Unit 4

Earthquake Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

LEARNING TARGETS

At the end of this unit, the learners should be

able to do the following:
● Identify various potential earthquake hazards.
● Recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami.
● Analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards.
● Interpret different earthquake maps.
● Apply safety and precautionary measures before, during, and after an
earthquake.
VALUES AND ATTITUDES

In this unit, the learners should be

learn
able
toto do the
following:
● Harness self-discipline regarding appropriate precautions against
earthquake hazards.
● Build flexibility and resilience to rebound from setbacks brought by
disasters such as earthquakes.
Lesson 1
Ground Shaking

Unit 4| Earthquake Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

4
LET'S GET REAL

Did You Feel It?

The Concept of Earthquake

Definition
An earthquake is caused by the sudden
and rapid movement of large volumes of
rock along fractures on the earth’s
surface called faults. The earth’s
outermost shell, crust, and uppermost
mantle consist of moving tectonic
plates. The movement causes friction.
To overcome this movement, the plates
separate, and the energy stored in the
rocks is released as seismic waves.
The Concept of Earthquake

Types of Earthquake
An Tectonic Earthquake are those
generated by the sudden displacement
along faults in the solid and rigid layer of
the earth

An Volcanic Earthquake are arthquakes

induced by rising lava or magma
beneath active volcanoes
The Concept of Earthquake

A fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where

movement or displacement has occurred or may
occur again is called Fault
Active fault
- if it has historical and contemporary seismicity, has
evidence of fault slip based on displaced rocks or soil
units of known age and displaced landforms
- is defined as a fault which has moved within the last
10,000 years
The Concept of Earthquake

There are five active fault lines in the

country namely the:

1.Eastern Philippine Fault

2.Western Philippine Fault
3.South of Mindanao Fault
4.Central Philippine Fault and the
5.Marikina/Valley Fault System.
The Concept of Earthquake
 On July 16, 1990, at 4:26 p.m., a 7.8
1990 Luzon magnitude earthquake struck the
Killer Earthquake northern and central parts of Luzon.
The quake lasted for 45 seconds
1976 Moro Gulf
Earthquake

An earthquake of 8.1
magnitude and a
following a tsunami hit
the Moro Gulf, in
Mindanao Island killing
an estimated 8,000
people on and off the
coast.
7.2 magnitude quake
in Bohol (2013)
Why are these earthquake
events remembered?
Types of Seismic Waves

body waves

surface waves
Quantifying Seismic Waves

Magnitude Intensity
measures the energy measures the effect of the
released by an earthquake on people and
earthquake. man-made structures.
Ground Shaking

Effects of an earthquake
Ground Shaking

A disruptive up-down and sideways

movement or motion experienced during an
earthquake.
Ground Shaking

The outermost shell of the earth, which includes

the crust and the uppermost mantle, consists
of tectonic plates.
When these plates move enough to overcome the
friction of the fault; the energy stored in the rocks is
released in the form of seismic waves.
Ground Shaking
How can the study of seismic
waves help the earthquake
hazard-prone regions?
Factors that Affects Impacts of Ground Shaking
1. The severity of an earthquake is measured
based on
• the energy it releases, or its magnitude,
• and its effects on people and man-made structures,
or what we call intensity.
2. Frequency is the number of times a
movement such as ground shaking is repeated
within a certain amount of time.
The intensity of ground shaking is also
influenced by the distance from the fault.

Shaking is felt more strongly in areas

with soft rock, where seismic waves move
slower.

How a building is constructed can increase or

decrease the damage from ground shaking.
Other Earthquake Hazards

Landslides
Other Earthquake Hazards

Liquefaction
The Building Code

It is a set of rules that set standards

for building constructions.
Lesson 2
Ground Rupture

Unit 4| Earthquake Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

28
Ground Rupture

Disaster Risk

Ground ruptures from the October 15, 2013, earthquake in Catigbian, Bohol, Philippines
Reverse Fault Ground Rupture

Disaster Risk

Reverse fault ground rupture in Reverse fault ground rupture in

Taichung, Taiwan Inabanga, Bohol
Lesson 3
Liquefaction

Unit 4| Earthquake Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

33
Liquefaction

Liquefaction occurs when

the ground loses stiffness
and behaves like a liquid in
response to earthquakes.

Liquefaction caused by the 1964 magnitude

7.5 Niigata earthquake
Liquefaction

sediment compression pore water

shaking and squeezing out of pressure
fluids increases
Factors Affecting Liquefaction

proximity to the
duration
duration geology
fault

density of
intensity of infrastructure in
shaking the
area
Liquefaction Map

Liquefaction hazard map of Metro Manila

Effect of Liquefaction

Flooding, as a result of liquefaction, following a 2011

earthquake in the Canterbury Region, New Zealand
Effect of Liquefaction

Sand boil in the Colorado Desert region,

Southern California after the 1971 Imperial Valley earthquake
Effects of Liquefaction

The ground becomes unable to support the structures on

top of it, causing buildings to tilt on their sides and/or sink
into the ground.
Objects underground like pipes and storage tanks can
literally float to the surface. In some cases, groundwater
rises and causes flood.
Liquefaction at depth can cause geysers of sand and
water to shoot from the ground, a phenomenon called
sand boils.
Lesson 4
Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Unit 4 Earthquake Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

43
PROJECT NOAH INTEGRATION

A Resilient Philippines

Project NOAH intends to raise the hazard awareness of Filipinos.

The Philippines is exposed to extreme events, such as floods,
landslides, storm surges, and earthquakes. Project NOAH is building
a resilient Philippines. It has identified communication as one of its
challenges: motivating Filipinos to be proactive in their safety and
readiness for disasters. Becoming proactive will increase the
Filipinos’ coping capacity.
Earthquake-Induced Landslides

strength of distance
topography
the earthquake from the fault

characteristics
climate
of soil or rocks
Landslide Warning Signs

● cracks or bulges in the road or ground that

were not there before
● increased soil content in streams
● leaning poles or walls
● a rumbling sound that grows louder (indicating
the approach of a landslide)
● unusual sounds such as cracking trees and
colliding rocks
Earthquake-Triggered Susceptibility Map

Earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility map of the Philippines based on critical

acceleration values and intensities
Lesson 5
Tsunamis

Unit 4| Earthquake Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

48
 PERSPECTIVES IN DRRR

The Global Perspective of the

Sendai Framework 2015–2030
Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of giant or large

waves generated by large-scale
displacements of water, which are
usually triggered by earthquakes or
major submarine landslides. It is a
Japanese word that translates to
“harbor wave” (tsu meaning “harbor”
and nami meaning “wave”).
Tsunami Generation

Block diagrams showing tsunami generation at a subduction zone

Local Tsunami

Tōhoku tsunami and earthquake

Regional Tsunami

Sumatran-Andaman earthquake and tsunami

Impact

Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Tsunami Prediction and Detection

open-ocean
tide gauges
buoys

sensors earthquakes
Natural Signs of an Impending Tsunami

● prolonged, severe ground shaking

● receding sea level or retreating ocean,
exposing rocks, fish, and corals to the ocean
bottom
● loud “roaring” similar to the sound of a
freight train or aircraft
● a huge incoming wall of water
 What are the possible
impacts/ effects of the
potential earthquake hazards
to your home/s?
PHOTO CREDITS

Slide 7: Japan Meteorological Agency is licensed under CC0 1.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Slide 11: Running Track After 1999 Chichi Earthquake in Taiwan by Oregon State University is licensed under

Creative Commons BY-SA 2.0. via Wikimedia Commons.

Slide 11: North Bohol Fault.jpg by Jhoven_Sulla is under the license of Creative Commons BY-SA-4.0
via Wikimedia Commons.

58
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Carteciano, Joselito Alonte. 2017. “The Big One Part 2.” National Research Council of the Philippines. August 2, 2017.
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REFERENCES
Kojima, Hisaya, Kohji Tokimatsu, and Akio Abe. 1992. “Liquefaction-induced damage, and geological and
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Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center. 2018. “Tsunami Generation from the 2004 M=9.1 Sumatra-Andaman
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Pallardy, Richard. 2010. “Chile Earthquake of 1960.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed February 24, 2023.
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———. n.d. “Hazard Maps.” https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/.

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REFERENCES
———. n.d. “Introduction to Earthquake.” Accessed February 24, 2023.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/introduction-to-earthquake.

———. n.d. “1990 July 16 Ms7.8 Luzon Earthquake.” Accessed February 24, 2023.
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———. n.d. “Tsunami Prone Areas in the Philippines.” n.d. (ital) Department of Science and Technology
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