© 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Impedance Matching For L-Band & S- Band

Navigational Antennas
1
Jigar A Soni, 2Anil K Sisodia
1
PG student, 2 Professor.
Electronics & Communication Department, L.J.Institute of technology, Ahmedabad, India
1
jigarengineer@yahoo.com, 2ak_sisodia@yahoo.co.in

Abstract - This paper presents an efficient design procedure for Impedance matching of L band & S Band patch
antennas for Navigational applications .Computation used in designing is the transmission line method as it offers
good physical insight. The designs are simulated using “ADS Advanced Design System”. The paper presents simulated
results for return loss, bandwidth & gain.

Keywords - Coaxial fed micro strip antenna, Advanced Design System (ADS), Rectangular patch, Transmission line
method, Return loss, FR4 substrate, Gain, Directivity

I. INTRODUCTION
Antennas play a very important role in the field of wireless communications. Some of them are parabolic
reflectors, patch antennas, slot antennas and folded dipole antennas. Each type of antenna is good in its own
properties and usage. We can say antennas are the backbone and almost everything in the wireless communication
without which the word could have not reached at this age of technology.
Patch antennas play a very significant role in today’s world of wireless communication systems. A microstrip patch
antenna is very simple in the construction using a conventional micro strip fabrication technique. The patch can take any
shape but rectangular and circular configurations are the most commonly used configurations. These patch antennas are
used as simple and for the widest and most demanding applications. Dual characteristics, circular polarizations, dual
frequency operation, frequency agility, broad band width, feed line flexibility and beam scanning can be easily obtained
from these patch antennas.
A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. Low
dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation, so we used the dielectric constant substrate 4.6.[1]

II. METHODOLOGY ADAPTED

A. Antenna Shape
In its most basic form, a Micro strip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
which has a ground plane on the other side as shown in Figure 1. The patch is generally made of conducting material such as
copper or gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
substrate.
Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane.
For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is desirable since this provides better
efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation .

B. Method of Analysis
This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height h , separated by a
transmission line of length L. The microstrip is essentially a nonhomogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically the substrate
and air.

Figure 1 Micro strip Line

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Hence, as seen from Figure 1, most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate and parts of some lines in air. As a
result, this transmission line cannot support pure transverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase
velocities would be different in the air and the substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of propagation would be the quasi-TEM
mode. Hence, an effective dielectric constant (εreff) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing and the wave propagation
in the line. The value of εreff is slightly less then εr because the fringing fields around the periphery of the patch are not confined
in the dielectric substrate but are also spread in the air as shown in Figure 1 above. The expression for εreff is given by :[2]

Equation 1

Where ε reff = Effective dielectric constant

ε r = Dielectric constant of substrate
h = Height of dielectric substrate
W = Width of the patch

Consider Figure 2 below, which shows a rectangular microstrip patch antenna of length L , width W resting on a
substrate of height h . The co-ordinate axis is selected such that the length is along the x direction, width is along the y direction
and the height is along the z direction.

Figure 2: Basic configuration of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna

In order to operate in the fundamental TM10 mode, the length of the patch must be slightly less than λ/2
where λ is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal to λo /√(εreff ).
Where λo is the free space wavelength. The TM10 mode implies that the field varies one λ/2 cycle along the length, and
there is no variation along the width of the patch. In the Figure 3 shown below, the microstrip patch antenna is represented by two
slots, separated by a transmission line of length L and open circuited at both the ends. Along the width of the patch, the voltage is
maximum and current is minimum due to the open ends. The fields at the edges can be resolved into normal and tangential
components with respect to the ground plane.

Figure 3: Top View of Antenna Figure 4: Electric Field Lines

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

It is seen from Figure 4 that the normal components of the electric field at the two edges along the width are in
opposite directions and thus out of phase since the patch is λ/2 long and hence they cancel each other in the broadside
direction. The tangential components (seen in Figure 4 ), which are in phase, means that the resulting fields combine to
give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure. Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two
radiating slots, which are λ/2 apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane. The fringing fields
along the width can be modelled as radiating slots and electrically the patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its
physical dimensions. The dimensions of the patch along its length have now been extended on each end by a distance ∆ L, which
is given empirically by Hammerstad as:

Equation 2

The effective length of the patch Leff now becomes:

Equation 3

For a given resonance frequency fo, the effective length is given by [1] as:

Equation 4

For a rectangular Micro strip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any TMmn mode is given by James and Hall
as[9]:

Equation 5

Where m and n are modes along L and W respectively.

For efficient radiation, the width W is given by Bahl and Bhartia [10] as:

Equation 6

C. Feed Point
The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding Micro strip patch antennas. As
seen from Figure 5, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating
patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The feed co-ordinates were calculated Yf =W/2 and Xf =X0 - ∆
L where,[2]

Equation 7

Equation 8

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Figure 5: Coaxial Feed

The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired location inside the patch
in order to match with its input impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation. However, its
major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the substrate
and the connector protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not making it completely planar for thick substrates (h > 0.02λ0 ). Also,
for thicker substrates, the increased probe length makes the input impedance more inductive, leading to matching problems [2]. It
is seen above that for a thick dielectric substrate, which provides broad bandwidth, the micro strip line feed and the
coaxial feed suffer from numerous disadvantages. The non-contacting feed techniques which have been discussed below,
solve these problems.

D. Dielectric Substrate
Considering the trade-off between the antenna dimensions and its performance, it was found suitable to select a
thin dielectric substrate with low dielectric constant. Thin substrate permits to reduce and low dielectric constant − for higher
bandwidth, better efficiency and low power loss. The simulated results were found satisfactory.[3]

III. DESIGN ANALYSIS

A. Design Specification
The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna are:
• Frequency of Operation:
The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately. The resonant frequency
Selected for my design is L Band (1.5 GHz) and S Band (2.6 GHz).

• Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr):

The dielectric material selected for my design is FR4 which has a dielectric constant of 4.6.

• Height of dielectric substrate (h)

Height of dielectric substrate is 1.5mm.

Sr No. Parameter Design-1 Design-2

1 Frequency Band L band(1.5 GHz) S band(2.6 GHz)
2 Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr) 4.6 4.6
3 Tangent Loss 0.01 0.01
4 Height of dielectric substrate (h) 1.5 mm 1.5mm
5 Calculation of the Width (W) 60 mm 35 mm
6 Calculation of actual length of patch (L) 44 mm 25 mm
Table 1: Dimension of microstrip [8]

B: Simulation Result for L band[7][8]

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Figure 6: Geometry of purposed antenna Figure 7: Substrate Selection

Figure8: Return loss Vs frequency plot Figure 9: Radiation Pattern

C: Simulation Result for S band:[7][8]

Figure 10: Geometry of purposed antenna Figure 11: Substrate Selection

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Figure 12: Return lossVs frequency plot Figure13: Radiation Pattern

IV. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
The rectangular microstrip patch antenna was designed with FR4 material as a substrate at frequency of 1.5GHz and 2.6
GHz. The dielectric constant of the FR4 is 4.6.The Simulation is carried out using ADS software and its characteristics
such as directivity ,power radiated , gain and return loss are analysed. In future we will design dual band antenna Navigational
Satellite with high bandwidth and gain which can be useful for application such as accurate positioning as well as for Defense.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
of L J Institute of Engineering & Technology-Ahmedabad for providing the help to carry out this study and work.

REFERENCES
[1]. Constantine A. Balanis; Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2ndedition. 1997.
[2]. AHMED FATTHI ALSAGER, PhD Thesis, “Design and Analysis of Micro strip Patch Antenna Arrays”
University College of Borås School of Engineering SE‐ 501 90 BORÅS, 2011 January.
[3]. Gareth Louis Shaw, Master of Science in Engineering. Patch Antenna Design”, Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, April 2005
[4]. Dr. K. Meena alias Jeyanthi, E.Thangaselvi, A.S. Prianga. “Simulation of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using
Nylon Fabric Material”. PSNA College of Engineering & Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
[5]. A.B. MUTIARA, R.REFIANTI, RACHMANSYAH “DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION AT 2.4 GHZ”. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Gunadarma University Jl.
Margonda Raya No.100, Depok 16424, Indonesia
[6]. The antenna tutorial website. http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas.
[7]. ADS circuit design cook book 2.0
[8]. MiCROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA CALCULATOR. http://www.emtalk.com/
[9]. James, & Hall. Handbook of Microstrip Antennas. ISBN 0-86341-150-9.
[10]. Garg, R., Bhartia, P., Bahl, I. J., & Ittipiboon, P. (2001). Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House, Boston,
London.

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