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Chapter 5 Transients8

The document discusses transients in power systems, highlighting their causes, effects, and sources, such as capacitor switching and external disturbances like lightning. It explains how transients can lead to various types of equipment failures and emphasizes the importance of proper earthing to mitigate these effects. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of switching surges and arcing ground phenomena, which can cause significant damage to electrical installations.

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oadel4111
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3 views

Chapter 5 Transients8

The document discusses transients in power systems, highlighting their causes, effects, and sources, such as capacitor switching and external disturbances like lightning. It explains how transients can lead to various types of equipment failures and emphasizes the importance of proper earthing to mitigate these effects. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of switching surges and arcing ground phenomena, which can cause significant damage to electrical installations.

Uploaded by

oadel4111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sohag University

Elective Course (3)


Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Department

Transients in Power Systems

Dr Khairy Sayed
Transients
• Transients disturbances are high frequency
events with durations much less than one cycle of
supply.
• Causes are switching, lightening strikes on the
network, switching of reactive loads on consumer
sites.
• Transients can have magnitudes of several
thousands volts and so can cause serious damage
to both the installation and the equipment
connected to it.
• A good earthing greatly reduces the transients.
Voltage Transient
Sources of transient voltages
Several sources of transient voltages within a facility are
presented in the following list:
• Capacitor Switching
• Current interruption (motors, etc.)
• Power electronics operation (SCRs, etc.)
• Electrostatic discharge
• (Arc) welding
• Copy machines
• Faulty wiring or circuit breaker operation
• Contact and relay closure
• Load start-up or disconnect
Overvoltage
overvoltages
Switching Actions
Majority of power system transients are
due to switching action.
Capacitor Switching Transients

Voltage across the capacitor while


Switching a RC circuit
Capacitor Switching Transients
 Transients are triggered from
capacitor switching.
 Capacitor transient normally causes
the highest peak magnitudes. If the
capacitor switches when the system
voltage near its peak, the capacitor
pulls the system voltage down (as
the current ruches to capacitor to
charges it).
 The system rebounds, the voltage
overshoots, and oscillates about the
Capacitor Switching Transients
system fundamental frequency
wave-forms. This transients normally
decays quickly.
Switching Transients
 A restrike can occur when switching
a capacitor off: the switch opens at
current zero, trapping the peak
voltage on capacitor.
 As the system voltage decreases
from the peak, the voltage across
the switch rapidly increases.
 By the time system voltage reaches
opposite peak, the voltage across
the switch is double.
 Switch may restrikes.
Restrike of a capacitor Bank
The Effects of Transients
The influence of voltage transients on electronic equipment
generally falls into one of four categories:
1. intermittent interruption
2. chronic degradation
3. latent failure
4. catastrophic failure
Causes of voltage transients
The causes of power system transients can be divided into:
External causes
Internal causes

Due to external cause


High voltage can be produced in the line by the travelling voltage
wave produced due to the static charges and the direct stroke.

Suppose there is a cloud with negative charges over the line, this
cloud will induce positive charges on the line.
Suppose strong wind blows so the cloud will be shifted away
from the line so the positive charges on the line will travel on the
two sides of the line
Causes of voltage transients
Causes of voltage transients
Switching Surges
• Switching surges are of short duration, of
irregular or impulse form and highly damped.
A typical switching impulse standard form is
the 250/2,500 microsecond, time-to-
crest/time-to-half value wave. Overvoltages
due to switching phenomena become
important at the higher transmission voltage
levels (above 245 kV).
Switching Surges
Switching surges can occur during the operation of
circuit breaker and line switch opening (tripping) and
closing at the same substation. In general, switching
surges occur in the vicinity of non-self-restoring
insulation equipment such as generators, transformers,
breakers, and cables. Overvoltages caused by switching
surges are a concern since they can damage insulation
or cause insulation flashover. Damage and flashovers
often lead to power system outage that is highly
undesirable. The amplitude of a typical switching surge
is about 1.5 pu with duration of about one power-
frequency cycle [16].
Characteristics of Switching Surges
• The waveshapes of Switching Surges in Transmission Line
are quite different and may have origin from any of the
following sources.
• De-energizing of transmission lines, cables, shunt
capacitor, banks, etc.
• Disconnection of unloaded transformers, reactors, etc.
• Energization or reclosing of lines and reactive loads.
• Sudden switching off of loads.
• Short circuits and fault clearances.
• Resonance phenomenon like ferro-resonance, arcing
grounds, etc.
Arcing Ground
 Arcing ground is the surge, which is produced if the
neutral is not connected to the earth
 The phenomena of Arcing Ground occurs in the
undergrounded three phase systems because of flow of
the capacitance current
 The capacitive current is the current flow between the
conductors when the voltage is applied to it
 During fault, capacitor voltage reduces to zero
Arcing Ground Phenomena
Elimination of Arcing Ground
https://www.slideshare.net/Preet_patel/transient-in-power-system
Resonance

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