CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Coursebook answers
Unit 3
Travel and tourism in context: Games Los Angeles 2028/other major
international sporting event other than
Olympic city the 2024 Paris Olympics.
1 Possible response: travel agent, tour operator, Possible organisations involved: travel
transport operator/airline/train company, agent to sell package, tour operator to
accommodation provider/hotel, visitor assemble package, transport operator/
attraction (provider/operator), ancillary airline/train company for travel,
service/cycle/car hire/currency exchange accommodation provider/hotel to stay,
provider/bureau de change. visitor attraction (provider/operator) for
Others may be possible. excursions, ancillary service provider for
cycle/car hire/currency exchange.
2 Possible types to outline: public transport,
cycle, walking/on foot, zero emission buses, 6 Extension: To assess is to come to an informed
high-speed trains, trams. judgement. Learners may use new or prior
learning or own research.
Others may be possible.
Possible points: hosting the Olympic Games
3  ossible responses: already there, only ever
P can very much help the development of
visit, this is our holiday, time (at leisure) sustainable tourism in host cities such as Paris
between events, special interest, family because the city becomes the centre of world
pressure (keeping everyone happy), affordable, attention and host city governments want to
accessible, summer (good weather). give a good global impression at a time when
Others may be possible. sustainable and responsible tourism are very
much in demand; the growth of tourism and
4  ossible attractions: Eiffel Tower, Louvre
P development of tourism facilities in a host city
Museum, Disneyland Paris, Notre Dame will be a consequence of being a host city and
Cathedral, Arc de Triomphe, Montmartre, government policies are likely to encourage
Champs-Élysées, Palace of Versailles. new development to be sustainable.
 otes for response: research via internet search
N Others may be possible.
engine/brochures/travel guidebook(s); poster
or flyer to appeal to sports event spectators:
digital/physical (paper).
3.1 The role of tourism
5 Possible responses: Winter Olympic
a 
Games: Beijing 2022, Milan-Cortina 2026,
Olympic Games (after Paris 2024): Los
organisations
Angeles 2028; FIFA World Cup: final 2022 Case study: Australian adventures
Lusail/Doha, Qatar; 2026 various cities
(TBC) in USA, Canada and Mexico; FIFA 1 
Women’s World Cup: 2023 various cities
in Australia and New Zealand; Women’s Package Number Number
Cricket World Cup final 2023 a city (TBC) tour of days of nights
in South Africa; Men’s Cricket World Cup A 17 16
final 2023 a city (TBC) in India. B 15 14
Others may be possible.
Completions: A 17 days, B 14 nights
Possible events: Winter Olympics Beijing
b 
2022/Milan-Cortina 2026/Olympic

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2 Possible response: days include departure

a  5 Possible discussion points: tourist types:
a 
day so one more than number of nights. leisure, business, families, individuals,
couples, groups, independent travellers,
Possible response: a holiday/trip/package/
b  responsible tourists, ecotourists, special
tour that includes travel/transport by both interest tourists and those with specific
air and self-drive (hire/rental) car. needs; factors in appeal: location, weather
Note: either within the tour or and seasonal characteristics, topographical
international travel by air and features, accessibility, travel and transport
local driving. gateways and hubs, infrastructure e.g.
public transport, roads, airports, ports,
Possible response: directly online,
c 
built and natural attractions, culture e.g.
indirectly via travel agents (who
traditions and language, arts, music.
could be online).
Others may be possible.
Others may be possible.
Possible discussion points and providers:
b 
3 Note for response: ‘compare’ means range of types of outlet/foods/qualities/
identify/comment on similarities and/or affordability level; restaurants, cafés, street
differences (CUPA, 2020). food vendors (sellers),
Possible response: similarities: accommodation takeaways (takeouts).
is included, both natural and built visit or Others may be possible.
attractions, ancillary service(s) provided.
Possible practices: low-emission transport,
c 
differences: accommodation types: A: budget/ alternative/renewable energy sources,
camping; B: hotels/luxury/all-inclusive, natural reducing resource use, reusing waste water,
and built visitor attractions: A: more rural, recycling materials and waste, minimising
inland; B: more urban, coastal, ancillary sociocultural impacts/preserving ways
service(s) provided: A: travel insurance, of life/traditions, maximising economic
trained tour guide; B: car hire. benefit to local people.
Others may be possible. Others may be possible.
4 Possible explanation points:
a  6 Extension: To evaluate is to judge.
accommodation: A: budget/camping;
B: hotels/luxury/all-inclusive because Possible points: Packages A and B have
of: nature of place/target market/ similar overall levels of sustainability, being
customer type. sustainable in slightly different ways; while
on the one hand sustainable practices of
visitor attractions: A: more rural, inland; both A and B may include low-emission
B: more urban, coastal because of: nature transport, use of alternative/renewable energy
of place/target market/customer type. sources, reduced resource consumption, reuse
ancillary services: A: travel insurance, of waste water, recycling of materials and
trained tour guide; B: car hire because of: waste, minimisation of sociocultural impacts/
nature of place (A: more adventurous/ preserving ways of life/traditions and efforts
hazardous/requiring of information to maximise economic benefit to local people,
support)/target market/customer type on the other hand, Package B has more
(can afford/desire to move quickly/ apparently conventional accommodation, for
independently between locations). example, including luxury hotels which may be
sustainably managed but are not necessarily so.
Others may be possible.
Others may be possible.
Possible points: nature of trip (budget
b 
adventure vs more luxurious tour), size
of Australia/distance between places/ Activity 3.1
remoteness of Uluru/demand for 1 Possible response: mass-market, specialist,
a 
sustainable travel, difficulty of seeing all-inclusive, dynamic.
many attractions within one visit.
Others may be possible.
Others may be possible.

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b Possible response: making holiday

i  4 Possible project presentations: displays could
packages from components chosen be wall/board displays or digital such as
by customers. a slideshow, could be based on types or
Others may be possible. examples of providers, products and services
as in Figure 3.5.1.
ii Possible response: resort/hotel where Others may be possible.
all/most products and services are
included, with one advance price paid Possible practices: low-emission transport,
a 
by the customer. alternative/renewable energy sources,
Others may be possible. reducing resource use, reusing waste water,
recycling materials and waste, minimising
iii Possible response: is the total market sociocultural impacts/preserving ways
of all customer types. of life/traditions, maximising economic
Others may be possible. benefit to local people

Possible suggestions: wildlife/safari,

c  Possible organisations: travel agents, tour
hiking, sport (e.g. golf, cycling, water operators, providers of accommodation/
sport), adventure, cultural/historic tour, visitor attractions/ancillary services.
food/cuisine. Others may be possible.
Others may be possible. Possible responses: travel agents: online,
b 
2 Possible inclusions: full board/American
a  retail, specialist; accommodation providers:
plan (all meals), half-board/modified hotels, guest houses, self-catering,
American plan (breakfast and one other hostels, camping; types of tourist: leisure,
meal), bed and breakfast (breakfast), business, families, individuals, couples,
room only (no meals included). groups, independent travellers, responsible
tourists, ecotourists, special interest
Possible inclusions: quality of service, level
b  tourists and those with specific needs.
of comfort, furnishing and décor, price,
Others may be possible.
level of service provision/frills/basic.
Others may be possible.
3 Possible responses: accommodation with
a 
environmentally sustainable practices,
3Rs, reduced pollution, low impact on
environment/local area.
Others may be possible.
Possible response: houses/villas/
b 
apartments/flats rented to leisure tourists/
holidaymakers.
Others may be possible.
Possible response: homes in destinations
c 
that local residents share with tourist
customers such as part of a house/villa or
a room/suite.
Others may be possible.

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3.2 Ways travel and tourism organisations work

together
Activity 3.2
Travel agents tour operators to provide package holidays
airlines to provide flights for which they can sell tickets
hotels to provide accommodation/bed-space they can sell
Tour operators travel agents to sell their products
airlines, hotels and ancillary service providers to provide the components
of the package holidays
Hotels airlines and other transport providers to bring tourists to the area
local attractions and restaurants to attract people to the area and provide
entertainment for their guests
tour operators to include hotel accommodation their packages
travel agents to sell hotel rooms/bed-space
local tourist information services to promote hotels
tourist review sites as a form of promotion and customer feedback
Hostels airlines and other transport providers to bring tourists to the area
local attractions and restaurants to attract people to the area and provide
entertainment for their guests
restaurants and other food and beverage providers to provide services for
their guests
travel agents to sell their rooms/bed-space
local tourist information services to promote hostels
tourist review sites as a form of promotion and customer feedback
Home sharing airlines and other transport providers to bring tourists to the area
accommodation
providers local attractions and restaurants to attract people to the area and provide
entertainment for their guests
restaurants and other food and beverage providers to provide services for
their guests
online travel agents to sell their rooms/bed-space
local tourist information services to promote home sharing accommodation
tourist review sites as a form of promotion and customer feedback
Restaurants transport providers to bring tourists to the area
local tourist information services to promote restaurants
tourist review sites as a form of promotion and customer feedback

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Visitor attractions transport providers to bring tourists to the attraction

tour operators to include them in their packages
guide tour organisations to include visitor attractions in their tour
local tourist information services to promote visitor attractions
tourist review sites as a form of promotion and customer feedback
Guided tour tourist attractions to visit
organisations
local tourist information services to promote guided tour organisations
transport providers to bring tourists to the organisation or to move tourists
around as part of the tour
tourist review sites as a form of promotion and customer feedback

Case study: Nature-based Families: changing facilities are provided; this

is good for the children and is likely to include
adventure park lockers to store possessions in, making the day
easier for families with small children. There
Activity 3.3 is a range of activities for all ages so everyone
1 • cultural tourists in the family can enjoy themselves. There is a
restaurant for them to have a meal together
•• leisure tourists
and enjoy some family time.
•• special interest tourists
Couples: there are plenty of activities to enjoy
•• families together. They can do activities and take time
•• couples to relax together on the beach or they can
have a romantic meal in the restaurant.
•• groups
Groups: they can do activities together and
•• responsible tourists go horse-riding in the ocean. There is a
•• ecotourists good range of activities so it would be good
for groups of different ages, and there are
2 Learners’ own answers. Answers may include:
changing facilities available for use. There is a
Cultural tourists: the remains of the sugar restaurant where the group can sit together for
plantation have been preserved. Cultural a meal and talk about their day.
tourists would enjoy seeing the historical and
Responsible tourists: the attraction has positive
cultural elements of the attraction while also
sociocultural benefits to the local population;
enjoying an activity or two.
it has been built sustainably and in an
Leisure tourists: the activities are all environmentally friendly way.
leisure- and fun-based. There is something
Ecotourists: the attraction has natural
for everyone at the attraction, appealing to
elements and has been built in an
a wide range of leisure tourists. All the main
environmentally friendly way. The activities
facilities are provided, too (e.g. restaurant
are nature-based.
and changing facilities), to ensure they have
an enjoyable and easy time when visiting the 3 • Cruise ships – to bring tourists to the
attraction. Caribbean island. There is a large influx
Special interest tourists e.g. health and well- of visitors when the cruise ship is in dock,
being, sport, adventure – depending on the allowing the attraction to benefit from
special interest. There are activities and facilities more tourists in the area. Cruise ships sell
to provide for a variety of needs. Tourists can be excursions to their guests; this might include
confident that they will be able to pursue their the adventure park. Cruise ships provide for
interest, e.g. sailing, and also enjoy all the other their tourists, and the adventure park has
facilities at the nature adventure park, providing more visitors.
them with a full day and good value for money.

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•• Tour operators – to include the adventure

park as part of their packages. The 3.3 Different types
tour operator will sell more packages
if the main attractions in the area, like of transport and
the adventure park, are included. The
park itself will benefit from more guests, their appeal
and more people will be aware of the
attraction, having seen it in the tour Case study: Destination
operators’ brochures and websites.
Singapore
•• Airlines – to bring tourists to the
Caribbean island. 1 Possible transport types: MRT, bus, taxi, train,
hired bicycle.
•• Local tour companies – to include the
adventure park as part of their tours. This Others may be possible.
has the added advantage of making more 2 Possible descriptions: quicker (than bus/
people aware of the attraction. It also brings bicycle), may be cheaper (MRT vs taxi), more
more tourists to the park. environmentally friendly (than a car), see
•• Local hotels – will sell tickets to the scenery, access to tourist attractions
adventure park to their guests; this allows (MRT), accessibility.
them to provide for their guests. It makes Others may be possible.
it convenient for their guests as they do
not need to go elsewhere for tickets. This 3 Possible transport types: air, train, MRT,
is good customer service for the hotel and bicycle, bus, taxi.
it provides more guests for the park. The
Advantages and disadvantages: likely to relate
hotel will also advertise these services to
to speed, cost, eco-friendliness, scenery/
their guests; this increase hotel guests’
sightseeing, health (cycle/walk), places
awareness of the adventure park, hopefully
accessed (e.g. attractions by MRT), comfort,
creating more customers.
what people like, accessibility.
4 The destination management company, the Others may be possible.
Tourism Product Development Company,
will have helped the adventure park in making 4 Possible discussion points: cost, environmental
sure it was developed in a sustainable and impact, demand, appeal of alternatives (e.g.
environmentally friendly way. The company flying, driving), the COVID-19 pandemic.
would have provided guidance on the local
5 Extension: To evaluate is to judge.
tourism industry so the adventure park could
be designed and managed to be successful. Possible points include: while there is a range
They are likely to have provided guidance of sustainable transport choices available
on the importance of supporting the local to tourists in Singapore (including public
population and ways to ensure a positive transport such as MRT, buses and cycling),
sociocultural impact on the area. not all transport choices available to tourists
in Singapore are in themselves necessarily
5 Learners’ own responses. sustainable; for example, taxis and buses can
be low-emission vehicles but may not be.
Others may be possible.

Activity 3.4
1 Notes for response: possibilities include
a destination visited, home destination,
destination studied/investigated.
Possible transport types: air, train, MRT,
a 
underground, bus, taxi, bicycle, car,

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coach, ferry, cruise, water taxi, gondola, b cycling: cost/cheaper to use,

barge, canoe. sustainability/eco-friendliness,
Others may be possible. enjoyment, convenience, access to
attractions, accessibility.
Possible tourist types: leisure, business,
b  Others may be possible.
families, individuals, couples, groups,
independent travellers, responsible 4 a Likely tourist types: leisure, families,
tourists, ecotourists, tourists with special individuals, couples, groups, independent
interests and/or specific needs. travellers, responsible tourists, ecotourists,
tourists with special interests and/or
Possible transport types: air, train, MRT, specific needs.
underground, bus, taxi, bicycle, car, coach,
ferry, cruise, water taxi, gondola, Possible explanation points:
b 
barge, canoe. eco-friendliness, access to eco-
Others may be possible. accommodation, proximity to nature,
cheap, adventure, appreciation of the
Possible transport types: air, train, MRT,
c  slow-travel journey experience.
underground, bus, taxi, bicycle, car, coach, Others may be possible.
ferry, cruise, water taxi, gondola, barge,
canoe. 5 This research-based project leads up to a
report presented to the class.
Possible reasons: cost/cheaper to use,

journey time/quicker, sustainability/ Example response points: water taxi examples
eco-friendliness, comfort, include on Singapore River, in Bangkok
enjoyment, convenience, access to (Thailand), in New York City (USA). Appeal:
attractions, accessibility. access, eco-friendliness, possibly cultural
Others may be possible. (if traditional boats are used), affordability,
sightseeing, comfort/privacy/personal service;
2 a Possible differences: chartered flights are tourist-type possibilities: leisure, business,
specially arranged whereas scheduled VFR, families, individuals, couples, small
flights are timetabled; scheduled flights groups, independent travellers, responsible
run whether they are full or not; charted tourists, ecotourists, tourists with special
flights may not. interests and/or specific needs.
b Possible differences: long-haul flights are Others may be possible.
longer in distance and time – several hours
as opposed to a few hours or less; long-haul Possible formats: presentation using software
flights are more often (though not application/flip chart/board, written
necessarily) international/intercontinental; (email or similar/paper), oral/video/visual,
levels of passenger service may be higher on group/individual.
long haul (although not necessarily). Others may be possible.
c Possible differences: ferries are often
scheduled/timetabled and water taxis not;
water taxis are hired on a one-off basis;
3.4 Sustainable
water taxis are often smaller craft; water
taxis are more likely to run along a water
developments in travel
course such as river; a ferry is more likely
to cross it. and transport
Others may be possible. Case study: Fortaleza: a
3  xplain factors that, according to Rose,
E sustainable travel winner
contribute to the appeal of:
1 Possible responses: shared bicycle hire,
a rail travel: may be cheaper to use, journey public transport, hybrid buses, bus lanes,
time/quicker, comfort, convenience, access integrated transport.
to attractions.
Others may be possible.

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2 Possible descriptions: reduce/lower emissions, stations and near bus stops. Fortaleza has more
reduce congestion and therefore emissions, than 100 km of bus lanes reserved for public
encourage public transport use, fewer vehicles/ transport use. Fortaleza has more than 200 km
engines means less pollution per passenger, of cycle routes; tourists can hire cycles. The
carbon-replacement/alternative energy. Bicicletar bike share scheme attracts tourist
Others may be possible. families. Mini-bikes are available for children.
Alongside the main Praia de Meireles beach is
3 Possible points: growing awareness of/
a  a flat 6 km paved route that cyclists can use.
desire for more sustainability/to be Others may be possible.
responsible tourists, mini bike/shared
bicycle hire suitable for adult and child
family members, widespread bus access
Activity 3.5
(e.g. VFR), dedicated cycle routes (more 1 Possible responses: bicycles/shared bicycle/
than 200 km), flat along shore for 6 km electric scooter hire, public transport, hybrid/
therefore easy riding. hydrogen/electric/solar-powered buses/trains/
Possible points: growing awareness of/
b  trams/cars/taxis, MRT/underground, low/
desire for more sustainability/to be reduced emissions/carbon fuel replacement/
responsible as business tourists, shared alternative energy aircraft/cruise ships/water
bicycle hire suitable for access to events/ taxis/ferries/-buses/trains/trams/cars/taxis,
leisure time, widespread bus access (e.g. integrated transport.
to event venues), dedicated cycle routes Others may be possible.
(more than 200 km), flat along shore for
6 km therefore easy riding, not got private Possible formats: poster/paper-based/digital.
transport (own car) with them so public Others may be possible.
transport necessary for moving around.
2 Possible ways: bigger, low-emission aircraft/cruise
Others may be possible. ships reduce emissions per passenger km, carbon-
4 Possible discussion points: more transport
a  replacements, e.g. hydrogen/hybrid, alternative
types/users, denser networks, more energy sources, e.g. electricity from batteries/
opportunities and funds for development, solar power, congestion reduction, e.g. bus lanes,
more demand, more publicity. availability of shared individual transport, e.g.
cycles/scooters, integrated transport.
Others may be possible.
Others may be possible.
Possible discussion points: destinations
b 
are where tourists go, not all tourists 3 Possible points: increased demand, raised
are on holiday/leisure; business (MICE) awareness, desire to be responsible, reduces
tourists and VFR are to all cities, cities impacts, can be cheaper (e.g. cycles, public
have historic attractions/shopping/ transport), efficiency/congestion reduction.
entertainment/restaurants/hotels, so yes. Others may be possible.
Others may be possible. 4 Possible choices: low-emission aircraft,
a 
Possible discussion points: shared electric
c  etc., train rather than fly/drive, domestic
scooters, MRT, solar-powered buses, or more local rather than international/
increased bus lanes/bicycle routes, trams. far, slow travel.

Others may be possible. Others may be possible.

5 Extension: To evaluate is to judge. Possible points: low-emission aircraft still

b 
pollutes but less, trains rather than fly/
Learners’ judgements may vary according to drive usually reduces pollution but may
their choice of comparison destination. not be convenient point to point, domestic
Possible points include: Fortaleza’s well- or more local rather than international/
developed sustainable transport system far and slow travel usually pollutes less,
includes public transport such as hybrid hybrids still use some carbon-based fuel,
buses and cycles for hire and is an integrated batteries use rare, non-renewable and
transport system; cycle racks are located at bus unsustainably sourced minerals.

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Others may be possible. For example, Orlando International Airport, Orlando is

considering economic/social/ big, so sustainable options such as cycling/
cultural sustainability. electric scooters may be less useful than in
a more compact city destination.
Possible presentation formats: software
application, flipchart, written, oral, visual/ • 
how sustainable: emission reductions
video, podcast. by sharing/use of public transport,
Others may be possible. integration encouragement, city of
highways becoming more sustainable with
more electric car use.

3.5 Domestic and • 

what else could be done: more electric/
alternative energy choices, MRT/
international travel and carbon-neutral rail/express links.
Others may be possible.
transport infrastructure
Activity 3.6
Case study: Orlando: theme
1 hub airport: an airport with flights and
park city transport to other different places. Tourists
1 Possible responses: public, sustainable, arriving at a hub airport can travel to
integrated, air, road, rail, bus, taxi, train, other cities or countries.
shuttle, trolley, cycle, electric scooter. Others may be possible.
Others may be possible. gateway airport: an airport that is an entrance
2 Possible travel choices: depend to some extent point for a destination.
on the chosen theme park, which may/may not Others may be possible.
be one listed/shown on the map in Figure 3.5.1. express link: fast transfer (transit) transport
Likely to include car hire and the transport services connecting, for example, airports and
choices shown in Figure 3.5.2: local buses, destination city centres (downtown areas).
e.g. to SeaWorld, Sunrail local train service,
integrated bus-train-bus, e.g. to Walt Disney Others may be possible.
World, and/or shuttle buses operated by theme alternative transport: alternative transport is
parks/hotels, e.g. Universal Orlando, car-share sustainable transport. Alternative transport
(carpool), shuttle vans (minibuses), electric options are transport choices that are different
scooters, future carbon-neutral express link rail from traditional options such as buses or
to Walt Disney World. privately owned cars and bicycles. Bicycle and
Others may be possible. electric scooter rental schemes are examples of
alternative transport options.
3 Possible points: depend on types chosen; Others may be possible.
example for group of teenage friends, shuttle
bus; advantages: direct to theme park/hotel, 2 Possible responses: poster/leaflet could focus
affordability (may be included in ticket/deal), on a range or just one transport type, may
easy/convenient, quicker than changing bus include considerations other than those listed,
to train to bus etc., see Orlando en route, be e.g. sights en route, comfort, fun. Formats:
together as a group, so safe/fun; disadvantages: digital/paper, finished or draft/sketch.
with other people/expected behaviour (less fun), Others may be possible.
pre-organised so lacks adventure element/last-
minute mind change/flexibility/stop-off options. 3 Possible debate points:
Others may be possible. if: yes: bus-train-bus interchanges available,
4 Possible discussion points: choice at airport to allow easy transfer/transit,
no: bespoke point-to-point service, e.g. theme
• 
how useful: integrated bus/train park/hotel shuttles, highway dominance,
combinations allow point-to-point travel, planned express rail service, bus-train-bus
range of options directly available at

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links to existing commuter rail line not there will be no other passengers sharing the
accessing airport or theme parks directly. journey. However, the greatest advantage of
the taxi over other forms of transport is the
whether considerations: sustainability (likely convenience of door-to-door travel, with no
to be environmental/economic), efficiency of changes and only minimal risk of cancellation
movement/congestion, destination quality, or delay.
marketing, global reputation/image strong
therefore not needed, relevance to target e Travel agencies, whether online or at a retail
market. outlet, can supply an extensive range of
products and services, and nearly all of these
4 Possible responses: flight to an Orlando will be readily available at the time a booking
airport from home area, transfer to hotel/ is made. A customer can buy a holiday
direct to theme park, choice of theme park, package, book flights and accommodation
sustainability considerations, behavioural and purchase a range of ancillary services
considerations, transport within Orlando. (such as buying travel insurance, booking an
Others may be possible. excursion or purchasing theme park tickets).
Online bookings can be made at any time
Exam-style questions: answers of the day, whereas in-store bookings can
only take place when the retail outlet is open.
Question 1 Making bookings via the internet is quick
a The number of passengers handled by Dubai and easy, provided the client has internet
International was 86.4 million and the number access either at home or at work, and has their
of passengers flying to India was 11.9 million. debit or credit card details to hand. However,
although very convenient, it is not always
b There are many ways in which Dubai possible to ask questions, or seek clarification
International is a passenger-friendly or advice. Accordinly, many individuals
international airport. The image in Figure 10 prefer to visit the retail outlet in person where
shows the use of clear signage, which enables they can have face-to-face contact with a
passengers to easily find their way to the member of the agency’s staff. This provides
appropriate departure gates. Similarly, the use them with a degree of safety and security
of new technologies such as smart gates has which transactions over the internet cannot
seen passenger waiting times being reduced, provide. Furthermore, certain travel-related
therefore allowing easier and quicker access to actions can only take place in-store, such as
the departure area. the examination of travel documents. The
c The main characteristics of long-haul travel agent will offer advice to the traveller,
scheduled air services include the following: such as about passport and visa information
these services fly to a fixed timetable and to minimise the risk of possible delays and
operate regardless of load. They use major restrictions. Also, many travel agencies have
international airports, and carriers such as a foreign exchange counter, usually offered
Emirates will fly into/out of a hub location at competitive rates, so that customers can
such as Dubai. They have more than one class obtain their travel money; this requires the
of travel (First, Business and Economy), offer traveller to actually visit the retail outlet.
flexible ticketing, and provide passengers with Customers go in person to a retail travel
free food and drink during the flight. agency not just to book a holiday package
but also to take advantage of the opportunity
d There are many advantages for travellers to purchase a range of ancillary services.
who use taxis for their airport transfers. To Many clients appreciate this because it allows
begin with, travellers will have peace of mind them to complete all aspects of their trip at
because they can arrange a pick-up at a time one time. Indeed, many customers prefer the
suitable for them, which means less waiting in personalised service that is provided, giving
queues. They will not have to carry or move them the opportunity to ask questions and
their bags because all luggage will be carried to clarify any issues that may arise during the
in the car, making it much more convenient. booking process, such as which services are
A car is much more comfortable than a bus or most appropriate for their trip.
train and gives the traveller greater privacy as

10 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Question 2 these types of ferry service because they are

affordable and, more significantly, they are of
a There are six methods of public transport a short duration and allow visitors to see a lot
available in Hong Kong and there are 11 of the destination in a short space of time.
million passenger journeys made each day.
e Going on a cruise now appeals to a wide
b Public transport interchanges are points on variety of passenger types. Traditionally,
the local transport network where the routes cruising was considered an expensive form
of different modes of transport meet. The of holiday, enjoyed predominantly by those
interchange allows passengers to change from of retirement age. Over the years, however,
one form of transport to another in order to cruise lines have expanded their itineraries
complete their journey. The most common to include more diverse ports of call and
arrangement would be for bus services to convenient embarkation ports, including fly-
terminate at a particular railway station, cruise options.
creating a mini-transport hub.
Most cruise lines with modern, large, ocean-
c Hong Kong’s sustainable public transport going vessels offer their 3,000 passengers a
system has been strongly influenced by variety of cabin sizes and locations. This gives
the role played by the destination’s railway passengers a choice so that they can select a
network. With some 11 million journeys being space that best suits their needs. Vessels such
made each day, trains are a very good way as the new Costa Firenze have inside cabins,
to handle mass transportation. The railways outside cabins with a sea view, balcony or suite
reduce demand for road transport, and the cabins, all of which are designed to provide
local environment will benefit as a result. maximum comfort, elegance and relaxation.
Economic activity has been planned to be Regardless of the type of cabin chosen, all
located along rail corridors, and therefore passengers benefit from air conditioning with
journey-to-work patterns will involve rail adjustable thermostat, interactive flat-screen
travel for convenience. The focus on rail travel satellite TV, a safe, Wi-Fi and a 24-hour
has been further boosted by the creation of steward service.
travel interchanges at points on the network
Cruise lines have also introduced innovative
and the expansion of park-and-ride schemes.
on-board amenities and facilities. These
These have had the effect of making Hong
include technological advances with cellphone
Kong’s commuters choose trains in increasing
access and internet cafés. These large vessels
numbers, which contributes to the overall
also offer passengers increased provision of
sustainability of the public transport system.
extensive leisure facilities, such as rock-climbing
d A trip on a ferry service has become a popular walls, bowling alleys and surfing pools (for
tourist activity in many destinations, and the more active). There are multiple themed
examples range from New York’s Staten restaurants (to provide variety and fine dining)
Island Ferry to Dubai’s abras providing a and expansive spas, and health and fitness
service to cross Dubai Creek. Hong Kong facilities (to cater to the health and well-being
is no exception to this trend. The Star Ferry market) that easily rival land-based options.
in Hong Kong Harbour has been named as All of these innovations have opened up the
one of the top 50 places to visit by National market to customers of all ages and budgets.
Geographic Traveler, offering one of the Such innovations have been copied by the
world’s best value-for-money sightseeing mass-market tour operators such as TUI, which
trips. Tourists take a ferry trip because they now offer a range of their own brand cruise
will get a good view of waterfront districts, packages. Today, even the needs of families
they can easily take photographs and the with young children are catered for by the
cost per person is comparatively cheap when Disney Cruise Line, with something available
compared to organised sightseeing tours. The for everybody. Therefore, cruises now cater for
Staten Island Ferry is free to use and Dubai all passenger types and have become affordable
abras cost AED 1 (approx US$ 0.35 cents). to all sections of the market. The price paid
Furthermore, ferry terminals are located by passengers varies according to the length
in central areas of the destination and are of cruise, the standard of cabin occupied and
therefore easily accessible to visiting tourists. whether any promotional or seasonal discounts
Visitors will be particularly attracted to were offered at the time of booking.

11 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSETM AND O LEVEL TRAVEL AND TOURISM COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Question 3 to understand. The driver and/or tour guide

will also be able to answer any questions.
a Two destinations that are included in Peterson Overall, open-top buses are particularly good
Travel’s Culinary Tour itinerary are Kuala for sightseeing in hot weather, and as some
Lumpur and Penang. visitors (such as cruise passengers on a shore
b Tourists on the tour have the chance to visit a excursion) have limited free time, they know
variety of food providers in Malaysia. There that the itinerary will cover the city’s major
are restaurants, hawker centres and roadside attractions, and that they can be seen in a
stalls, all serving a variety of dishes. These short amount of time for a reasonable price.
will feature two traditional culinary styles: e Many destinations have introduced luxury
Peranakan (Chinese/Malay) and Mamak rail services to attract high-spending leisure
(Indian/Malay). travellers. Famous examples of this type of
c Tour operators are businesses that combine luxury travel experience include the London
two or more travel services (for example, to Venice Orient Express, South Africa’s
transport, accommodation, catering, Blue Train from Cape Town to Pretoria
entertainment, sightseeing excursions) and and the Eastern & Oriental Express from
sell them through travel agencies or directly Singapore to Bangkok. All these services
to final consumers as a single product. A tour follow particular routes, and passengers are
operator is therefore a link in the distribution be able to see constantly changing landscapes
chain, representing the central connection as their journey progresses – from the comfort
between customers and providers of tourist of their luxury cabin or from a seat in the
services. The product that a tour operator train’s observation or lounge cars. The Orient
sells to customers is the ‘package tour’ i.e. Express takes passengers through the Alps,
the packaged combination of transport, the Blue Train through the African savanna
accommodation and services. Due to bulk- game lands, and the Eastern & Oriental
buying, the tour operator is able to offer this through Malaysia’s jungles. Passengers
package at a cheaper price than the customer choosing one of these itineraries expect to see
would have been able to achieve dealing such landscapes. However, they clearly want
directly with individual suppliers. There are to see these sites while experiencing some
many different types of tour operator around luxurious comfort. For example, the Eastern
the world. Many operators specialise in & Oriental Express winds its way through
specific destinations or in particular activities some of the most exotic and spectacular
such as skiing. Other tour operators target locations in Asia, from Bangkok to Singapore
specific segments of the market, such as by via Kuala Lumpur. Covering over 2,000 km
age – appealing to seniors or young people – of peninsular Southeast Asia, the two-day
or by lifestyle, such as ecotourism packages journey offered by the Eastern & Oriental
for the responsible tourist. Express has frequent stops at scenic locations.
This luxury train has three classes of coach,
d Open-top bus sightseeing tours are present in has elegant décor and comes equipped with
many cities, and they are popular with visiting contemporary amenities, including 24-hour
tourists for a variety of reasons. These tours steward service, international electric sockets,
are popular because they take visitors to the a personal safe and a hairdryer. All coaches
destination’s main tourist sites, and therefore are fully air-conditioned and come with an
tourists do not have the bother of having to en-suite shower and washbasin. The train’s
plan their own journey. The big windows and internationally renowned chefs create dishes
open top give passengers a good view of the to rival the world’s best restaurants, and
main city sights, and allow photographs to passengers take a seat in the restaurant car for
be taken. These services enable tourists to delicious lunches and dinners; a continental
hop on and off (should the passengers have breakfast, meanwhile, is served in the comfort
enough time to explore at a particular site of their cabin each day. The appeal of these
of interest) as the ticket price allows all-day train journeys is that they are both exotic in
travel. Visitors can therefore explore at will. If terms of destinations visited and luxurious in
passengers prefer, they can remain on board terms of accommodation and meals.
because there is a commentary, sometimes in
foreign languages, so it is easy for a visitor

12 Cambridge IGCSETM and O Level Travel and Tourism – Rickerby, Smith and Figg © Cambridge University Press 2022