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Transients:-
EE 6002 – POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

 Short-duration transient
 Steady state
Steady state stability:
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY

1. What are the sources of transient? And discuss in detail about effect of transients in power
system. (Apr/May-09, 10 & Nov/Dec-16,11, 09)

 Sudden change in system condition (i.e) voltage.

 Temporary excess of voltage and/or current in an electrical circuit, when a fault occurs in a
system or switch opens or closed
 Transient time period is very short
Importance of Transient:-
The transients can be studied from the following angle:
1. Recognition
2. Prediction
3. Mitigation
Transient are important because power system equipped to handle.
 Peaks

It is for small and gradual change in system operation.

Transient stability:
It is for major disturbance EX: large disturbance in the system alternator
 Due to its nature of severity, it’s important to consider transients in power system designing
and planning. If severe transients occurred it would end up with partial block-out or total block-
out.
 The transients produced in one region travel towards the remote end and cause difficulties at
that region.
 Switching transient geared to system voltage cause severe damage.
 For economic reason also we have to limit and control the switching surges.

Causes of Transients:

Internal Causes or Internal Sources

  Internal causes do not produce transients of large magnitude; the transients produced due to
internal causes may increase the system voltage to twice the normal value.
 By providing proper insulation of the equipment, the switching transients are taken care.
 The internal causes of transients are mainly due to oscillations set up by the sudden changes in
the circuit due to breaker operation.

(i) Switching surges

The making and breaking of electrical circuits with switch gear may result in abnormal
transient over voltage in power system have large inductances and capacitance.
 Current Chopping:
 When breaking low current, due to deionizing effect of air blast causes the current abruptly
to zero well before the natural current zero is reached. This phenomenon is called
“current chopping”.
 Current chopping results in the production of high voltage transients across the contacts of air
blast C.B
 The transient overvoltage due to current chopping is prevented by resistance switching.

 Switching of unloaded line:

 When the unloaded line is connected to the voltage source a voltage wave is set up which
travels along the line.
 On reaching the terminal point, the wave is reflected back to the supply end without
change in sign. This is called “voltage doubling”. Voltage on the line becomes twice the
normal value. This transient voltage is of temporary voltage.
 If a unloaded line is switched off, the line will attain a voltage of 2√ 2 E .

 Ferro Resonance:
 Resonance in an electrical system occurs when inductive reactance of the circuit becomes
equal to the capacitive reactance.
 When XL=XC, Power factor is unity.
 If generator emf wave is distorted, the trouble of resonance may occur due to 5 th or higher
harmonics.
 Energization of loaded line:
 Over voltage will be produced during switching operation or sudden interruption of loaded
line. This will set up a voltage of 2ZnI across the breaker.
 Natural impedance = Z n=
(ii) Insulation failure
√ L
C
  The most common case of over voltage is insulation failure between line and earth which
causes high voltage in the system.
 Suppose a line at potential V is earthed at point C. the earthing of line causes two equal
voltages –V travel along CA and CB. Both current pass through C to earth so that current to
2V
earth is .
Zn

(iii) Arcing ground

 If the neutral of the three phase wire was not earthed in long high voltage transmission line
a serious problem called arcing ground.
 The arcing ground produces severe oscillations of three to four times the normal voltage.

External Causes or External Sources:

 An electrical discharge between cloud and earth (or) between clouds(or)between the
charges centre of the same cloud is known as lightning.
 Lightning is a huge spark and takes place when clouds are charged to such a high potential with
respect to earth or neighboring cloud.

Lightning
Lightning is an unavoidable event that affects power system through several mechanisms.
(i) Direct flash
In the case of a direct stroke to the electrical system, the immediate thread is the flow of
lightning current through the earthing impedance, resulting in over voltage.
(ii) Near flash
In case of a near flash, the immediate thread is the voltage induced in circuit loops,which in
turn can produce surge currents.
(iii) Far flash
In the case of a far flash, the thread is limited to induced voltage. Therefore, the response of an
electrical system to the lightning event is an important consideration in assessing the thread.

2. Explain the various types of power system transient. (Apr/May-08, 09, 10 & Nov/Dec-09, 11)

i. Based on their origin:

 Of atmospheric origin that is, lightning.
 Of switching origin, that is, all switching operations. Load rejection and faults.
ii. Based on mode of generation of transients
 Electromagnetic transients
The interaction between the electric fields of capacitance and magnetic fields of inductances in
the power systems.
 Electromechanical transients
Interaction between electrical energy stored in the system and the mechanical energy stored in
the inertia of the motor and generator.
 S.No Transient phenomena Time duration
1. Lightning 0.1µs – 1.0ms
2. Switching 10µs – 1s
Subsynchronous
3. 0.1ms – 5s
Resonance
4. Transient stability 1ms – 10s
iii. Based on origin with respect to frequency group
Transient above power frequency involve electromagnetic phenomena
Below power frequency electromechanical transient in rotating machines.
S.No Origin of Transient Frequency Range
1. Lightning 10kHz – 3MHz
2. Fault Clearing 50/60Hz – 3kHz
3. Fault initiation 50/60Hz – 20kHz
4. Load Rejection 0.1Hz – 3kHz
5. Ferro resonance 0.1Hz – 1kHz
iv. Based on frequency range
Frequency Representation
S.No Shape Designation
Range
1. 0.1Hz – 3kHz Low frequency oscillations Temporary over voltages
2. 50/60Hz – 20kHz Slow transients Switching over voltages
3. 10kHz – 3MHz Fast transients Lightning over voltages
4. 100kHz – 50MHz Very fast transients Restrike over voltages, GIS
v. Depending on its nature
Divided into two categories: Impulse and Oscillatory
 Impulsive low frequency transients – rises in 0.1ms and lasts more than 1ms
Oscillatory low frequency transients – up to 5 kHz
 Medium frequency impulsive transients – lasting between 50ns to 1ms
Medium frequency oscillatory transients – between 5 kHz and 500 kHz
 High frequency impulsive transients – less than 50ns
High frequency oscillatory transients – between 0.5MHz and 5MHz
 Subsidence transients
When a disturbance occurs on the primary, then subsidence transient is produced, due to this
sudden voltage reduction in primary voltage. This voltage may be oscillatory or unidirectional, due
to this secondary transient is produced.

vi. Based on control on transients

 Single transients
 It occurs when switch opens or closes in power system.
 Recurrenttransients
It is occurring regularly as commutation in converting equipment like rectifier and inverter.
 Randomtransients
It is generated by extraneous operations which appear in an unpredictable manner.
vii. Based on how and where generated
 Internal generated transients
Up to 80% of transients are generated from internal sources such as switching operations. It
cause cumulative damages, equipment failure and system resets.
 External generated transients
At least 20% of transients are generated from external sources such as lightning. It causes
equipment failure, immediate operation shutdown and higher replacement cost.

3. Describe briefly about double frequency transients with circuit diagram, waveform and
expressions. (May/June-16, Nov/Dec-16,11) (T1)

The circuit consists of two natural frequencies (L1, C1& L2, C2)

L1& C1→ the source side inductance and stray capacitance.

L2& C2→ the inductive load and stray capacitance.
When switch operates, it completely isolates the load from the supply. Two halves of the circuit
operate independently.
Switch ‘S’ is in closed condition
The Hz voltage will divide in proportion to the inductances. The capacitor C 1& C2 are charged
L2
by the voltage V
L1 + L2 0
 When the current passes through C2 is zero, the voltage will be at peak. C 2 will discharge
through L2 with the natural frequency given by
f ❑2 =1/2 π √ L2 C2
  During discharging C2, C1 is free to take the source potential, and it will oscillate until the
system damp out the disturbance. The frequency of oscillation will be
f ❑1 =1/2 π √ L1 C1

The difference between the source side and load side transients voltage is the recovery voltage
across the circuit breaker.
Example of double frequency circuit:

L2
V c 1 ( 0 )= V −−−−−−−−−−−−1
L1 + L2
d i1
V c 1=V −L1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−2
dt
1
V c 1=V c 1 ( 0 )+ ∫ ( i 1−i 2 ) dt −−−−−−−−3
C1
di di
V c 2=V −L1 1 −L2 2 −−−−−−−−−−4
dt dt
1
V c 2= ∫ i2 dt−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−5
C2
equate eqns 2∧3
d i1 1
V −L1 =V c 1 ( 0 ) + ∫ ( i 1−i 2 ) dt−−−−−−6
dt C1
taking ℒ t ransform for eqn 5 ,
V V (0 ) 1
s
−L1 s I 1 ( s )= c 1 +
s C1 s 1
[ I ( s )−I 2 ( s ) ]
1 V V (0)
L1 s I 1 ( s ) +
C1 s
[ I 1 ( s ) −I 2 ( s ) ]= − c1
s s

( L1 s+
1
C1 s )I 1 ( s) −
1
C1 s
V V c1 ( 0 )
I 2 ( s )= −
s s
−−−−−7

taking ℒ transform for eqns 3∧4 ,

V
V c 2 ( s )= −L1 s I 1 ( s )−L2 s I 2 ( s ) −−−−−−−8
s
1
V c 2 ( s )= I (s )
C2 s 2
I 2 ( s )=C2 s V c2 ( s )−−−−−−−−−−−−−9
¿ . the eqn 9∈eqn 8
V
V c 2 ( s )= −L1 s I 1 ( s )−L2 C 2 s 2 V c 2 ( s )
s
V 2
L1 s I 1 ( s ) = −V c2 ( s )−L2 C 2 s V c 2 ( s )
s
V V c 2 ( s ) L2 C 2 s2
I 1 ( s )= − − V c2 ( s )−−−−−10
L1 s 2 L1 s L1 s
 ¿ . the eqns 9∧10∈eqn7

)( )
2

( 1 V V c 2 ( s ) L2 C 2 s C2 V V c1 ( 0 )
L1 s+ − − V c 2 ( s ) − V c2 ( s ) = −
C1 s L1 s 2 L1 s L1 s C1 s s
V V V c 2( s ) 2 L2 C 2 C2 V V c 1( 0)
+ −V c 2 ( s )− −L2 C 2 s V c 2 ( s )− V c 2 ( s ) − V c 2 ( s )= −
s L1 C 1 s3
L1 C1 s
2
L1 C 1 C1 s s
V c2 ( s ) 2 L2 C 2 C2 V c1 ( 0 ) V
V c 2 ( s )+ + L2 C 2 s V c 2 ( s ) + V c 2 ( s ) + V c 2 ( s )= +
L1 C 1 s
2
L1 C 1 C1 s L1 C 1 s
3

( 1+
1
C C1 s2
L C C
L C
1 1 C 1 s)
V (0 )
+ L2 C2 s 2 + 2 2 + 2 V c2 ( s )= c 1 +
V
L1 C 1 s3
−−−−−11

s2
multiplying by witheqn 11
L2 C 2

(s ¿ ¿ 4+ s2
( 1
+
1
+
1
+
)
L 1 C 1 L 2 C 2 L2 C 1 L 1 C 1 L 2 C 2
1
)V c 2 ( s )=V (
s
+
1
( L 1 + L 2 ) C 2 L1 C 1 L 2 C 2 s
)−−−−12 ¿

2 1
¿w =
LC
2
Equ 12is a quadratic ∈s , which can be written as ,
1
(
( s 2+ w21 )( s2 + w22 ) V c 2 ( s )= AV s + Bs −−−−−−−−13 )
Taking inverse ℒ on equ13

{ [ ] [ ] }
2 2
1 1−w B 1−w B
V 2 ( t ) =AV 2 2 + 2 2 1 2 cos w1 t− 2 2 2 2 cos w2 t −−−−−14
w 1 w2 w1 ( w 1−w 2) w2 ( w 1−w 2 )

4. Discuss about the effects of transients on power systems. (Apr/May- 15)

Some of the effects of transients on Power system as follow
 Main issue is accurate working of electronic equipment is less.
 In many cases, it is too difficult to detect the fault. Therefore, the life of the device gets
shortened.
 With transients, the efficiency of the equipments/components is attached.
 Motors may easily gets heated up which leads to insulation failure.
 Ic’s may be burnt.
 Hysteresis loss is increased and lead to more current being injected into the motor for the same
output.
 Transients activity is believed to account for 80% of all electrically – related features or
downtime or running outages.
 Effective transient voltage suppression equipment can double or triple of the life of electrical
and electronics equipment.
 A system approach to transient voltage surge suppression can result in dramatic performance in
terms of return-on-investment.
 Transient voltage surge suppression is the most immediately apparent, and the most cost
effective means of improving the power quality.
(i) Motors
 Motors will run at higher temperature when transient voltages are occur.
  Transient can interrupt the normal timing of the motor and result in “micro-jogging”. This
type of disruption produces motor vibration, noise and excessive heat.
 Motor winding insulation is degraded and eventually fails.
 Transient Produce hysteresis losses in motors that increase the amount of current necessary
to operate the motor.
 It can cause early failures of electronics motor drives and controls.
(ii) Electrical Distribution Equipment
 The facility’s electrical distribution system is also affected by transient activity.
 Transient degrade the contacting surfaces of switches, disconnects the circuit breaker
 Intense transient activity can produce “nuisance tripping” of breakers by heating the
breaker and “tooling “ it in to reacting to a nonexistent current demand
(iii) Lighting
 Transient activity causes early failure of all types of lights.
 Fluorescent system suffers early failure of ballasts, reduced operating efficiencies, and early
bulb failures.
 One of the most common indicators of transient activity is the premature appearance of black
“rings” at the ends of the tubes. Transients that are of sufficient magnitude will cause a
spattering of the anodes-when these sputters deposit on the insides of the tube, the result is the
black “ends” commonly seen.
 Incandescent light fail because produced in motors are reproduced in transformers the result s
of these losses include hotter operating temperatures and increases current draws.
(iv) Electronic Equipment
 Electronic devices may operate at decreased efficiencies. Damage is not readily seen and can
result in early failure of affected devices.
 Integrated circuits (Electronic chips – IC`S) may fail immediately or fail prematurely.
 Most semi-conductor devices are intolerant of voltage transients in excess of their voltage
ratings.
 Even such as short lived transient as a few microsecond can cause the semiconductor to fail
catastrophically or may degrade it so as to shorten its useful life.

RL Circuit with sine wave excitation:

V ( t ) =V m sin ( ωt+ ϕ )−−−−−−−−−−1V ( t ) =V m ( sinωt . cos ϕ+ cos ωt . sin ϕ )−−−2

Taking Laplace Transform,

V ( s )=V m
[ 2
s +ω
2 ]
ω . cos ϕ s . sin ϕ
+ 2 2 −−−−−−−3
s +ω

Z ( s )=R+ Ls−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4

I ( s) =
V ( s)
=
[ +
]
V m ω .cos ϕ s .sin ϕ
Z ( s ) R + Ls s2 +ω 2 s 2+ ω2
—5
 I ( s) =
L
Vm

( RL +s)
[ ω . cos ϕ s . sin ϕ
2
s +ω
2
+ 2 2
s +ω ]
R
Take =a;
L

I ( s) =
(
Vm
)
+
[
ω . cos ϕ s . sin ϕ
L s +a s 2+ ω2 s 2+ ω2 ]
Vm
I ( s) = ¿
L

1
( s +ω ) ( s +a )
2 2
=
1
22
1 a
[ s
+ 2 2 − 2 2 −−−7
a + ω s +a s + ω s + ω ]
[ ]
2
s 1 sa ω a
= 2 2 2 2+ 2 2− −−−8
( s +ω ) ( s +a ) a + ω s +ω s + ω s+ a
2 2

Sub. The eqns 7 & 8 in eqn 6,

[ ( ) ( )]
2
Vm 1 a s sa ω a
I ( s) = ω . cos ϕ + − +s .sin ϕ 2 2 + 2 2 − −−−−9
2
L(a + ω )
2
s+ a s2 +ω 2 s2 +ω 2 s +ω s + ω s +a

Taking Laplace transform,

I ( t )=
Vm
L ( a +ω )
2 2 [ ω . cos ϕ e−a t +( a
ω ) 1
(
sinωt −cosωt +sinϕ a . cosωt + ω2 . . sinωt −a e−at −−−10
ω )]
Vm
I ( t )= [ ( ω . cos ϕ . e−a t +cos ϕ . a . sinωt −ω .cos ϕ . cosωt )+ ( a . sinϕ . cosωt + ω . sinϕ . sinωt −sinϕ . a e−at ) ]−−−
L ( a +ω )
2 2

Vm
I ( t )= ¿
L ( a2 +ω2 )

Vm
I ( t )= ¿
L ( a +ω )
2 2

Vm
I ( t )= ¿
L √ a 2+ ω2

From Impedance Triangle,

Z=√ R + ω L 𝜔L
2 2 2

θ
 ωL ωL ω
sinθ= = =
Z √ R2 + ω2 L2 √ a2 +ω2

R R a
cosθ= = 2 2 2 = 2 2
Z √ R + ω L √ a +ω

Eqn 12 can be re-written as,

Vm
I ( t )= ¿
L √ a 2+ ω2

Vm
I ( t )= [ e−a t . sin ( θ−ϕ ) +sin ( ωt +ϕ−θ ) ]
L √a + ω
2 2

Vm
I ( t )= [ sin ( ω t +ϕ−θ )−e−a t . sin ( θ−ϕ ) ]
L √a + ω
2 2

Vm
I ( t )=
√ ¿ ¿¿ ¿

Vm
I ( t )= [ sin ( ωt + ϕ−θ )−e−a t . sin ( θ−ϕ ) ]
Z