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The lecture notes cover the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, including the calculation of pH and concentrations in weak acid and base solutions using the ICE method. Key concepts include the properties of strong and weak acids, the dissociation of salts in water, and the significance of conjugate acid/base pairs. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding equilibrium expressions and the role of water in acid-base reactions.

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8 views

Chapter+16+Objectives%2C+Notes%2C+Questions

The lecture notes cover the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, including the calculation of pH and concentrations in weak acid and base solutions using the ICE method. Key concepts include the properties of strong and weak acids, the dissociation of salts in water, and the significance of conjugate acid/base pairs. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding equilibrium expressions and the role of water in acid-base reactions.

Uploaded by

Gurkiran Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture notes chapter 16

You will:

 Use the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases


 Relate pH to concentrations of ions in solution
 Calculate concentrations and pH in weak acid and base solutions (ICE method)
 Calculate the pH of solutions of salts of weak acids or bases (ICE method)

 Acids donate H+ and bases accept H+ in a neutralization reaction that produces salt and water.
 Note: H+ only contains a proton. Thus, during a neutralization reaction an acid and a base exchange a
proton (unlike in redox reactions, where electrons get exchanged).
 A salt is a compound that is made of a metal bond to a non-metal by an ionic bond. When a salt
dissolves in water, it dissociates 100% into its ions, this reaction is NOT an equilibrium reaction.
 If a species can accept and donate H+, it is called amphiprotic/amphoteric, e.g. H2O
 Two species that structurally only differ by H+ are called a conjugate acid/base pair

 An H+ has acidic properties (can get donated to a base) if it is bond to O, N, or F in the molecular
structure.
 If acid/bases have more than one H+ bond to O, N, or F in their structure they are called polyprotic
acids, e.g. H3PO4

 At the same concentrations, a strong acid is fully ionized, has a high ion concentration and is a good
electrolyte and a weak acid is only partially ionized, has a low ion concentration and is a poor
electrolyte.
 You need to know the species in solutions of pure water, strong and weak acids and strong and
weak bases. The Phet animation is very useful for this (https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/acid-
base-solutions/latest/acid-base-solutions_en.html)
 Species present in pure water:

 Species present in strong acids:


 Species present in weak acids:

 Species present in strong bases:

 Species present in weak bases:


 H2O dissociates into its ions by transferring H+ between two water molecules.
 The concentration of the H3O+ and OH- ions are both 1.0 x 10-7 M, which multiplies to an equilibrium
constant Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25 °C (Note: H2O does not appear in the equilibrium
expression since it is a pure liquid)
 The pH is defined as shown below and the same conversions are performed for the pOH, pKa and
pKb: (you need to remember the formulas in this table!)

 For water the H3O+ concentration of 1.0 x 10-7 M calculates to a pH of 7, by applying the formula
above.
 For a pH change of 1 we have a 10-fold change in the [H3O+] concentration due to the logarithmic
scale.
 If you know the pH of a solution you can calculate the [H3O+] concentration as 10-pH and the [OH-]
concentration as Kw/[H3O+].

 For monoprotic strong acids and bases the ion concentrations equal the concentrations of the
original acids and bases.

 For weak acid and bases and for salts you need to apply the ICE method to calculate the ion
concentrations.
 When solving quantitative equilibrium problems, you best follow these 7 steps:

 The percent hydrolyzation is used to calculate the fraction of an acid that dissociates and compare it
to the original concentration of the acid. If this value is smaller then 5%, you do not need to use a
quadratic equation to calculate x.

 The equilibrium of water, 2 H2O ↔ OH- + H3O+, coexists with every aqueous equilibrium reaction and
may need to be considered when calculating all ion concentrations. However, refer to the table
above for quick calculations of pH and pOH.
 The equilibrium expressions for acid and bases are as follows and H2O does not appear in the
expression since it is a pure liquid.

 For a reversible reaction which involves a conjugate acid base pair, this expression applies:

 Step 2 and 3 of the ICE method calculation will be challenging for acid/base solutions, especially salt
solutions since you must write out the equilibrium equation yourself. Note: Salts always dissociate
100% in water, so the dissolution of salt in water is NOT an equilibrium reaction.
 You need to assess each ion of a salt and determine whether it is a spectator ion (conjugate of a
strong acid/base) or whether it undergoes an equilibrium with water (conjugate of a weak
acid/base). E.g. NaF is a salt, it dissociates into its ions Na+ and F-, F- has the weak conjugate acid HF,
thus forms an equilibrium with water: F- + H2O ↔ HF + OH-, the solution is basic.
 Conjugate bases of weak acids form OH- with water and the solution turns basic,
e.g F- + H2O ↔ HF + OH-
 Conjugate acids of weak bases form H3O+ with water and the solution turns acidic,
e.g. NH4+ + H2O ↔ NH3 + H3O+
 Water with conjugates of strong acid/bases remains neutral pH, since no equilibria are forming,
e.g. Na+ and Cl-

Practice questions and answers


Note: You must understand the following practice questions well for full marks on discussion boards
and the midterm exam!

The following questions and answers are a small excerpt from the recommended textbook Nivaldo J.
Tro “Chemistry: A Molecular Approach”, 4th Ed. Pearson Education and its solution manual. You can
rent the book in the AC library, or purchase it in the bookstore, if you want to have access to more
questions and answers. A purchase of this book is not mandatory for this course.

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