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    C Strings

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    shivgovindvns
    The document explains C strings, which are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character ('\0'). It covers two ways to declare strings (char array and string literal), differences between them, and methods for traversing strings and accepting user input. Additionally, it discusses the gets() and puts() functions for reading and printing strings in C.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    C Strings

    Uploaded by

    shivgovindvns
    0 views5 pages
    The document explains C strings, which are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character ('\0'). It covers two ways to declare strings (char array and string literal), differences between them, and methods for traversing strings and accepting user input. Additionally, it discusses the gets() and puts() functions for reading and printing strings in C.

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    The document explains C strings, which are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character ('\0'). It covers two ways to declare strings (char array and string literal), differences between them, and methods for traversing strings and accepting user input. Additionally, it discusses the gets() and puts() functions for reading and printing strings in C.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    0 views5 pages

    C Strings

    Uploaded by

    shivgovindvns
    The document explains C strings, which are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character ('\0'). It covers two ways to declare strings (char array and string literal), differences between them, and methods for traversing strings and accepting user input. Additionally, it discusses the gets() and puts() functions for reading and printing strings in C.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    C Strings: The string can be defined as the one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null ('\0').

    The character
    array or the string is used to manipulate text such as word or sentences. Each character in the array occupies one byte of
    memory, and the last character must always be 0. The termination character ('\0') is important in a string since it is the
    only way to identify where the string ends. When we define a string as char s[10], the character s[10] is implicitly initialized
    with the null in the memory.

    There are two ways to declare a string in c language.

     By char array
     By string literal

    Let's see the example of declaring string by char array in C language.

    char ch[5]={'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

    array index starts from 0, so it will be represented as in the figure given below.

    0 1 2 3 4 5
    h E l l o \0

    While declaring string, size is not mandatory. So we can write the above code as given below:

    char ch[]={'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

    We can also define the string by the string literal in C language. For example:

    char ch[]="hello";

    In such case, '\0' will be appended at the end of the string by the compiler.

    Difference between char array and string literal: There are two main differences between char array and literal.

     We need to add the null character '\0' at the end of the array by ourself whereas, it is appended internally by the
    compiler in the case of the character array.
     The string literal cannot be reassigned to another set of characters whereas, we can reassign the characters of the
    array.

    Example:

    Program where a string is declared and being printed. The '%s' is used as a format specifier for the string in c language.

    #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    #include <string.h>

    int main(){

    char ch[5]={'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

    char ch[]="hello";

    printf("Char Array Value is: %s\n", ch);

    printf("String Literal Value is: %s\n", ch2);

    getch;}
    Output

    Char Array Value is: hello

    String Literal Value is: hello

    Traversing String: Traversing the string is one of the most important aspects in any of the programming languages. We
    may need to manipulate a very large text which can be done by traversing the text. Traversing string is somewhat different
    from the traversing an integer array. We need to know the length of the array to traverse an integer array, whereas we
    may use the null character in the case of string to identify the end the string and terminate the loop.

    There are two ways to traverse a string in C.

     By using the length of string.


     By using the null character.

    By using the length of string

    Example of counting the number of vowels in a string.

    #include<stdio.h>

    void main ()

    char ch[6]="hello";

    int i = 0;

    int count = 0;

    while(i<6)

    if(s[i]=='a' || s[i] == 'e' || s[i] == 'i' || s[i] == 'u' || s[i] == 'o')

    count ++;

    i++;

    printf("The number of vowels %d",count);

    Output

    The number of vowels 2


    Using the null character

    Example of counting the number of vowels by using the null character.

    #include<stdio.h>

    void main ()

    char ch[6]="hello";

    int i = 0;

    int count = 0;

    while(s[i] != NULL)

    if(s[i]=='a' || s[i] == 'e' || s[i] == 'i' || s[i] == 'u' || s[i] == 'o')

    count ++;

    i++;

    printf("The number of vowels %d",count);

    Output

    The number of vowels 2

    Accepting string as the input: We have used scanf to accept the input from the user. However, it can also be used in the
    case of strings but with a different scenario. Consider the below code which stores the string while space is encountered.

    #include<stdio.h>

    void main ()

    char s[20];

    printf("Enter the string?");

    scanf("%s",s);

    printf("You entered: %s",s);

    }
    Output

    Enter the string? hello this is string

    You entered: hellothisisstring

    C gets() and puts() functions: The gets() and puts() are declared in the header file stdio.h. Both the functions are
    involved in the input/output operations of the strings.

    C gets() function: The gets() function enables the user to enter some characters followed by the enter key. All the
    characters entered by the user get stored in a character array. The null character is added to the array to make it a
    string. The gets() allows the user to enter the space-separated strings. It returns the string entered by the user.

    Declaration

    char[] gets(char[]);

    Reading string using gets()

    #include<stdio.h>

    void main ()

    char s[30];

    printf("Enter the string? ");

    gets(s);

    printf("You entered %s",s);

    Output

    Enter the string? C is the best

    You entered C is the best

    C puts() function: The puts() function is very much similar to printf() function. The puts() function is used to print the
    string on the console which is previously read by using gets() or scanf() function. The puts() function returns an integer
    value representing the number of characters being printed on the console. Since, it prints an additional newline
    character with the string, which moves the cursor to the new line on the console, the integer value returned by puts()
    will always be equal to the number of characters present in the string plus 1.

    Declaration

    int puts(char[])
    Example to read a string using gets() and print it on the console using puts().

    #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    #include <string.h>

    void main()

    char name[50];

    printf("Enter your name: ");

    gets(name); //reads string from user

    printf("Your name is: ");

    puts(name); //displays string

    getch();

    Output:

    Enter your name: Aman Jaiswal

    Your name is: Aman Jaiswal

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