10

CITIZENSHIP
ADVANCEMENT
TRAINING

Module 2.1 Military Orientation

Military Organization, Courtesy, Discipline, and

Leadership
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ramil L. Tadios - TIII

Editors: Ronnie S. Reyes
Reviewers: Nelson R. Gomez EPS-MAPEH
Illustrator: Orlando L. Encinares - TIII
Layout Artist: Maryflor C. Lanzuela - TI

Citizenship Advancement Training – Grade 10

Military Orientation (Lesson 1) - Module 2.1
 Military Organization, Courtesy, Discipline, and Leadership

I. Introduction:
Citizen Advancement Training as provided by the Rule II-General Provisions, Section 2 of the Revised Implementing
Rules and Regulations (IRR) to implement the National Service Program. Citizen Advancement Training It is a
restructuring of the Citizen Army Training required to all Fourth Year High School students in the Philippines in both
public and private schools as provided for in the Department of Education (DepEd) Order Bo. 35, s. 2003 and reinforced
by the DepEd Order No. 52, s. 2004.

II. Objectives
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:

1. Discuss the military organization and its structure and primary function.
2. Discuss the principle of military organization.
3. Define Military Courtesy, Military Discipline, and Leadership.
4. Identify the specific service being rendered by the military in the country.
5. Relate the historical development in the country.
6. Observe courtesy and discipline before persons/agents in authority, elders and other people in the community.

III. Vocabulary List

 Mission - refers to the delicate task assigned to an individual or unit of the armed services. To suit our purpose,
the statement of the AFP's mission must be clear and unequivocal terms why the armed forces exist.
 Military Organization – is referring to efficient, well-trained leadership all along its chain of command. The
commander of the unit must be a capable soldier who can inspire those under him with confidence, enthusiasm
and determination. The success of the unit depends upon his professional skill, imagination, careful attention to
details and the ability to overcome difficulties.
 Military Discipline - is the state of order and obedience among personnel in a military organization. It is
willingness to accept with conviction and without reservation the necessity for a common law that rules and
coordinates the effort of a group. It is unhesitating compliance to regulations.
 Salute - is the most significant and common form of all the military courtesies.
 Military leadership - is the process of influencing others to accomplish the mission by providing purpose,
direction, and motivation. Command is the authority a person in the military service lawfully exercises over
subordinates by virtue of his rank and assignment or position.
 Military courtesy - is simply display of good manners and politeness in dealing with other people. Military
courtesy conveys respect from both subordinate and senior to each other. Men of arms have used some form of
the military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times.
 Laissez-faire leadership - is the direct opposite of autocratic leadership. Instead of a single leader making all
decisions for an organization, group or team, laissez-faire leaders make few decisions and allow their staff to
choose appropriate workplace solutions.
  Autocratic leadership is a management style wherein one person controls all the decisions and takes very little
inputs from other group members. Autocratic leaders make choices or decisions based on their own beliefs
and do not involve others for their suggestion or advice.
 Morale – is the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular time.

IV. Pre-Test
Direction: Identify the statement whether true or false.
_______1. The Commander-in-Chief of the Philippines is the current President.
_______2. Flexibility is the capability to make timely and appropriate changes in thinking, plan, and
methods, when you see or when others convince you that there is a better way.
_______3. Creativity, Courage, and Dependability are characteristics of a good leader.
_______4. A color (Phil. Flag) is not entitled for salute.
_______5. Founding of Katipunan by Andres Bonifacio was considered as the father Philippine Army.
_______6. The Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897 proclaimed officially the complete
independence and acknowledged as the “Father of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
_______7. Military prisoner is not entitled for the salute.
_______8. Tact is the ability to deal with others in a respectful manner.
_______9. Timely and fair disposition of case is called judgement.
_______10. Persuasive type of leadership is a type of leadership that takes into consideration the human
elements with the main focus on the Physical, mental and normal capabilities and limitations of
the individual members of the group.

V. Learning Activities

What is the Military Organization?

Military Organization is a group of men or units banded together to perform military functions with definite
responsibilities and duties assigned each individual.

Military Organization must have efficient, well-trained leadership all along its chain of command. The commander
of the unit must be a capable soldier who can inspire those under him with confidence, enthusiasm and determination.
The success of the unit depends upon his professional skill, imagination, careful attention to details and the ability to
overcome difficulties.

What are the four (4) principles of organization?

1. Unity of Command means one and only one leader at each level of command.
2. Span of Control limits the number of individuals that one supervisor can, control effectively.
3. Homogenous refers to the personnel and equipment needed to accomplish the mission is grouped together.
4. Delegation of Authority insures that the commander is responsible for the final outcome of an operation.

What are the Mission and Function of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)?
 Mission refers to the delicate task assigned to an individual or unit of the armed services. To suit our purpose, the
statement of the AFP's mission must be clear and unequivocal terms why the armed forces exist. Function is the proper
action by which a unit fulfils its reason for being.

The mission and function of the AFP are as follows:

1. To uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution and defend the territory of the Republic of the Philippines.
2. To advance the national aims interests and policies.
3. To plan for the organization, maintenance, development and deployment of AFP active and reserve forces for
national security.
4. To perform such other duties as the President may direct.

The President of the country is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces the Philippines. The Commander-
in-Chief Exercises strategic directions through the Secretary of National Defense and exercises command through the
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

What is the function of the Secretary of National Defense?

The Secretary of National Defense is the head of the Department, who is responsible to the Commander-in-Chief
for the formulation and execution of plans, progress and policies, relating to the national defense and security.

What is the function of the Chief of Staff in the AFP?

The Chief of Staff is the highest military officer of the AFP. He has command over all elements of the AFP. He
executes the President's functions in. relation to military strategy, tactics and operations and acts as the immediate
adviser to the Secretary of National Defense. The three major services of the AFP are as follows:
1. Philippine Army
2. Philippine Navy
3. Philippine Air Force
What is Custom of the Service?

Custom of the Service is the body of unwritten or common law of the (3) three major services of the AFP.

What is Morale in the AFP?

Morale means the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

What is efficiency?

Efficiency is the ability to accomplish successfully an assigned task in the shortest possible time with the least
confusion. Efficiency requires efficacy, interest, resourcefulness and proficiency. It develops pride, and the satisfaction of
a job well done.

The salute is the most significant and common form of all the military courtesies. It is an esteemed tradition of
the profession of arms, practiced in all military organizations in the world. The manner an individual executes the salute
is an indication of his attitude towards his duties as a military man and existing state of morale and discipline in his unit.
An unwillingly or grudgingly rendered salute or a childish self-importance not to notice anyone to whom a salute is due,
shows disregard of the individual duties, lack of buoyancy and ability to perform well, lack of pride in the team and
possession of a stubborn and defiant character making an individual unsuited to cooperate with others in a common
effort. When you salute or return a salute, you clearly mark yourself as a soldier who has pride in yourself and your
organization.
What are the general saluting procedures?

1. When reporting to an officer indoors, an armed soldier removes his headdress, knocks and enters when told to
do so. Upon entering, he halts about two paces from the officer, salutes and says: "Sir, Cadet Private dela Cruz
reporting, Sir."
2. When a soldier underarms and reporting to an officer indoors, follows the above procedure, except that
headgear is not removed. When carrying a rifle, the soldier enters with the rifle at the trail, halts and renders the
rifle salute at order arms. Otherwise, the hand salute is given.
3. When reporting to an officer outdoors, a soldier observes the procedure cited above except that the headdress
is not removed and when armed with a rifle, may, in approaching the officer, carry it at the trail or at right-
shoulder arms. He executes the rifle salute at order or right shoulder arms.
4. A driver of a motor vehicle salutes only when the vehicle is at halt and its engine is not running. The exchange of
salutes is not required between persons mounted in different moving vehicles.
5. Interior guards posted in garrisons are required to observe the following procedures:
 To render the rifle salute by presenting arms after first halting and facing the music, persons or colors.
 To execute the hand salute when armed with a pistol or carbine.
 Not to interrupt a conversation with an officer just to salute another. But if the officer with whom a
sentinel is conversing salutes a senior, the interior guard also salutes.
 To salute whether outdoors or indoors when on post or on guard duty.
6. Individuals not in formation do not salute or return salutes except at the command "Present Arms". The
individual in charge salutes and acknowledges the salute for the whole formation.
7. Commanders of organizations or detachments that are not part of a larger formation salute officers of higher
grades by bringing the organization or detachment to attention before saluting.
8. Troops not in formation are called to attention by the first person noticing the approach of an officer superior in

rank and salute.

Who are entitled to the salute?

1. Commissioned officers (both male and female) of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
2. Commissioned officers (both male and female) of the Armed Forces of Allied Nations.
3. Civilian high officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered for them.
4. Colors and standard not cased. (This means that these symbolic manifestations are openly and publicly displayed
during military parades and other formal military occasions).

When to salute? When not to salute?

1. Reporting to an officer. 1. When troops are at work.
2. Meeting an officer. 2. Indoors, except when reporting to an officer.
3. When carrying articles with both hands or being so
3. When the national color passes by.
occupied as to make saluting impracticable.
4. When the national anthem is being played (outdoor
only). 4. When serving as a military prisoner.

5. Raising, and lowering of flag.

6. After conversing with an officer.

What is Leadership?

Leadership is influencing people by providing purpose, direction and motivation-while operating to accomplish
the mission and improving the organization. Influencing means getting people to do what you want them to do. It is the
mean or method to achieve two ends as operating and improving. But there's more to influencing than simply passing
along orders. The example you set is just as important as the words you speak. And you set an example-good or bad
with every action you take and word you utter, on or off duty. Through your words and example, you must communicate
purpose, direction and motivation. Leadership is the art of influencing men in a way that will win their obedience,
confidence and respect and their loyal cooperation in achieving a common objective. (ROTC Manual MS 11, p. 27)

What is the objective of leadership?

The main objective of leadership is to develop teamwork in order to achieve common goal or purpose.
(Handbook NSTP MS 2, p. 1) This brings us to the real definition of leadership, which is the art of influencing men in a
way that will win their obedience, confidence and respect and their loyal cooperation in achieving a common objective.

What are the factors of leadership?

a. Know yourself and seek self-improvement - To know yourself, you must understand who you are and know
what your preferences, strengths and weaknesses are. Knowing yourself allows you to take advantage of your
weaknesses. Seeking self-improvement means continually developing your strengths and working on
overcoming your weaknesses. This will increase your competence and the confidence your soldier have in your

ability to train and lead.

b. Be technically and tactically proficient - You are expected to be technically and tactically proficient at your job.
This means that you can accomplish all tasks to standard that are required to accomplish the wartime mission. In
addition, you are responsible for training your soldiers to do their job and for understudying your leader in the
event you must assume those duties.
c. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your action - Leading always involves responsibility. You want
subordinates who can handle responsibility and help you perform your mission. Similarly, your leaders want you
to take the initiative within their stated intent. When you see a problem or something that needs to be fixed, do
not wait for your leader to tell you to act. War fighting doctrine requires bold leaders at all levels who exercise
initiative are resourceful and take advantage of opportunities on the battlefield that will lead to victory. When
you make mistakes, accept just criticism and take corrective action. You must avoid evading responsibility by
placing the blame on someone else. Your objective should be to build trust between you and your leaders as
well as between you and those you lead by seeking and accepting responsibility.
d. Make sound and timely decisions - You must be able to rapidly assess situations and make a sound decision. If
you delay or try to avoid making a decision, you may cause unnecessary casualties and fail to accomplish the
mission. Decisive leaders create hesitancy; loss of confidence and confusion. You must be able to anticipate and
reason under the most trying conditions and quickly decide what actions to take.
e. Example by leadership – Your soldiers wants and need you to be a model. This is more powerful. If you expect
courage, competence, candor, commitment and integrity from your soldiers, you must demonstrate them. Your
soldiers will imitate your behavior. You must set high, but attainable standards, be willing to do what you
require of your soldier and share dangers and hardship with your soldiers.
 Your personal example affects your soldiers more than any instructions or form of discipline. You are the role
model.
f. Know your subordinate and look out for their well-being - You must know and care for your soldiers. It is
enough to know their names and hometowns. You need to commit time and effort to listen and learn about
your soldiers. When you show genuine concern for your troops they trust and respect you as a leader. Telling
your subordinates you care about them has no meaning unless they see you demonstrating care. Although slow
to build, trust and respect can be destroyed quickly. If your soldiers trust you, they will willingly work to help you
accomplish missions.
g. Keep your men informed - Keeping your men informed helps them make decisions and execute plans within
your intent, encourages initiative, improves teamwork and enhances morale. They expect you to keep them
informed and when possible explain reasons for your orders.
h. Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinates - Your subordinates will feel a sense of pride and
responsibility when they successfully accomplish a new task you have given them. Delegation indicates you to
trust your subordinates and make them more responsible. As a leader, you are a teacher and responsible for
developing your subordinates. Give them challenges and opportunities you feel they can handle. Give them
more responsibility when they show you they are ready. Their initiative will amaze you.
i. Ensure the task is understood, supervised and accomplished- our soldiers must understand what you expect
from them. They need to know what you want done, what the standard is and when you want it done.
Supervising lets you know if your soldiers understand your orders; it shows your interest in them and in mission
accomplishment. Over supervision causes resentment and under supervision causes frustration. Accept
performance that meets your standards; reward performance that exceeds your standards; correct performance
that does not meet your standards. Determine the cause of the poor performance and take appropriate action.
j. Build the team - War fighting is a team activity. You must develop a team spirit among your soldiers that
motivate them to go willingly and confidently into combat in a quick transition from peace to war. Your soldiers
need confidence in your abilities to lead them and in their abilities to perform as members of the team. You
must train and across train your soldiers until they are confident in the team’s technical and tactical abilities.
Your unit becomes a team only when your soldiers trust and respect you and each other as trained professionals
and see the importance of their contributions to the unit.
k. Employ your unit in accordance with its capabilities - You unit has capabilities and limitations. You are
responsible to recognize both of these factors. Your soldiers will gain satisfaction from performing tasks if they
are reasonable and challenging but will be frustrated if tasks are too easy, unrealistic and multi-echelon
combined arms training designed to develop and challenge each soldier and unit.

What are the qualities of a leader?

A study of the lives and career of successful commanders reveals that certain personal qualities are common to
all of them.

The following have been considered as essential qualities of a leader:

a. Assertiveness - taking charge when necessary, making your ideas known, helping to define the problem and
getting others do the right thing to solve the problem.
b. Bearing - a person's general appearance, carriage, deportment and conduct.
c. Confidence - the assurance that you and your men will be successful in whatever you do.
d. Coolness under stress - a confident calmness in looks and behavior.
e. Courage - mental quality that recognizes fear of danger or criticism, but enables a man to proceed in the
face of it with calmness and firmness.
f. Creativity - demonstrated by thinking of new and better goals, ideas, programs and solutions to problems.
 g. Decisiveness - the leader should be able to make decision promptly and to state them in a clear, forceful
manner.
h. Dependability- the certainty of proper performance of duty.
i. Empathy or compassion - is being sensitive to the feelings, values, interests and well-being of others.
j. Endurance - the mental and physical stamina measured by the ability to withstand pain, fatigue, stress and
hardship.
k. Enthusiasm - the display of sincere interest and zeal in the performance of duties.
l. Flexibility - the capability to make timely and appropriate changes in thinking, plans and methods, when you
see or when others convince you that there is a better way.
m. Humility - admitting weaknesses or imperfections in your character knowledge and skills. It is acknowledging
mistakes and taking appropriate action to correct those mistakes.
n. Initiative - taking action in the absence of order.
o. Integrity - the uprightness and soundness of moral principles, the quality of truthfulness and honesty.
p. Judgment - the ability to logically weigh facts and possible solution which to base sound decision.
q. Justice - timely and fair disposition of cases.
r. Knowledge - the leader should develop a program of learning to keep himself abreast of current
development in his specialty, command policies and developments in local and world communities.
s. Loyalty - the quality of faithfulness to country, the army seniors, subordinates and peers.
t. Maturity - refers to the sense of responsibility a person has developed. Does not make impulsive decision
based in childlike emotional desires of feelings.
u. Self-discipline - forcing yourself to do duty what you ought to do regardless on how tired or unwilling you
may be.
v. Self-improvement - shown by reading, studying, seeking challenging assignments and working to strengthen
beliefs, values, ethnics, character knowledge and skills.
w. Sense of humor - shown by not taking yourself too seriously and contributing to laughter and morale of the

people around you.

x. Tact - the ability to deal with others in a respectful manner.

y. Unselfishness - a leader who avoids providing for his own comfort and personal advancement at the
expense of others.
z. Will - the perseverance to accomplish a goal, regardless of seemingly insurmountable obstacles.

What are the characteristics of a good leader?

Aside from the qualities of leadership that we must possess, a leader must have some inherent characteristics
that make up for good leadership, whether it is in the military or civilian organization. The long and tedious study or
leadership has produced a non-conclusive revelation that the two (2) most important characteristics of a good leader
are: integrity of character and willingness to accept responsibilities.

1. Integrity of character. The word is synonymous to honor. It is a fine sense of ethics, justice and righteousness
with a readiness to apply it to own conduct. It is the determination to meet any obligation; however, distasteful.
Integrity of character includes trustworthiness and dependability in fulfilling any task, no matter how trivial or
casual it appears.
 2. Willingness to accept responsibilities. It signifies a desire to lead and increasing interest strengthens this desire.
Some great leaders had achieved success after many efforts. Their successes can be attributed to infinite
patience, hard work and a desire for success that never recognized defeat.

What is a leadership style?

Leadership style is the personal manner and approach of leading. It is the way leaders directly interact with their
subordinates. Effective leaders are flexible in the way they interact with subordinates.

What are the three (3) basic styles of military leadership?

1. Directing Style - A leader is using the directing leadership style when he tells subordinates what he wants done,
how he wants it done, where he wants and when he wants it done and then supervises closely to ensure they
follow his directions. The style is appropriate in many situations. When time is short and you alone know what
needs to be done and how to do it, this style is the best way to accomplish the mission. Some people think that
a leader is using directing style when he yens, uses demeaning language or threatens and intimidates
subordinates. This is not the directing style. It is simply an abusive, unprofessional way to treat subordinates.
2. Participating Style - A leader is using the participating style when he involves subordinates in determining what
to do and how to do it. The leader asks for information and recommendations: however, he still makes the
decisions. He simply gets advice from subordinates before making the decision. This style is appropriate for
many leadership situations. If your subordinates have some competence and support your goals, allowing them
to participate can be a powerful team building process. It will build their confidence and increase their support
for their final plan if they help develop it. In participating style, leader makes the decision but considers
information and recommendations from his subordinates first.
3. Delegating Style - A leader is using the delegating style when he delegates problem solving and decision-making
authority to a subordinate or to a group of subordinates. This style is appropriate to delegate; others are not.

The key is to release your subordinates’ problem-solving potential while you determine what problems they should
solve and help them learn to solve them.

What are the three (3) types of leadership?

In the military as well as in civilian life, three (3) types of leadership exist. One is the persuasive type, another is
the autocratic or authoritarian type and the last is the laissez faire type. Now, let us distinguish one from the other.

1. Persuasive type - It is a type of leadership that takes into consideration the human elements with the
main focus on the physical, mental and normal capabilities and limitations of the individual members
of the group. A persuasive leader does thing by example. More often than not, he gets results through
the willing and cheerful cooperation of the men under him.
2. Autocratic or authoritarian type - An autocratic or authoritarian leader is one who relies on the
exclusive and forceful use of rank or authority alone. Of course, this type of a leader does not
consider human frailties and limitations. By using his rank or authority alone, the autocratic leader
generates animosities and the inward hostilities of the men under him. In short, he cannot get things
done without using his rank or authority.
3. Laissez faire type - The laissez faire type of leadership is the least effective in terms of results. A
leader of this type is usually or normally associated with the bahala na or "hand off” group of
individuals. Goals or objectives are achieved through the exercise of group leadership and not
through a particular individual who is presumed to be the leader of the group.
The indications of a good or successful leadership show how well a commander has developed the essential traits and
move forward the principles of leadership. These signs .or indications may be gleaned from the existence of a high state
of morale, excellent discipline, remarkable esprit de corps, and proficiency of a unit. The goal of leadership is to raise a
unit to the highest state of combat effectiveness.

VI. Practice Tasks

Guide question: Write your answer in 2 to 3 paragraphs on separate answer sheet.

1. How do you understand the principle that civilian authority is supreme over the military in time of war and peace?
Cite an example.
2. What is the primary function and role of the Armed Forces of the Philippines?
3. How can you, in your own humble way, contribute in protecting and preserving the sovereignty of our country?
4. As a citizen, do you view salute as a significant gesture of friendship and confidence?
5. As a citizen soldier, how do you assess the practice of courtesy and discipline in our school? Cite instances.

VII. Post Test

Direction: Select the letter of the correct answer.

______1. This is the quality of faithfulness to country, the army seniors, subordinates and peers.
a) Assertiveness b) Bearing c) Courage d) Loyalty
______2. Taking action in the absence of order.
a) Confidence b) Initiative c) Tact d) Will
______3. Who is the current Commander-in-Chief of the Philippines?
a) President Duterte b) Vice Pres. Robredo c) Sec. Lorenzana d) Sec. Duque
______4. Which of the following factors of leadership is NOT belong?
a) Build the team c) Keep your men informed
b) Participating style d) Example by leadership
______5. What do call to the most significant and common form of all the military courtesy.
a) Shake hands b) Greeting c) Saluting d) Kissing
______6. When not to salute?
a) When troops at work c) When reporting to an officer
b) Raising and lowering of flag d) After conversing with an officer
______7. In this type of leadership, the leader delegates problem solving and decision-making authority to a subordinate
or to a group of subordinates.
a) Delegating style b) Directing style c) Participating style d) All of these
______8. Which is not branch of service of Armed forces of the Philippines?
a) Philippine Air force b) Philippine Army c) Philippine Navy d) Philippine National Police
______9. This is a simply display of good manners and politeness in dealing with other people, civility and respect that
the personnel in the military organization.
a) Military Courtesy b) Military discipline c) Military leadership d) Morale
______10. When the “Father of the Armed Forces of the Philippines” acknowledge?
a) June 12, 1998 – Independence day c) February 17, 1905 – establishment of the PMA
b) March 22, 1897 – Tejeros convention d) April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan

VIII. Assignment/Additional Activities

I. Direction: On the leadership traits below, what are the most important qualities that will develop your
leadership? Give at least ten (10) and explain. (Answers of the students might vary)

Assertiveness Courage Empathy

Judgment Coolness under stress Confidence
Enthusiasm Flexibility Humility
Creativity Bearing Decisiveness
Integrity Loyalty Maturity
Initiative Self-improvement Self-discipline
Justice Unselfishness Knowledge
Sense of humor Will Endurance

II. Make a list of currently positioned military officers/commanders from Commander-in-chief, Chief of staff,
Secretary of National Defense, and different commanders of three (3) specific branch of service
in military (Phil. Army, Phil. Air Force, and Phil. Navy).

IX. Answer Key

Pre-test Post-test
1. True 1. d
2. True 2. b
3. False 3. a
4. False 4. b
5. True 5. c
6. False 6. a
7. False 7. a
8. True 8. d
9. False 9. a
10. True 10. d