

instant feedback communication
• No discrimination • More noise due to
between sender communicators talking
and receiver at the same time
TRANSACTIONAL ● Eugene White’s Model
MODEL (1960)
● Dance’s Helical Model
Different models that (1967)
follow transactional
model of communication
and the year they were
presented/published are
listed at the right.
Eugene White’s Model of Communication
In 1960, scientist Eugene White

introduced a transactional
communication theory.
The most important component of

Eugene White’s model is feedback, and
feedback makes it a transactional
model of communication.
● Eugene White’s model shows communication occurs in two

directions. It also indicates communication is a circular,
not a linear process.
● The discussion occurs between two people, and it is

reciprocal.
White’s stages of oral communication examples are:
1. Thinking
2. Symbolizing
3. Expressing
4. Transmitting
5. Receiving
6. Decoding
7. Feedbacking
8. Monitoring
Example:
Debating is an example of White’s communication model. The

speaker and receiver follow a cyclical communication process
in this context. Sometimes, the senders play the role of
receiver. Consequently, the receivers play the role of the
sender. They speak and listen simultaneously.
Criticisms
● It cannot explain communication with radio, television, book,

newspaper, and no-reply email.
● Furthermore, Eugene White’s model presents a complex
framework compared to linear models such as Aristotle’s
model of communication with five elements.
Dance’s Helical Model of Communication
In 1967, Frank Dance has proposed the
communication model called Dance’s Helix
Model for a better communication process.
The name helical comes from “Helix” which

means an object having a three-dimensional
shape like that of a wire wound uniformly
around a cylinder or cone. He shows
communication as a dynamic and non-linear
process.
● Dance’s model emphasized the difficulty of

communication. Frank Dance uses the form of a Helix to
describe the communication process. He developed this
theory based on a simple helix which gets bigger and
bigger as it moves or grows. The main characteristics of
a helical model of communication is that it is
evolutionary.
The model views communication as:

● Cyclical,
● Contextual (Influenced by time and experience),
● Continuous,
● Non-Repetitive, and
● Accumulative (getting increasingly more complex and
‘knowledgeable’)
● Frank Dance explains the communication process based

on this Helix structure and compares it with
communication. In the Helix structure, the bottom or
starting is very small then it gradually moves upward in
a back and forth circular motion which forms the bigger
circle in the top and it is still moves further. The whole
process takes some time to reach.
Example:
When a child is born the only means of communication for
him is crying, he cries for everything like hunger, pain, cold
etc.. As the child grows the means of communication
become wider and broader. He learns to make noises then
he learns a language to obtain attention and to fulfil his
needs. As a Helix, the process of communication, in this
case, started as crying and later it developed into a
complex and compound means.
Criticism
● The model is taken as more simple than it should be.

● Some critics don't take it to be a model as it has very few
variables.
● It is not testable because it is abstract.
● It is not represent in a systematic and orderly way.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION:
INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF Oral Communication
COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION: INTERACTIONAL MODEL
INTERACTIONAL MODEL Sometimes, the
communication can be
The interactive linear if receivers do
communication model not reply to senders.
refers to the two-way
method of The interactive model of
communication with communication indicates
feedback. However, mediated and internet-
feedback is not based communication.
simultaneous.
KEY FEATURES:
• Used for new communications like internet

• Slower feedbacks in turns
• Concept of field of experience
• Known as convergence model
• Communication becomes linear if receiver does not
respond
PROS CONS
• Feedback even in • Feedback can take a

mass communication very long time
• New communication • Sender and receiver
channels might not know who the
other person is
INTERACTIONAL
MODEL
● Osgood-Schramm’s
Different models that Model (1954)
follow interactional ● Westley and
model of communication Maclean’s Model
and the year they were (1957)
presented/published are
listed at the right.
Osgood-Schramm’s Model of Communication
It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something

circular in nature.
Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message
(message originates)
Decoder – Who receives the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses,
perceive) or interpret
Key features:
1) Communication is circular not linear;

2) Communication is usually equal and reciprocal;
3) Messages require interpretation;
4) There are three steps for communicating: encoding,
decoding and interpreting.
Advantages:
● Shows how feedback can work: This model works well
for explaining cyclical feedback. Other models see
communication as being a one-way street, which fail to
account for feedback and dialogue. In this model, the
speaker can get feedback about their language, jokes,
choice of words, etc. so they can try to communicate
more and more clearly as the cycle continues.
Advantages:
● Recognizes that communication is complex: By
accounting for encoding, decoding and interpretation,
this model shows how sometimes we can mishear and
misinterpret information.
● Sees us as active communicators: While other models
see people receiving information as passive recipients,
this one shows how we’re active in interpreting
information we receive.
Disadvantage:
● Doesn’t work for mass communication: This is another
time communication is unequal. One person
communicating to many looks very different to the
circular one-to-one model proposed in the Osgood-
Schramm approach (for a more appropriate approach
for mass media.
Westley-Maclean’s Model of Communication
● The Westley and Maclean model is primarily used for

explaining mass communication.
● This model introduces environmental and cultural
factors to the process of communication. Namely,
according to this model, the communication process
does not start with the source/sender, but rather with
environmental factors.
Key Features:
● It believes the communication process doesn’t start at
the message sender. Rather, it starts with environmental
factors that influence the sender.
● It can account for both interpersonal and mass
communication.
● It also acknowledges the role of feedback in
communication.
Westley-Mclean’s Model of Communication
● The Westley and Maclean model also takes into

account the object of the orientation (background,
culture, and beliefs) of the sender and the receiver of
messages.
● The very process of communication starts with
environmental factors which influence the speaker —
the culture or society the speaker lives in, whether the
speaker is in a public or private space, etc.
This model consists of nine key elements:

● Environment (X)
● Sensory experience (X¹)
● Source/Sender (A)
● The object of the orientation of the source (X²)
● Receiver (B)
● The object of the orientation of the receiver (X³)
● Feedback (F)
● Gatekeepers (C)
● Opinion leaders
Environmental factors that impact a message could

include:
● How the wider media talks about a topic.
● The culture or society in which you live.
● Where you are when you send the message (private
space, public space, etc.).
Advantages:
● It believes the communication process doesn’t start at
the message sender. Rather, it starts with environmental
factors that influence the sender.
● It acknowledges the role of subjectivity (personal bias)
in message encoding and decoding.
● It acknowledges the role of social and cultural factors in
influencing messages.
Disadvantages:
● It places more emphasis on the message sender than
message feedback.
● The ‘gatekeeper’ step may be a little outdated in a
time of new media where anyone can create texts that
can be communicated via online or internet.
Disadvantages:
● The model does not account for noise (changes to the
message during communication).
● The model also does not have much to say about
the channel of communication.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION: LINEAR/TRANSACTIONAL/INTERACTIONAL MODEL
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication (1949)
The Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication is a

mathematical theory of communication that argues that
human communication can be broken down into 6 key
concepts: sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, and
receiver.
A later version of the theory by Norbert Weiner added a

7th concept (‘feedback’) which changed the model from a
linear to cyclical model.
● It is known as the “mother of all models” because of its

wide popularity. The model is also known as
‘information theory’ or the ‘Shannon theory’ because
Claude Shannon was the main person who developed
the theory.
● The Shannon-Weaver model of communication was

originally proposed for technical communication, such as
through telephone communications. Nonetheless, it has
been widely used in multiple different areas of human
communication.
Advantages
1. It Explains The Barriers To Effective Communication
Very Well
The model also includes three ‘levels’ where communication
can be interrupted. These are: technical problems, semantic
problems, and effectiveness problems:
● Technical problems
● Semantic problems
● Effectiveness problems
Advantages
2. It breaks down communication into understandable
parts
3. Transferable to multiple situations
Disadvantages:
1. It doesn’t address one-to-many communication
The ‘mother of all models’ is silent on the issues that
arise when there is one sender and multiple receivers.
The Shannon Weaver model of communication is the

‘mother of all models’ of human communication. It is also
known as the ‘information theory’.
THANK YOU! ORAL COMMUNICATION

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MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Oral Communication

Compare and contrast the pictures above. Which of the

LINEAR MODEL The sender

• One way communication

• Good at audience • Communication is not

● Aristotle was a Greek

● Considered as the first model of communication and

Elements as a good communicator

ETHOS – credibility of the speaker

A politician (the speaker) gives a speech on a market

● There is no concept of feedback

Harold Dwight Lasswell, (born February 13,

● Also known as “action model”

WHO The communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis

SAYS WHAT The content of the message Content Analysis

IN WHICH CHANNEL The medium/media Media Analysis

TO WHOM The receiver of the message or an audience Audience Analysis

A news reporter disseminates news regarding the negative

● Does not include feedback and ignores the possibility

David Berlo was an American

● SMCR refers to Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver

● Focuses on encoding and decoding which happens

• Used for interpersonal communication

• Simultaneous and • Encourages non-verbal

In 1960, scientist Eugene White

The most important component of

● Eugene White’s model shows communication occurs in two

● The discussion occurs between two people, and it is

Debating is an example of White’s communication model. The

● It cannot explain communication with radio, television, book,

The name helical comes from “Helix” which

● Dance’s model emphasized the difficulty of

The model views communication as:

● Frank Dance explains the communication process based

● The model is taken as more simple than it should be.

• Used for new communications like internet

• Feedback even in • Feedback can take a

It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something

1) Communication is circular not linear;

● The Westley and Maclean model is primarily used for

● The Westley and Maclean model also takes into

This model consists of nine key elements:

Environmental factors that impact a message could

The Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication is a

A later version of the theory by Norbert Weiner added a

● It is known as the “mother of all models” because of its

● The Shannon-Weaver model of communication was

The Shannon Weaver model of communication is the

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