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Chapter+15+Objectives%2C+Notes%2C+Questions

Chapter 15 covers the dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium, emphasizing the reversibility of reactions and the significance of equilibrium constants. It explains how changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature affect equilibrium positions and provides methods for solving quantitative equilibrium problems. The chapter also introduces Le Châtelier’s Principle and outlines steps for analyzing equilibrium scenarios, including the use of the ICE method.

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9 views

Chapter+15+Objectives%2C+Notes%2C+Questions

Chapter 15 covers the dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium, emphasizing the reversibility of reactions and the significance of equilibrium constants. It explains how changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature affect equilibrium positions and provides methods for solving quantitative equilibrium problems. The chapter also introduces Le Châtelier’s Principle and outlines steps for analyzing equilibrium scenarios, including the use of the ICE method.

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Gurkiran Kaur
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Lecture notes Chapter 15 ↔

you will:

 Explain the dynamic nature of equilibrium in terms of reversibility.


 Understand some of the properties of equilibrium constants.
 Predict the effects on the equilibrium position of changing concentrations, pressures
temperatures.
 Solve quantitative equilibrium problems for gas reactions.
 Solve quantitative equilibrium problems for reactions in aqueous solution like acid/base
equilibria (more in chapter 16)

 In a state of equilibrium, a chemical reaction proceeds forward and reverse at the same rate
(speed). The ratio of the concentrations of products over reactants will remain constant, even
though the reaction proceeds constantly in both directions, it is dynamic.
 The equilibrium reaction aA + bB cC + dD is characterized with the equilibrium constant K:

 K is independent of initial concentrations ones equilibrium has been reached.


 Pure solids and liquids do not appear in the K expression.
 K has no units, it is dimensionless.
 You can convert Kc to Kp using the following expression:
Kp = Kc (RT)Δn n = mole of gas and Δn = nproducts – nreactants
 K ˃˃ 1 indicates that there are most products, which will make the numerator of the fraction a large
number.
 K ˂˂ 1 indicates that there are most reactants, which makes the denominator of the fraction a large
number.
 K = 1 indicates that there are same amounts of products and reactants.
 K is never zero since there always must be products and reactants present in an equilibrium
reaction.
 If you compare the K of a forward reaction to the K of the reverse reaction you will get that
Kforward = 1/Kreverse
 If you want to calculate K of a multiple step reaction, you can just multiply the K of each individual
reaction step, Knew = K1 x K2 x K3 …
 If you want to calculate K of a reaction that got multiplied by n you can use this equation, Knew = Koldn

 The reaction quotient, Q, is calculated the same way as K for the reaction aA + bB cC + dD:

 Q does not equal K numerically, indicating that the reaction is NOT at equilibrium.
 The value of Q will indicate whether a reaction will proceed to form products at a higher rate then
reactants, Q ˂ K, or proceed to form reactants at a higher rate then products, Q ˃ K.

 Le Châtelier’s Principle – When a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the system will react
in the direction that reduces the amount of change.

 For concentration changes you need to undo the change, e.g. If reactant A gets added, it will be
used up by increasing the rate of making products, so the equilibrium position shifts to the side of
the products (“products will be made faster”).
 For pressure changes you need to count the moles of gas for the reactant and product side. If e.g.
pressure increases, the system (equilibrium reaction) can reduce the pressure by making less moles
of gas, which means shifting to the side with less moles of gas.
 For temperature changes you may look at T = heat. Heat is a reactant for endothermic reactions
(“endo” - “entrance”, positive ΔH values) and heat is a product for exothermic reactions (“exo” -
“exit”, negative ΔH values). Now you can assess, if the reaction proceeds to form more “products”
or more “reactants” according to the table. If e.g. T increases (heat is added), the system will shift in
the endo direction to use up the heat.
 Temperature changes will also change the numerical value of K. If e.g. more products are made, K
will get larger and if more reactants are made K will get smaller.
 When solving quantitative equilibrium problems, you best follow these 7 steps:

 Step 5: When organizing the data use the ICE method (for full points on the final!!!).
 Step 5: If the equilibrium constant is very small (thumb rule < 10-5) we do not need to use the
quadratic equation to calculate x, since x is much smaller than the initial concentration and the
error would be less than 5%. X does not get subtracted from the initial concentration in the
denominator of the Keq expression (chapter 16).
 Step 2 and 3 will be challenging for acid/base and salt solutions since you must compose the
equilibrium equations yourself. Salts always dissociate 100% in water, so the dissolution of salt
in water is NOT an equilibrium reaction. But the ions of the salt solution may establish an
equilibrium with water, turning water acidic or basic (chapter 16).

Practice questions and answers


Note: You must understand the following practice questions well for full marks on discussion boards
and the midterm exam!

The following questions and answers are a small excerpt from the recommended textbook Nivaldo J.
Tro “Chemistry: A Molecular Approach”, 4th Ed. Pearson Education and its solution manual. You can
rent the book in the AC library, or purchase it in the bookstore, if you want to have access to more
questions and answers. A purchase of this book is not mandatory for this course.

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